Pediatric Urology, Second Edition

855 Pages·2009·105.87 MB·English

by  John G. Gearhart MD FACS

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PEDIATRIC UROLOGY, SECOND EDITION  ISBN: 978-1-4160-3204-5
Copyright © 2010, 2001 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and  
experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become 
necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided  
(i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to 
verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and  
contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on his or her own experience 
and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment 
for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent  
of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editors assumes any liability for any injury and/or  
damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in 
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The Publisher
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pediatric urology / [edited by] John P. Gearhart, Richard C. Rink, Pierre D.E. Mouriqand. — 2nd ed.
    p. ; cm.
  Includes bibliographical references and index.
  ISBN 978-1-4160-3204-5
  1. Pediatric urology—Case studies. 2. Pediatric urology—Problems, exercises, etc. I. Gearhart, John P. II.
Rink, Richard C. III. Mouriquand, Pierre D. E.
  [DNLM: 1. Urologic Diseases. 2. Child. 3. Female Urogenital Diseases. 4. Male Urogenital Diseases.
5. Urogenital System. WS 320 P37533 2010]
  RJ466.C54 2010
  618.92’6--dc22
  2009005819
Acquisitions Editor: Stefanie Jewell-Thomas
Developmental Editor: Colleen McGonigal
Publishing Services Manager: Frank Polizzano
Project Manager: Rachel Miller
Design Direction: Lou Forgione
Illustration Direction: Kari Wszolek
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number:  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1
To my wonderful wife, Susan, and Baby Grace, who make coming home early my daily goal.
I will always be grateful to my teachers and role models, Roy Witherington, J. Herbert Johnston,
Patrick C. Walsh, and Robert Douglas Jeffs.
John P. Gearhart, MD
To my wife, Kanda, and my children, Andy and Stephanie, who have been a constant source of love and support,
and to my brother Larry, who has shown the way. I am forever grateful for the encouragement and teachings of
my mentors—Alan Retik, Hardy Hendren, and Mike Mitchell—and the support of my present and past partners,
as well as my former residents and fellows. I dearly miss my first mentor, Dr. John Donohue, and my brother Skip,
both of whom we lost this past year.
richarD c. rink, MD
To my wife, Jessica, my children, David and Caroline, and stepchildren, Emma and Sophie:
Thank you for your patience and love.
To the memory of my father, Claude, who left us in November 2008:
He held my hand along beautiful paths.
To Philip Ransley, David Frank, and Maggie Godley, who are my essential companions.
To Captain and his indestructible joy of life.
Pierre D. e. MouriquanD, MD
Contributors
Mark C. Adams, MD Guy A. Bogaert, MD, PhD
Professor, Urology and Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr.  Full Professor,
Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Pediatric Urology,  Katholieke Universiteit Leuven;
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee Clinical Chief, Pediatric Urology, and Medical Manager, 
Chapter 57: Augmentation Cystoplasty Ambulatory Surgery Center, Leuven University Hospitals,
Leuven, Belgium
Sharon Phillips Andreoli, MD Chapter 34: Urethral Duplication and Other Urethral
Professor of Pediatrics, Anomalies
James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children and Indiana 
University School of Medicine; Claire Bouvattier, MD
Byron P. and Frances D. Hollett MCU, Paris Descartes University; PH,
Professor of Pediatrics, Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
Director, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Chapter 35: Disorders of Sex Development: Endocrine
Indiana University School of Medicine, Aspects
Indianapolis, Indiana
Chapter 18: Glomerulonephritis in Children Berk Burgu, MD, FEAPU
Chapter 46: Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Clinical Instructor,
Disease in Children Ankara University School of Medicine,
Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology,
