Photomechanical materials, composites, and systems : wireless transduction of light into work

435 Pages·2017·15.287 MB·English

by  White, Timothy

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PhotomechanicalMaterials,
Composites,andSystems
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Photomechanical Materials,
Composites, and Systems
WirelessTransductionofLightintoWork
EditedbyTimothyJ.White
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2017
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LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Names:White,T.(Timothy),editor.
Title:Photomechanicalmaterials,composites,andsystems:wireless
transductionoflightintowork/editedbyTimothyJ.White.
Description:Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,[2017]|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.|Descriptionbasedonprintversion
recordandCIPdataprovidedbypublisher;resourcenotviewed.
Identifiers:LCCN2017001840(print)|LCCN2017012541(ebook)|ISBN
9781119123293(AdobePDF)|ISBN9781119123286(ePub)|ISBN9781119123309
|ISBN9781119123309(cloth;pbk.)|ISBN1119123305(cloth;pbk.)
Subjects:LCSH:Smartmaterials.|Polymers–Opticalproperties.|
Polymers–Mechanicalproperties.|Nanocomposites(Materials)
Classification:LCCTA418.9.S62(ebook)|LCCTA418.9.S62P462017(print)|
DDC620.1/9204295–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017001840
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v
Contents
ListofContributors xi
Preface xv
1 AHistoricalOverviewofPhotomechanicalEffectsin
Materials,Composites,andSystems 1
ToruUbeandTomikiIkeda
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 InitialStudiesofPhotomechanicalEffectsinMaterials 1
1.1.2 ResearchofPhotomechanicalEffectsinMaterials–1950–1980 2
(cid:2) 1.1.3 ResearchofPhotomechanicalEffectsinMaterials–1980–2000 6 (cid:2)
1.1.4 PhotomechanicalEffectsObservedinCross-Linked
Liquid-CrystallinePolymers–2001–Present 9
1.1.5 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPolymericMaterialsandComposites
Systemssince2000 19
1.1.6 Classification 23
References 25
2 PhotochromismintheSolidState 37
OleksandrS.BushuyevandChristopherJ.Barrett
2.1 MolecularPhotoswitchesintheSolidState 37
2.2 MolecularandMacroscopicMotionofAzobenzene
Chromophores 39
2.3 PhotomechanicalEffects 41
2.3.1 PhotomechanicalEffectsinAmorphousAzoPolymers 42
2.3.2 ActuationinLiquid-CrystallinePolymers 43
2.3.3 Photosalient,Photochromic,andPhotomechanicalCrystals 49
2.4 Solid-StatePhotochromicMolecularMachines 54
2.4.1 NanostructureFunctionalization 55
2.4.2 Two-DimensionalAssembliesandSurfaceFunctionalization 59
2.5 SurfaceMassTransportandPhaseChangeEffects 62
2.6 PhotochromicReactionsinFrameworkArchitectures 65
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vi Contents
2.7 SummaryandOutlook 68
References 69
3 Photomechanics:Bend,Curl,Topography,andTopology 79
DanielCorbett,CarlD.Modes,andMarkWarner
3.1 ThePhotomechanicsofLiquid-CrystallineSolids 81
3.2 PhotomechanicsandItsMechanisms 82
3.2.1 Absorption,Photomechanics,andBendActuation 86
3.2.1.1 PhotostationaryDyePopulationsandMechanicalResponse 87
3.2.1.2 DynamicalIntensityandDyePopulations 88
3.2.1.3 PolydomainPhotosolids 90
3.2.1.4 PhotomechanicsversusThermalMechanicsuponIlluminating
Photosolids 91
3.3 ASketchofMacroscopicMechanicalResponseinLCRubbersand
Glasses 92
3.4 Photo-andHeat-InducedTopographicalandTopological
Changes 97
3.5 ContinuousDirectorVariation,Part1 97
3.6 Mechanico-GeometricEffects,Part1 100
3.7 ContinuousDirectorVariation,Part2 100
3.8 ContinuousDirectorVariation,Part3 103
(cid:2) 3.9 Mechanico-GeometricEffects,Part2 106 (cid:2)
3.10 DirectorFieldswithDiscontinuities–AdvancedOrigami! 107
