Physics of Strongly Coupled Plasma

535 Pages·2006·4.495 MB·English

by  Vladimir Fortov, Igor Iakubov, Alexey Khrapak

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Physics of Strongly
Coupled Plasma
V.E. FORTOV
Institute for High Energy Densities, Russian Academy of Sciences
I.T. IAKUBOV
Institute of Theoretical and Applied Electrodynamics,
Russian Academy of Sciences
A.G. KHRAPAK
Institute for High Energy Densities, Russian Academy of Sciences
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2006
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PREFACE
This book is dedicated to the physical properties of dense plasmas compressed
so strongly that the effects of interparticle interaction are substantial, that is,
nonidealorstronglycoupledplasmas.Interestinthis areaofplasmaphysicshas
grownconsiderablyoverthelast20–25yearswhenstateswithhighenergydensi-
ties, which form the basis of modern technical projects and energy applications,
became accessible to experiments.
Strongly coupled plasmas are essential from the standpoint of the opera-
tion of pulsed thermonuclear reactors with inertial confinement of hot plasma,
powerfulmagnetic-fluxandmagnetohydrodynamicgenerators,power-generating
plants and rocket engines with gas-phase nuclear reactors, plasmochemical and
microwavereactors,plasmageneratorsandpowerfulsourcesofopticalandX–ray
radiation. In the foreseeable future, strongly compressed and heated metallized
plasmas will be used as a working body similar to the water vapor in modern
thermoelectric power stations. Nonideal plasmas occur when matter is affected
by strong shocks, detonation and electric-explosion waves, concentrated laser
radiation, electron and ion fluxes, under conditions of powerful chemical and
nuclear explosions,upon pulsed evaporationof the liners of pinches and magne-
tocumulative generators. Nonideal plasmas occur during hypersonic motion of
bodiesindenseplanetaryatmospheres,asaresultofhigh–velocityimpact,andin
numerous situations characterized by extreme pressures and temperatures. The
physicsofelectrode,contactandelectric-explosionprocessesunderconditionsof
vacuum breakdown are closely related to nonideal plasma, which is essential to
theoperationofpowerfulplasmaaccelerators,microwavegeneratorsandplasma
switches. Modern progress in the understanding of the structure and evolution
of giant planets in the solar system, as well as astrophysical objects, is largely
based on the ideas and results from the field of highly compressed plasmas.
Alongwith pragmaticinterestinhigh–pressureplasmas,purely fundamental
interest is gaining momentum, because it is in this exotic state that the major
part of matter in the universe finds itself. In fact, estimations show that about
95%ofmatter(withouttakingdarkmatterintoaccount)aretheplasmasofstars,
pulsars, black holes, and giant planets of the solar system. Plasma nonideality
defines the behavior of matter in a wide range of the phase diagram, from solid
and liquid to neutral gas, the phase boundaries of melting and boiling, and the
metal–dielectrictransitionregion.Thelastproblemis nowatanadvancedstage
of considerationin experiments on the multiple shock compression of dielectrics
and their metallizationin the megabarpressurerange,as wellas in experiments
on dielectrization of strongly compressed metals.
Investigation of strongly compressed Coulomb systems is now one of the
hottest and most intensively developed fundamental branches of physics, which
v
vi PREFACE
lies at the interfaces between different fields: plasma physics,physics of the con-
densed state, atomic and molecular physics. To the most impressive results of
the last few years one can ascribe the pressure ionization of dielectrics and ex-
perimental observation of ordering in Coulomb systems (“plasma liquid” and
“plasma crystal”)including strongly coupled plasmas of ions cooled by laser ra-
diation in electrostatic traps and cyclotrons; the condensation of the optically
excited excitons in semiconductors; the two–dimensional crystallization of elec-
trons at the surface of liquid helium and hydrogen; the Coulomb “freezing” of
the colloid plasma, as well as laboratory and microgravity experiments with
complex (dusty) plasmas. In spite of the wide variety of objects and experimen-
tal situations, they are all united by the dominant role of the strong collective
interaction.