Darius J. Bägli, MDCM, FRCSC, FAAP, FACS Ankara, Turkey
Associate Professor, Department of Urology, Chapter 43: Cryptorchidism
University of Toronto; Chapter 51: Rhabdomyosarcoma
Associate Surgeon in Chief, Department of Surgery,
Hospital for Sick Children, Mark P. Cain, MD, FAAP
Toronto, Canada Professor of Urology, Department of Urology,
Chapter 53: Adrenal Tumors in Children Riley Hospital for Children,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Linda A. Baker, MD Indianapolis, Indiana
Professor, Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology, and  Chapter 56: Incontinent and Continent Urinary Diversion
Director of Pediatric Urology Research,
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at  Anthony A. Caldamone, MD, MMS, FAAP, FACS
Dallas, Dallas, Texas Professor of Surgery (Urology) and Pediatrics, 
Chapter 43: Cryptorchidism Alpert Medical School of Brown University; 
Chief of Pediatric Urology, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, 
G. M. Barker, MD, FRCS (PAEDS) Providence, Rhode Island
Consultant Urologist, Uppsala University Children’s  Chapter 32: Prune-Belly Syndrome
Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
Chapter 27: Pathophysiology of Bladder Dysfunction Anthony J. Casale, MD
Professor and Chairman, Department of Urology, 
Lorenzo Biassoni, MSc, FRCP, FEBNM University of Louisville School of Medicine;
Honorary Senior Lecturer, Institute of Child Health,  Chief of Urology, Kosair Children’s Hospital,
University College London; Consultant in Nuclear Medicine,  University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for  Chapter 55: Urinary Tract Trauma
Children, London, United Kingdom
Chapter 8: Radioisotope Imaging of the Kidney Marc Cendron, MD
and Urinary Tract Associate Professor of Surgery (Urology),
Harvard School of Medicine; 
David Bloom, MD Attending Pediatric Urologist,
Chair, Department of Urology, and Jack Lapides Professor of  The Boston Children’s Hospital,
Urology, University of Michigan Medical School,   Boston, Massachussetts
C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Chapter 42: Disorders of the Penis and Scrotum
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Chapter 60: Injectable Bulking Agents in the Treatment of George Chiang, MD
Pediatric Urinary Incontinence Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery (Urology),
University of San Diego;
Attending Pediatric Urologist,
Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California
Chapter 42: Disorders of the Penis and Scrotum
vii
viii Contributors
Lyn S. Chitty, PhD, MBBS, MRCOG Delphine Demède, MD
Reader in Genetics and Fetal Medicine, Consultant in Pediatric Urology, 
Institute for Women’s Health and Unit of Clinical and  Claude-Bernard University, Lyon, France;
Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, University  Consultant in Pediatric Urology, Hôpital  
College Hospital London, London, United Kingdom Mère-EnfantsGHE
Chapter 4: Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Renal Bron, France
Abnormalities Chapter 41: Hypospadias
Bernard M. Churchill, MD, FRCS(C), FAAP Steven G. Docimo, MD
Judith and Robert Winston Chair in Pediatric Urology,  Professor and Director, Pediatric Urology, and  
and Director of Wendy and Ken Ruby Fund for Academic  Vice-Chairman, Department of Urology,
Excellence in Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology,  The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center;
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at  Vice President of Medical Affairs,
Los Angeles; Director, Clark-Morrison Children’s Urological  Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Center, The Mattel Children’s Hospital at the Ronald Reagan  Chapter 43: Cryptorchidism
Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
Chapter 20: Ureteropelvic Junction Anomalies: Congenital Ben O’Neill Donovan, MD
Ureteropelvic Junction Problems in Children Pediatric Urology Fellow,
University of Oklahoma College of Medicine; 
Bartley G. Cilento Jr., MD, MPH Pediatric Urology Fellow, 
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School;  Oklahoma University Medical Center,
Assistant in Urology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston,  Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Massachusetts Chapter 54: Neonatal Urologic Emergencies
Chapter 31: Bladder Diverticula, Urachal Anomalies, and
