Peripheral Receptor Targets for Analgesia: Novel Approaches to Pain Management

548 Pages·2016·16.04 MB·English

PERIPHERAL RECEPTOR
TARGETS FOR
ANALGESIA
PERIPHERAL RECEPTOR
TARGETS FOR
ANALGESIA
NOVEL APPROACHES TO PAIN
MANAGEMENT
Edited by
Brian E. Cairns, RPh, ACPR, PhD
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
The University of British Columbia
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Peripheral receptor targets for analgesia : novel approaches to pain treatment / edited by
Brian E. Cairns.
p. ; cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-25131-7 (cloth)
1. Nociceptors. 2. Nerves, Peripheral. 3. Analgesia. 4. Analgesics. 5. Pain. I. Cairns,
Brian E.
[DNLM: 1. Pain–drug therapy. 2. Analgesics–therapeutic use. 3. Drug Delivery
Systems. 4. Pain–physiopathology. 5. Receptors, Drug–physiology. WL 704 P4456 2009]
QP451.4.P47 2009
616′.0472–dc22
2009009731
Printed in the United States of America.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
FOREWORD by Lars Arendt-Nielsen vii
PREFACE ix
CONTRIBUTORS xi
PART I PERIPHERAL MECHANISM IN CLINICAL PAIN
CONDITIONS 1
1. Role of Peripheral Mechanisms in Craniofacial Pain Conditions 3
Barry J. Sessle
2. Role of Peripheral Mechanisms in Spinal Pain Conditions 21
Brian E. Cairns and Pradit Prateepavanich
PART II SPECIFIC RECEPTOR TARGETS FOR
PERIPHERAL ANALGESICS 41
3. Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels in Peripheral Nociceptive
Neurons as Targets for the Treatment of Pain 43
Theodore R. Cummins
4. Potassium Channels 93
Daisuke Nishizawa, Toru Kobayashi, and Kazutaka Ikeda
5. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels as Targets for the Treatment
of Chronic Pain 111
Joseph G. McGivern
6. Adenosine Receptors 137
Jana Sawynok
7. Acid-Sensing Ion Channels and Pain 153
Roxanne Y. Walder, Christopher J. Benson, and Kathleen A. Sluka
8. Vanilloid (TRPV1) and Other Transient Receptor Potential
Channels 175
Marcello Trevisani and Arpad Szallasi
v
vi CONTENTS
9. Glutamate Receptors 215
Brian E. Cairns
10. Serotonin Receptors 243
Malin Ernberg
11. Adrenergic Receptors 275
Antti Pertovaara
12. Cholinergic Receptors and Botulinum Toxin 297
Parisa Gazerani
13. Cannabinoids and Pain Control in the Periphery 325
Jason J. McDougall
14. Opioid Receptors 347
Claudia Herrera Tambeli, Luana Fischer, and Carlos Amilcar Parada
15. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Substance P 373
Ranjinidevi Ambalavanar and Dean Dessem
16. Role of Somatostatin and Somatostatin Receptors in Pain 397
Ujendra Kumar
17. Cytokines (Tumor Necrosis Factor, Interleukins) and
Prostaglandins 419
Per Alstergren
18. Neurotrophic Factors and Pain 455
Peter Svensson
PART III DELIVERY SYSTEMS 473
19. Topical and Systemic Drug Delivery Systems for Targeted
Therapy 475
Urs O. Häfeli and Amit Kale
20. Gene Therapy for Pain 515
Marina Mata and David J. Fink
21. Topical Analgesics 529
Akhlaq Waheed Hakim and Brian E. Cairns
Index 537
FOREWORD
Knowledge of pain mechanisms has advanced signifi cantly since Wall and
Melzack launched the gate control theory in the late 1960s. Since then, an
exponential increase in the number of scientifi c papers on this topic has been
seen. This has lead to a signifi cant increase in our understanding of the funda-
mental aspects of the pain system and its pharmacology, but unfortunately,
this has so far not been refl ected in the number of new pharmacological com-
pounds available for the treatment of pain. Aspirin, morphine, and lidocaine
are still among the most widely used analgesic drugs. However, in more recent
years, other centrally acting drugs (e.g., anticonvulsants, antidepressants), not
developed or intended for the management of pain, have found their place in
modern polypharmacological treatment regimes. Besides lidocaine, antitumor
necrosis factor alpha (TNF - α ) and, to some degree, nonsteroidal anti - infl am-
matory drug (NSAID ), compounds targeting peripheral sites for pain relief,
have been largely neglected. The present book is therefore an important con-
tribution in the process of conceptualizing peripheral sites as possible targets
for the development of new pain management treatments. This approach could
also potentially reduce the well - known signifi cant adverse effects associated
with centrally acting analgesic drugs, such as drowsiness, somnolence, and
mental clouding as well as gastrointestinal ulceration that is a problem with
chronic use of NSAIDs. Such unintended side effects can signifi cantly impact
the quality of life of chronic pain patients.
Despite these apparent advantages of local analgesics for the treatment of
pain, many results from this approach, for example, topical application of
analgesic drugs, are disappointing. One reason for failures of this approach is
a lack of appreciation of the peripheral pain transduction mechanisms and the
diversity of receptors that may be involved in these mechanisms. This book,
by reviewing the role of peripheral receptor mechanisms in the transduction
of pain, should provide a framework for the development of rationally designed
treatments with locally applied analgesics and promote further basic and
clinical studies on potentially interesting peripheral receptor targets.
L ars A rendt - N ielsen , D r M ed , P h D
Center for Sensory - Motor Interaction
Department of Health Science and Technology
Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
vii
PREFACE
The main purpose of P eripheral Receptor Targets for Analgesia: Novel
Approaches to Pain Management is to bring together in one text much of the
diverse body of work on peripheral receptor mechanisms of pain. I hoped,
by doing this, to allow the reader to compare work done on various receptor
targets to determine which targets might be the most useful to pursue in their
own research. Thus, the topics I have chosen for the book should be of interest
to health sciences researchers and clinicians (physicians, dentists, pharmacists,
nurse practitioners, physiotherapists, and others) as well as researchers in the
pharmaceutical industry. Nevertheless, I believe that this book will also be
attractive to senior undergraduate and graduate students in the health sciences
whose research interests include pain. The book is organized into introductory
chapters to provide the reader with a general sense of the importance of
peripheral mechanism of pain, followed by select topical chapters focusing on
specifi c receptor targets. The book fi nishes with chapters that discuss avenues
for selective delivery of analgesic agents. I intend that this book will not only
provide interesting reading but also serve as useful reference for those
interested in the fi eld of pain research.
B rian E. C airns
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
The University of British Columbia