These facts provide a permanent stable stimulus to intense theoretical and
experimentalstudies,whichhaverecentlyproducedanumberofinterestingand,
more importantly, reliable data on the thermodynamic, optical, electrophysical
andtransportpropertiesofdense plasmas.This specialinformationiscontained
inawideflowoforiginalpublications.Thistakesplaceagainstthebackgroundof
anincreasingnumberofspecialists,bothresearchersandengineers,whomakeuse
of strongly coupled plasmas to solve diverse fundamental and applied problems.
We have attempted to systematize, generalize, and present from a single
viewpoint,thetheoreticalandexperimentalresultsrelatedtothisrelativelynew
field of science. The table of contents gives a good idea of the scope of this
book. We have tried to expand the discussion as much as possible to cover the
caseswhennonidealityshowsmostclearlyintheplasmastateofmatter.Forthis
reasontheinterestingproblemsrelatedtodenseplasmasofcondensedmetalsand
semiconductors, electrolyte and colloid plasmas, as well as a detailed discussion
of plasma applications, have been omitted.
The physics of strongly coupled plasmas appears to present a very difficult
subjectfor pure theory,because the stronginterparticle interactionimpedes the
useofconventionalmethodsoftheoreticalphysics.Therefore,therecentprogress
in understanding the properties of compressed plasmas was only made possible
by the emergence of experimental data obtained through nonconventional gen-
erationand diagnostic techniques. In this case, the experimental results provide
abasisfor modeltheories,as wellas fordefining the rangeofapplicability ofas-
ymptoticapproximations.Wehavetriedtomaintainthenaturalbalancebetween
theoryandexperimentwhile givingprimaryconsiderationtophysicalresults.In
our opinion, this is what distinguishes our work from the available (and rather
few) review publications in the field.
Thephysicsofstronglycoupledplasmasisdevelopingveryrapidly,withmore
and more applications coming to light. Naturally, the material contained in this
book will likewise be expanded and complemented. We would like to thank the
readers in advance for their critical comments and suggestions.
We hope that this book will prove useful to broad sections of specialists by
giving them access to original works and helping them get their bearings amid
PREFACE vii
the present-day problems of dense plasmas. Knowledge of standard university
courses is sufficient for productive reading.
V. E. Fortov
I. T. Iakubov
A. G. Khrapak
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors aredeeply gratefulto alltheir colleagueswho helped us to perform
the numerous experiments and calculations which form the basis of this book.
Of great value were stimulating discussions and creative contacts with the late
A. M. Prokhorov, Ya. B. Zel’dovich, L. M. Biberman, and V. M. Ievlev. The
authors are also grateful to A. Ivlev and S. Khrapak who assisted with the
English translation of this book.
CONTENTS
1 Nonideal plasma. Basic concepts 1
1.1 Interparticle interactions. Criteria of nonideality 1
1.1.1 Interparticle interactions 1
1.1.2 Coulomb interaction. Nonideality parameter 1
1.1.3 Electron–atom and ion–atom interactions 5
1.1.4 Compound particles in plasma 7
1.2 The range of existence of nonideal plasma. The classification
of states 8
1.2.1 Two–component plasma 8
1.2.2 Metal plasma 10
1.2.3 Plasma of hydrogen and inert gases 13
1.2.4 Plasma with multiply charged ions 14
1.2.5 Dusty plasmas 16
1.2.6 Nonneutral plasmas 16
1.3 Nonideal plasma in nature. Scientific and technical
applications 17
References 22
2 Electrical methods of nonideal plasma generation 26
2.1 Plasma heating in furnaces 26
2.1.1 Measurement of electrical conductivity and
thermoelectromotive force 27
2.1.2 Optical absorption measurements. 36
2.1.3 Density measurements. 40
2.1.4 Sound velocity measurements 42
2.2 Isobaric Joule heating 43
2.2.1 Isobaric heating in a capillary 43
2.2.2 Exploding wire method 47
2.3 High–pressure electric discharges 53
References 59
3 Dynamic methods in the physics of nonideal plasma 65
3.1 The principles of dynamic generation and diagnostics
of plasma 66
3.2 Dynamic compression of the cesium plasma 73
3.3 Compression of inert gases by powerful shock waves 76
3.4 Isentropic expansion of shock–compressedmetals 89
3.5 Generation of superdense plasma in shock waves 104
3.6 Nonideal plasma generation by powerful fluxes of energy 110
References 117
ix