Other Uncommon Anomalies of the Bladder Jack S. Elder, MD
Clinical Professor of Urology, Case School of Medicine, 
Clare E. Close, MD Cleveland, Ohio; Chief, Department of Urology, Henry Ford 
Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics, Health System, and Associate Director, Vattikuti Urology 
University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada Institute, Department of Urology, 
Chapter 33: Posterior Urethral Valves Children’s Hospital of Michigan,
Detroit, Michigan
Christopher S. Cooper, MD Chapter 58: Bladder Outlet Surgery for Congenital
Professor, University of Iowa Department of Urology;  Incontinence
Associate Dean, Student Affairs and Curriculum, University 
of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Director, Pediatric  Waldo C. Feng, MD, PhD, FACS, FAAP
Urology, University of Iowa and the Children’s Hospital of  Clinical Professor, University of Nevada Medical School; 
Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa Chief of Urology, Sunrise Hospital and Children’s Medical 
Chapter 26: Ureteral Duplication, Ectopy, and Ureteroceles Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
Chapter 20: Ureteropelvic Junction Anomalies: Congenital
Sarah M. Creighton, MD, FRCOS Ureteropelvic Junction Problems in Children
Consultant Gynaecologist,
University College Hospital, Fernando A. Ferrer, MD
London, United Kingdom Vice-Chair, Department of Surgery, and Associate Professor 
Chapter 37: Adolescent Urogynecology of Surgery (Urology) and Pediatrics (Oncology), University 
of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut; 
Peter M. Cuckow, MBBS, FRCS (Paeds) Surgeon-in-Chief and Director, Division of Pediatric Urology, 
Senior Lecturer, University College London, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut
The Institute of Urology, Chapter 49: Oncologic Principles of Pediatric Genitourinary
The Institute of Child Health; Tumors
Consultant Urologist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for 
Children, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom J. David Frank, MBBS, FRCS
Chapter 1: Embryology of the Urogenital Tract Former Consultant Paediatric Urologist,
Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital
Chapter 40: Foreskin
Bristol, United Kingdom
M. Daudon, PhD Chapter 16: Abnormal Migration and Fusion of the
Kidneys
Biologist, Hópital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
Chapter 48: Urolithiasis in Children
Dominic Frimberger, MD
Associate Professor, Pediatric Urology,  
William De Foor, MD, MPH, FAAP
Department of Urology,
Associate Professor, Division of Pediatric Urology, 
Oklahoma University College of Medicine;
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
Attending Physician, The Children’s Hospital, Pediatric 
Chapter 47: Pediatric Renal Transplantation: Medical and Urology Section, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma City,
Surgical Aspects Oklahoma
Chapter 54: Neonatal Urologic Emergencies
Contributors ix
Leo C. T. Fung, MD, FACS, FRCS(C), FAAP Isky Gordon, FRCR, FRCP
Associate Professor, Department of Urologic Surgery,  Professor of Paediatric Imaging,
University of Minnesota, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 
Minneapolis, Minnesota London, United Kingdom
Chapter 10: Urodynamic Studies of the Upper Chapter 8: Radioisotope Imaging of the Kidney and Urinary
Urinary Tract Tract
M. F. Gagnadoux, MD Daniela Gorduza, MD
Senior Consultant in Pediatric Nephrology, Consultant in Pediatric Urology,
Hopital Enfants Malades, Paris, France Claude-Bernard University, Lyon I,
Chapter 48: Urolithiasis in Children France; Consultant in Pediatric Urology, Hôpital  
Mère-EnfantsGHE,
John P. Gearhart, MD, FAAP, FACS, FRCS (Hon) (Ed) Bron, France
Professor and Chief of Pediatric Urology,   Chapter 41: Hypospadias
Department of Urology,  
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, J. Damien Grattan-Smith, MD
Baltimore, Maryland Assistant Professor of Radiology,
Chapter 30: The Bladder Exstrophy–Epispadias–Cloacal Emory University School of Medicine;
Exstrophy Complex Staff Radiologist,
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta,
Kenneth I. Glassberg, MD Atlanta, Georgia
Professor of Urology, Chapter 11: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the
Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons; Pediatric Urinary Tract