3.11 Mechanico-GeometricConsequencesofNonisometric
Origami 110
3.12 Conclusions 110
References 112
4 PhotomechanicalEffectsinAmorphousandSemicrystalline
Polymers 117
JeongJaeWie
4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 PolymericMaterials 119
4.3 TheAmorphousPolymerState 119
4.4 TheSemicrystallinePolymerState 121
4.5 AbsorptionProcesses 124
4.6 PhotomechanicalEffectsinAmorphousandSemicrystalline
Azobenzene-FunctionalizedPolymers 126
4.6.1 InfluenceofCrystallinityonPhotomechanicalResponseof
Polyimides 126
4.6.2 BackboneRigidity 128
4.7 MolecularAlignment 132
4.8 AnnealingandAging 138
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Contents vii
4.9 Sub-T SegmentalMobility 142
g
4.10 Cross-LinkDensity 145
4.11 ConcludingRemarks 146
References 148
5 PhotomechanicalEffectsinLiquid-CrystallinePolymer
NetworksandElastomers 153
TimothyJ.White
5.1 Introduction 153
5.1.1 WhatIsaLiquidCrystalPolymer,PolymerNetwork,or
Elastomer? 153
5.1.2 HowAreLiquid-CrystallinePolymerNetworksandElastomers
Prepared? 154
5.1.2.1 PolysiloxaneChemistries 154
5.1.2.2 FreeRadicalorCationicPhotopolymerization 157
5.2 OpticallyResponsiveLiquidCrystalPolymerNetworks 159
5.2.1 HistoricalOverview 159
5.2.2 PhotochromicandLiquidCrystalline 162
5.2.3 Photomechanics 164
5.3 LiteratureSurvey 165
5.3.1 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPolysiloxaneMaterialsand
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5.3.2 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPoly(meth)acrylateMaterialsand
Analogs 166
5.4 OutlookandConclusion 169
References 171
6 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPolymerNanocomposites 179
BalajiPanchapakesan,FarhadKhosravi,JamesLoomis,andEugeneM.
Terentjev
6.1 Introduction 179
6.2 PhotomechanicalActuationinPolymer–Nanotube
Composites 180
6.3 FastRelaxationofCarbonNanotubesinPolymerComposite
Actuators 186
6.4 HighlyOrientedNanotubesforPhotomechanicalResponseand
FlexibleEnergyConversion 191
6.4.1 HighlyOrientedNanotubes/NanotubeLiquidCrystals 191
6.4.2 PhotomechanicalActuationofOrientedNanotube
Composites 197
6.4.3 RelaxationBehaviorofNanotube–LiquidCrystalElastomers 200
6.5 PhotomechanicalActuationBasedon2-DNanomaterial
(Graphene)–PolymerComposites 205
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6.6 ApplicationsofPhotomechanicalActuationin
Nanopositioning 213
6.6.1 PrincipleofGnP/ElastomerPhotothermalActuation 214
6.6.2 Photomechanical-Actuation-BasedNanopositioningSystem 218
6.6.3 GNP/PDMSActuatorFabricationandCharacterization 218
6.6.4 NanopositionerSystemIntegration 219
6.6.5 KineticsofPhotothermalNanopositioners 221
6.6.6 UsefulDisplacementversusMaximumDisplacement 222
6.6.7 AccuracyandResolution 223
6.7 FutureOutlook 224
Acknowledgments 225
References 225
7 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPhotochromicCrystals 233
LingyanZhu,FeiTong,RabihO.Al-Kaysi,andChristopherJ.Bardeen
7.1 Introduction 233
7.2 GeneralPrinciplesforOrganicPhotomechanicalMaterials 234
7.3 HistoryandBackground 234
7.4 ModesofMechanicalAction 240
7.4.1 PartialReactionandBimorphFormation 240
7.4.2 CompleteTransformationandCrystalReconfiguration 241
(cid:2) 7.5 PhotomechanicalMolecularCrystalSystems 242 (cid:2)
7.5.1 IntramolecularPhotochemicalReactions 242
7.5.1.1 Ring-Opening/ClosingReactions 242
7.5.1.2 Photoisomerization 244
7.5.1.3 Photodissociation 247
7.5.2 IntermolecularPhotochemicalReactions 248
7.5.2.1 [2+2]Photodimerization 248
7.5.2.2 [4+4]Photodimerization 250
7.5.3 NonequilibriumChargeDistributionandElectronicHeating 257
7.6 FutureDirections 260
7.6.1 ReactionDynamicsinMolecularCrystals 260
7.6.2 NewMaterials 261