ix
CONTRIBUTORS
Per Alstergren, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Huddinge, Sweden
Ranjinidevi Ambalavanar, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences and
Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Lars Arendt - Nielsen, Center for Sensory - Motor Interaction, Department of
Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Christopher J. Benson, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa,
Iowa City, IO, USA
Brian E. Cairns, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Theodore R. Cummins, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Stark
Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN, USA
Dean Dessem, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences and Program in
Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Malin Ernberg, Division of Clinical Oral Physiology, Department of Dental
Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
David J. Fink, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School
of Medicine and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
Luana Fischer, Laboratory of Pain Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences,
Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana
Parisa Gazerani, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and Center for Sensory - Motor
Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Urs O. H ä feli, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Akhlaq Waheed Hakim, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
xi
xii CONTRIBUTORS
Kazutaka Ikeda, Division of Psychobiology, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry,
Tokyo, Japan
Amit Kale, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British
Columbia
Toru Kobayashi, Division of Psychobiology, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry,
Tokyo, Japan, and Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Brain
Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
Ujendra Kumar, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Marina Mata, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of
Medicine, and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Jason J. McDougall, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of
Calgary, Calgary, AL, Canada
Joseph G. McGivern, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
Daisuke Nishizawa, Division of Psychobiology, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry,
Tokyo, Japan
Carlos Amilcar Parada, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute
of Biological Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Antti Pertovaara, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Pradit Prateepavanich, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Siriraj
Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Jana Sawynok, Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
NS, Canada
Kathleen A. Sluka, Graduate Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
Science, Pain Research Program, Neuroscience Graduate Program
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IO, USA
Barry J. Sessle, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Peter Svensson, Department of Clinical Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry,
University of Aarhus; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,
Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and Orofacial Pain
Laboratory, Center for Sensory - Motor Interaction, Aalborg University,
Aalborg, Denmark
Arpad Szallasi, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ, and Drexel
University College of Medicine, Philadelpia, PA, USA
Claudia Herrera Tambeli, Department of Physiology, Piracicaba Dental
School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
Marcello Trevisani, PharmEste, Ferrara, Italy
Roxanne Y. Walder, Graduate Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
Science, Pain Research Program, Neuroscience Graduate Program,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IO, USA