Director, Division of Pediatric Urology,
Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York– Saul P. Greenfield, MD
Presbyterian, New York, New York Clinical Professor of Urology, State University of New York 
Chapter 17: Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; 
Director, Pediatric Urology, Women and Children’s Hospital 
Prasad P. Godbole, MBBS, FRCS, FRCS (Paeds), of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
FEAPU Chapter 23: The Diagnosis and Medical Management of
Honorary Senior Lecturer, Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux
University of Sheffield;
Consultant Paediatric Urologist, Mohan S. Gundeti, MB, MS, DNBE, MCh (Urol),
Sheffield Children’s Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, FEBU, FICS, FRCS (Urol), FEAPU
Sheffield, United Kingdom Assistant Professor of Urology in Surgery and Pediatrics,
Chapter 44: Patent Processus Vaginalis The University of Chicago and Pritzker School of Medicine;
Director, Pediatric Urology, and Chief Pediatric Urologist,
Margaret L. Godley, PhD, CBiol, MIBiol Comer Children’s Hospital, the University of Chicago 
Clinical Scientist, Honorary Fellow in Pediatric Urology, Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
Institute of Child Health, University College London and  Chapter 50: Wilms’ Tumor
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United 
Kingdom George Haycock, MB, BChir, FRCP, FRCPCH, DCH
Chapter 22: Vesicoureteral Reflux: Pathophysiology and Emeritus Professor of Paediatrics, Guy’s, King’s, and  
Experimental Studies Sr. Thomas’ Hospitals School of Medicine, King’s College, 
University of London;
Jens Goebel, MD Emeritus Consultant Paediatrician and Paediatric 
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s  Nephrologist, Guy’s and Sr. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, 
Hospital, University of Cincinnati; Medical Director, Kidney  London, United Kingdom
Transplantation, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati,  Chapter 2: Nephrourology from Fetushood to Adulthood
Ohio
Anna-Lena Hellström, MD
Chapter 47: Pediatric Renal Transplantation: Medical and
Surgical Aspects Urotherapist and Professor,
Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital,
Ricardo González, MD Göteborg, Sweden
Professor of Urology, Chapter 28: Pragmatic Approach to the Evaluation and
Thomas Jefferson University, Management of Non-Neuropathic Daytime Voiding
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;  Disorders
Senior Consultant, University Children’s Hospital Zurich,
Zurich, Switzerland Terry W. Hensle, MD
Chapter 59: Artificial Urinary Sphincter Given Foundation Professor of Urology and Vice Chair, 
Department of Urology,
Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
New York, New York
Chapter 3: Renal Function, Fluids, Electrolytes, and
Nutrition from Birth to Adulthood
x Contributors
David B. Joseph, MD, FACS, FAAP Erica H. Lambert, MD
Professor of Surgery, Fellow and Instructor,
University of Alabama at Birmingham; Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
Chief of Pediatric Urology, Chapter 3: Renal Function, Fluids, Electrolytes, and
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Nutrition from Birth to Adulthood
Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama
Chapter 21: Ureterovisical Junction Anomalies: Henri Lottmann, MD, FEBU, FRCS (Eng), FEAPU
Megaureters Consultant in Pediatric Urology,
Appendix Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
Chapter 48: Urolithiasis in Children
Antoine E. Khoury, MD
Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine,  Padraig S. J. Malone, MCh, FRCSI, FRCS, FEAPU
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota Consultant Paediatric Urologist,
Chapter 10: Urodynamic Studies of the Upper Urinary Southampton University Hospitals, NHS Trust,
Tract Southampton, United Kingdom
Chapter 61: Fecal Incontinence in Pediatric Urology
Andrew J. Kirsch, MD, FACS, FAAP
Clinical Professor of Urology, Ranjiv Mathews, MD, FAAP
Academic Fellowship Director, Associate Professor of Pediatric Urology,
Emory University School of Medicine; The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Attending Pediatric Urologist, Baltimore, Maryland
Residency Director, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Chapter 6: Endoscopy of the Lower Urinary Tract
Atlanta, Georgia