7.6.3 InterfacingMolecularCrystalswithOtherObjects 262
7.7 Conclusion 264
Acknowledgments 264
References 264
8 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPiezoelectricCeramics 275
KenjiUchino
8.1 Introduction 275
8.2 PhotovoltaicEffect 276
8.2.1 PrincipleoftheBulkPhotovoltaicEffect 277
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Contents ix
8.2.1.1 “Bulk”PhotovoltaicEffect 277
8.2.1.2 ExperimentalSetup 279
8.2.1.3 CurrentSourceModel 279
8.2.1.4 VoltageSourceModel 282
8.2.2 EffectofLightPolarizationDirection 285
8.2.3 PLZTCompositionResearch 286
8.2.4 DopantResearch 287
8.3 PhotostrictiveEffect 288
8.3.1 FiguresofMerit 288
8.3.2 MaterialsConsiderations 289
8.3.3 CeramicPreparationMethodEffect 290
8.3.3.1 ProcessingMethod 290
8.3.3.2 GrainSizeEffect 290
8.3.3.3 Surface/GeometryDependence 291
8.4 PhotostrictiveDeviceApplications 294
8.4.1 DisplacementAmplificationMechanism 294
8.4.2 Photo-DrivenRelay 295
8.4.3 Micro-walkingMachine 295
8.4.4 “Photophone” 297
8.4.5 Micro-propellingRobot 297
8.5 ConcludingRemarks 299
(cid:2) References 300 (cid:2)
9 SwitchingSurfaceTopographiesBasedonLiquidCrystal
NetworkCoatings 303
DanqingLiuandDirkJ.Broer
9.1 Introduction 303
9.2 LiquidCrystalNetworks 304
9.2.1 PhotoresponsiveLiquidCrystalNetworks 307
9.2.2 PhotoinducedSurfaceDeformation 307
9.2.3 PhotoinducedSurfaceDeformationPresetbyPatternedDirector
Orientation 311
9.2.4 OntheMechanismofSurfaceDeformation 318
9.3 Conclusions 322
References 322
10 PhotoinducedShapeProgramming 327
TaylorH.Ware
10.1 One-WayShapeMemory 329
10.1.1 Photothermal 331
10.1.2 Photochemical 336
10.2 Two-WayShapeMemory 343
10.2.1 Photothermal 344
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x Contents
10.2.2 Photochemical 353
10.3 SummaryandOutlook 358
References 358
11 PhotomechanicalEffectstoEnableDevices 369
M.RaviShankar
11.1 Introduction 369
11.2 AnalogPhotomechanicalActuators 371
11.3 Discrete-State(Digital)PhotomechanicalActuators 373
11.3.1 BinaryActuators 374
11.3.2 LatencyofBinaryActuatorsandRepetitiveActuation 375
11.3.3 MultistableImplementations 380
11.3.4 BeyondBistable,BuckledRods 384
11.4 PhotomechanicalMechanismsandMachines 387
References 388
12 PhotomechanicalEffectsinMaterials,Composites,and
Systems:OutlookandFutureChallenges 393
TimothyJ.White
12.1 Introduction 393
12.2 OutlookandChallenges 393
(cid:2) 12.2.1 BreadthandDepth 393 (cid:2)
12.2.2 BeyondBending:MechanicsImplementations 394
12.2.3 HarvestingandHarnessingLight 396
12.2.4 SpeedisLimited 396
12.2.5 SystemsDesignandImplementation 398
12.2.6 Applications 398
12.2.6.1 OpticalElements 398
12.2.6.2 MorphingShapesandSurfaces 400
12.2.6.3 Actuation 400
12.3 Conclusion 401
References 401
Index 405
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xi
ListofContributors
RabihO.Al-Kaysi DirkJ.Broer
DepartmentofBasicSciences, DepartmentofChemical
CollegeofScienceandHealth EngineeringandChemistry
Professions InstituteforComplexMolecular
KingSaudbinAbdulazizUniversity Systems
forHealthSciences TechnicalUniversityofEindhoven
Riyadh Eindhoven
SaudiArabia Netherlands
and
(cid:2) OleksandrS.Bushuyev (cid:2)
MinistryofNationalGuardHealth DepartmentofChemistry
Affairs McGillUniversity
KingAbdullahInternationalMedical Montreal
ResearchCenter Canada
Riyadh
SaudiArabia
DanielCorbett
SchoolofChemicalEngineeringand
ChristopherJ.Bardeen
AnalyticalScience
DepartmentofChemistry
TheUniversityofManchester
UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside
Manchester
Riverside,CA
UK
USA
ChristopherJ.Barrett TomikiIkeda
DepartmentofChemistry ResearchandDevelopmentInitiative
McGillUniversity ChuoUniversity
Montreal Tokyo
Canada Japan
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