Chapter 11: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Pediatric Gordon A. McLorie, MD, FRCSC, FAAP, CAQ
Urinary Tract Professor of Urology,
Wake Forest University School of Medicine;
Stanley J. Kogan, MD Chief, Pediatric Urology,
Clinical Professor of Urology, Albert Einstein College of  Brenner Children’s Hospital,
Medicine; Wake Forest University, Baptist Medical Center,  
Chief, Pediatric Urology, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Bronx, New York Chapter 53: Adrenal Tumors in Children
Chapter 45: The Pediatric Varicocele
Maria Menezes, MBBS, MS, MRCS (Ed)
Kristin A. Kozakowski, MD National Children’s Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
Clinical Fellow, Division of Pediatric Urology, University  Chapter 24: Endoscopic Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux
of Toronto; Clinical Fellow, Division of Pediatric Urology, 
Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Resident,  Peter D. Metcalfe, MD, FRCSC
Department of Urology, Columbia University, New York,  Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of 
New York Alberta, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, 
Chapter 17: Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease Canada
Chapter 56: Incontinent and Continent
Bradley P. Kropp, MD
Urinary Diversion
Professor, Department of Urology,
The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College  Michael E. Mitchell, MD
of Medicine, Oklahoma University College of Medicine; Professor Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle, 
Attending Physician, Pediatric Urology, Washington; Professor and Chief of Pediatric Urology,
The Children’s Hospital of Oklahoma, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin,
Oklahoma University Medical Center, Oklahoma City,  Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Oklahoma
Chapter 33: Posterior Urethral Valves
Chapter 54: Neonatal Urologic Emergencies
Pierre D. E. Mouriquand, MD, FRCS (Eng), FEAPU
G. Läckgren, MD, PhD
Professor of Pediatric Urology,
Professor and Consultant Urologist, Claude-Bernard University;
University Children’s Hospital Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden Head of Pediatric Urology,
Chapter 27: Pathophysiology of Bladder Dysfunction Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Mère-Enfants,
Lyon, France
Yegappan Lakshmanan, MD, (FRCS Ed)
Chapter 41: Hypospadias
Chief, Department of Pediatric Urology,
Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Pierre-Yves Mure, MD
Detroit, Michigan Professor of Pediatric Surgery,
Chapter 15: Tissue Engineering in Pediatric Urology Claude-Bernard University, Lyon, France;
Consultant in Pediatric Surgery,
Hôpital Mère-EnfantsGHE,
Bron, France
Chapter 41: Hypospadias
Contributors xi
Kenneth G. Nepple, MD Faridali Rashji, MD, FRCPC
Resident, Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa  Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric Radiology, 
City, Iowa and Chief of Pediatric Radiology, Children’s Hospital of 
Chapter 26: Ureteral Duplication, Ectopy, and Ureteroceles Oklahoma, Oklahoma University Medical Center, Oklahoma 
City, Oklahoma
Tryggve Nevéus, MD, PhD Chapter 54: Neonatal Urologic Emergencies
Associate Professor, Department of Women’s and Children’s 
Health, Uppsala University; Philip G. Ransley, MD
Consultant in Pediatric Nephrology, Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Urology,
Uppsala University Children’s Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden Institute of Child Health, University College London and 
Chapter 29: Nocturnal Enuresis Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children;
Consultant Paediatric Urologist,
Hiep T. Nguyen, MD Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School;  Chapter 22: Vesicoureteral Reflux: Pathophysiology and
Assistant in Urology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston,  Experimental Studies
Massachusetts
William G. Reiner, MD
Chapter 31: Bladder Diverticula, Urachal Anomalies, and
Other Uncommon Anomalies of the Bladder Professor of Urology and Child Psychiatry,
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center,
Rien J. M. Nijman, MD, PhD Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and Johns Hopkins School of 
Professor and Chair, Department of Urology, Medicine, Department of Urology, Baltimore, Maryland
University Medical Centre Groningen, Chapter 39: Psychological and Psychiatric Aspects of
Groningen, The Netherlands Genitourinary Conditions
Chapter 9: Urodynamic Studies of the Lower Urinary Tract
Alan B. Retik, MD
John Park, MD Professor of Surgery (Urology), Harvard Medical School;
Cheng-Yang Chang Endowed Professor of Pediatric Urology, Chief, Department of Urology, Children’s Hospital Boston,
University of Michigan Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts
Chief, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chapter 25: Surgery for Vesicoureteral Reflux
C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Richard C. Rink, MD, FAAP, FACS
Chapter 25: Surgery for Vesicoureteral Reflux
Robert A. Garrett Professor of Pediatric Urology,
Chapter 60: Injectable Bulking Agents in the Treatment of
Indiana University School of Medicine;
Pediatric Urinary Incontinence
Chief, Pediatric Urology,
James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana 
Craig A. Peters, MD
University Medical Center,
John E. Cole Professor of Urology,
Indianapolis, Indiana
University of Virginia;
Chapter 36: Surgical Management of Female Genital
Chief, Division of Pediatric Urology,
Anomalies, Disorders of Sexual Development, Urogenital
University of Virginia Health System
Sinus, and Cloacal Anomalies
Charlottesville, Virginia
Chapter 57: Augmentation Cystoplasty
Chapter 19: Congenital Urine Flow Impairments of the
Upper Urinary Tract: Pathophysiology and Experimental
Jonathan H. Ross, MD
Studies
Chief, Division of Pediatric Urology,
Lisandro Piaggio, MD Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital,
Pediatric Urologist and Chief, Division of Pediatric Urology,  Cleveland, Ohio
Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Chapter 52: Testicular Tumors
Chapter 59: Artificial Urinary Sphincter
Joao Luiz Pippi Salle, MD, PhD, FAAP, FRCSC
Prem Puri, MS, FRCS, FRCS (Ed), FACS, FAAP (Hon) Professor, Department of Surgery (Urology),
Newman Clinical Research Professor, University of Toronto;
School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College  Head, Division of Urology,
Dublin; Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and Director of  Hospital for Sick Children,
Research, Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Toronto, Canada
Hospital, Dublin, Ireland Chapter 58: Bladder Outlet Surgery for Congenital
Incontinence
Chapter 24: Endoscopic Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux
J. Todd Purves, MD, PhD Caroline Sanders, BSc Hons, PGD, RCN, RN
Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, Pediatrics, Cell  Consultant Nurse,
Biology, and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina,  Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, 
Charleston, South Carolina Liverpool, United Kingdom
Chapter 15: Tissue Engineering in Pediatric Urology Chapter 14: Nursing Intervention in Pediatric Urology
Chapter 30: The Bladder Exstrophy–Epispadias–Cloacal
Exstrophy Complex
xii Contributors
Sovrin M. Shah, MD Mark D. Stringer, MS, FRCP, FRCS, FRCS Ed
Assistant Professor of Urology, Professor of Anatomy,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology,
Physician-in-Charge, Otago School of Medical Sciences,
Female Urology, Voiding Dysfunction, and Pelvic  University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Reconstructive Surgery, Chapter 44: Patent Processus Vaginalis
Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York
Chapter 17: Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease Tatum Tarin, MD
Urology Resident,
Curtis Sheldon, MD Stanford University, Department of Urology,
Assistant Professor of Surgery, University of Cincinnati;  Stanford, California
Director, Pediatric Urology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital,  Chapter 13: Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections
Cincinnati, Ohio
Chapter 47: Pediatric Renal Transplantation: Medical and A. A. Thakre, MD
Surgical Aspects Consultant Pediatric Department Urologist, Division of 
Pediatric Urology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Civil 
Rajesh Shinghal, MD Hospital, R. J. Medical College, Gujarat University;
Clinical Instructor, Director, Centre for Pediatric Urology, Minimally Invasive 
Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Pediatric Urology Centre, Children’s Continence Centre, 
Associate Chief of Urology, Santa Clara Valley Medical  Welcare Speciality Hospital, Ahmedabad,
Center, San Jose, California Gujarat, India
Chapter 13: Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections Chapter 7: Laparoscopy in Pediatric Urology
Linda M. Dairiki Shortliffe, MD Julian Wan, MD
Stanley McCormick Memorial Professor and Chair,  Clinical Associate Professor, University of Michigan, 
Department of Urology, Stanford University School of  Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical 
Medicine; Chief of Urology, Stanford University Medical  School; Attending Pediatric Urologist,
Center; Chief of Pediatric Urology, Lucile Salter Packard  C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Children’s Hospital, Stanford, California Chapter 23: The Diagnosis and Medical Management of
Chapter 13: Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux
Chapter 60: Injectable Bulking Agents in the Treatment of
Ulla Sillén, MD
Pediatric Urinary Incontinence
Professor, Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, 
Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Sahlgreenska Academy,  S. M. Whitten, MBBS, MRCOG
University of Gothenburg; Head of Pediatric Urology,  Consultant Obstetrician,
Pediatric Uronephrologic Center, Queen Silvia Children’s  University College London, NHS Foundation Trust,
Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden London, United Kingdom
Chapter 28: Pragmatic Approach to the Evaluation and Chapter 4: Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Renal Abnormalities
Management of Non-Neuropathic Daytime Voiding
Disorders Duncan T. Wilcox, MBBS, MD
Associate Professor, University of Colorado at Denver,
Howard M. Snyder III, MD
Denver, Colorado;
Professor of Urology, University of Pennsylvania School  Chair of Pediatric Urology,
of Medicine; Director of Surgical Teaching, Pediatric  The Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado
Urology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 
Chapter 51: Rhabdomyosarcoma
Pennsylvania
Chapter 26: Ureteral Duplication, Ectopy, and John R. Woodard, MD
Ureteroceles
Formally Clinical Professor of Urology and Director of 
Pediatric Urology, Emory University School of Medicine; 
Arne Stenberg, PhD
Formally Chief of Urology, Henrietta Egleston Hospital for 
Associate Professor, Uppsala University; Head, Children, Atlanta, Georgia
Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology,
Chapter 32: Prune-Belly Syndrome
Uppsala University Children’s Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
Chapter 29: Nocturnal Enuresis C.R.J. Woodhouse, MB, FRCS, FEBU
Professor of Adolescent Urology,
Louise C. Strawbridge, MRCOG
University  College; Consultant Adolescent Urologist,
Specialist Registrar, University College London Hospitals, London,  
University College Hospital, United Kingdom
London, United Kingdom
Chapter 38: Ambiguous Genitalia in Male Adolescents
Chapter 37: Adolescent Urogynecology
Contributors xiii
Mark Woodward, MD, FRCS (Paed) C. K. Yeung, MD
Consultant Paediatric Urologist, Department of Paediatric  Honorary Clinical Professor, Paediatric Surgery and 
Surgery, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol,   Paediatric Urology; Adjunct Professor, Institute of Chinese 
United Kingdom Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Chapter 16: Abnormal Migration and Fusion of the Kidneys Centre of Clinical Trials on Chinese Medicine,
Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
Adrian S. Woolf, MD Chapter 7: Laparoscopy in Pediatric Urology
Professor of Nephrology and Head of Nephro-Urology Unit,
Institute of Child Health, University College London, Paul Zelkovic, MD
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United  Clinical Instructor,
Kingdom Department of Urology,
Chapter 12: Genes, Urinary Tract Development, and New York Medical College,
Human Disease Valhalla, New York
Chapter 45: The Pediatric Varicocele
Elizabeth B. Yerkes, MD
Assistant Professor of Urology, Northwestern University,  J. Michael Zerin, MD
Feinberg School of Medicine; Professor of Radiology and Chief, Department of Pediatric 
Attending Urologist, Imaging, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State 
Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
Chapter 36: Surgical Management of Female Genital Chapter 5: Morphologic Studies of the Urinary Tract
Anomalies, Disorders of Sexual Development, Urogenital
Sinus, and Cloacal Anomalies