Table Of ContentThe International Library of Sociology
PEASANT RENAISSANCE
IN YUGOSLAVIA
1900-1950
Founded by KARL MANNHEIM
The International Library of Sociology
-
HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY
In 9 Volumes
I America: Ideal and Reality Stark
II British Social Work in the 19th Century Young et al
III Farewell to European History Weber
IV A History of Autobiography in Antiquity
Part One Mitch
V A History of Autobiography in Antiquity
Part Two Mid
VI Men of Letters and the English Public
in the 18th Century Beljame
VII New Trends in Education in
the 18th Century Hans
VIII Peasant Renaissance in Yugoslavia
1900 - 1950 Trouton
IX Sociology of the Renaissance Von Martin
PEASANT RENAISSANCE
IN YUGOSLAVIA
19004950
A Study of the Development of Yugoslav
Peasant Society as Affected by Education
by
RUTH TROUTON
First published in 1952 by
Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd
Reprinted in 1998 by
Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Printed and bound in Great Britain
0 1952 Ruth Trouton
AI1 rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
The publishers have made every effort to contact authors/copyright holders
of the works reprinted in The International Library of Sociology.
This has not been possible in every case, however, and we would
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library
Peasant Renaissance in Yugoslavia 1900-I 950
ISBN O-415-17612-3
Historical Sociology: 9 Volumes
ISBN O-415-17825-8
The International Library of Sociology: 274 Volumes
ISBN O-415-17838-X
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
THANKS are due to the Librarian of the Foreign Office for
permitting the publication of Appendix A. Also to the Bedford
Press for allowing me to make use of a map published in
Partisan Picture, by Basil Davidson.
I am deeply grateful for the guidance of the late Professor
Karl Mannheim, Dr. Edward Shils, Professor Ginsberg and
especially of Professor David Mitrany in the planning and
development of the subject-matter.
I am greatly obliged to Mr. H. W. Hodges for his helpful
criticisms on the wording of the text.
Warm thanks are also due to many Yugoslav friends, both
in Yugoslavia and in England, who have so generously assisted
me in the collection of the information I needed.
GLOSSARY
Agronom agricultural expert
Akcija selo-grad village and town mutual aid
Ban county governor
Banovina county
Cadi Turkish judge
Charshija Turkish market ; corrupt financial and commercial
interests
Chetnik member of a ‘ theta’ (band) : Serbian inter-war
nationalist organisation : term applied to Mihaylo-
vitch’s guerillas
Chovek man
Choystvo manliness
Dom home
Dom Kultura cultural centre
Domachitsa house-wife, hostess
Domobranstvo army of Pavelitch’s Independent State of Croatia
Drug, drugovi comrade(s)
Gospodi, gospoda plural of ‘gospodin,’ gentleman
Gospodar head of a Croatian zadruga
Gospodara hostess
Gospodarska Sloga economic branch of Croat Peasant Movement
Guslar player on the ‘gusle,’ one-stringed Serbian musical
instrument
Hayduk nationalist rebel and bandit in Turkish territory
Kafana coffee-house
Knez, kneievi chief(s), prince(s)
Komita committee
Komitadjee committee member (lit.) : nationalist guerilla
Kotar county
Kum godfather
Kumstvo godparenthood
Matura matriculation; mala matura, junior matriculation
Moba labour given by neighbours at harvest, etc.
Narod the people
Narodne Pesme National Songs. Anonymous folk-songs and ballads
composed between fourteenth and nineteenth centuries
Neymar head of a group of pechalbars
Obraz cheek (lit.) : honour
Odbor committee
Odbornik committee member, referring especially to National
Liberation and People’s Committees
vii
. . .
VI11 GLOSSARY
OkuEnica home-plot
Opanka peasant shoe
Opshtina commune, municipality, local government unit
Pechalba custom of journeying in small groups to find work
Pechalbar member of such a group
Planishtar herdsman who takes livestock to mountain pastures
Pobratimstvo oath-brotherhood
Prechani people from across the river (lit.) : Serbs from Voyvodina
etc.
Prela spinning bee
Raya Turkish name for subjected Christians
Seljachka Sloga cultural branch of Croat Peasant Movement
Shiptar Albanian
Shljivovitsa plum spirits
Shpekulanti speculators, opponents of Five Year Plan
Skupchina Croatian zadruga
SkupStina Parliament
Slava Serbian festival celebrating family patron saint
Sokol Slav gymnastic organization started in Czechoslovakia
Sporazum agreement
Spr-93 loan of working animals between peasant neighbours
Srez district
Stareshina head of a Serbian zadruga
Trg Slav market
TroSarina octroi, market entry-tax
UstaHi followers of Pavelitch. terrorist Croat nationalists
Zadruga peasant communal household : Serbo-Croat translation
of Co-operative : loosely used of Peasant Working
Co-operative (Seljachka Radna Zadruga)
Zelenashi money-lenders
CONTENTS
Pagev
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
GLOSSARY vii
GENERAL INTRODUCTION I
BOOK ONE
YUGOSLAV PEASANT SOCIETY I goo- I g I 4
I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF YUGOSLAV
PEASANT SOCIETY ‘3
PART I. PURE PEASANT SOCIETY
II. REASONS FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE ‘PURE’ TYPE
OF YUGOSLAV PEASANT SOCIETY 18
(a) Lack of Communications and Consequent Isolation
fi.om the West. (b) The Turkish Domination. (c) Austro-
Hungarian Rule. (d) Digression on Serbian and Croatian
Characteristics.
III. PEASANT HOUSEHOLD AUTONOMY 26
(a) South Slav Kinship. (b) The xadruga. (c) Injluence of
xadruga Prevalence on South Slav Character.
IV. VILLAGE AUTONOMY 34
(a) General Organization of Village Socieb. (b) Economic
Co-operation in the Village. (c) The Survival of Village
Autonomy.
V. SUPRA-VILLAGE PEASANT RELATIONS 43
(a) The Church as the Rallying-point for Anti-Turkish
Sentiment. (b) Nomads in Peasant Society. (c) Hayduks:
Their Popularip a Criticism of Central Government.
ix
x CONTENTS
PART II. MIXED PEASANT SOCIETY
AT MARKET-TOWN PHASE
VI. YUGOSLAV NON-PEASANT SOCIETY Pw 50
(a) Categories of Yugoslav Towns. (b) The Tsintsars.
(c) Backwardness of Industrial Development. (d) Growth
of a 3vative O&al Class. (e) Genesis of the Mercantile
CZa.ss. (f) The Fashion for Westernization. (9) The
Ferment of JVationalistic Iieas : (I) Austrianizers,
(2) Hungarianizers, (3) Slav Westernisers, (4) Slav
Autonomists.
VII. INFLUENCE OF MARKET-TOWNS ON PEASANT SOCIETY 68
(a) The Peasants and the Land. (b) Household Autonomy:
Break-up of the zadrugas. (c) Changes afecting Village
Autonomy : (I) Development of Bureaucracy; (2) Begin-
nings of Afational Parties; (3) Di$rentiation within the
Village. (d) Relations of Peasants with .Non-Peasant
Society.
PART III. PEASANT EDUCATION
VIII. PEASANT SELF-EDUCATION 83
(a) In ‘Pure’ Peasant Society. (b) In ‘Mixed’ Peasant
Society.
IX. MOTIVES OF NON-PEASANT SOCIETY IN UNDER-
TAKING PEASANT EDUCATION 87
(a) Education as a Public Responsibility. (b) Religious
Bodies and Peasant Education. (c) Philanthropic and
Humanist Groups. (d) Nationalist and Political Motives.
(e) Practical afotives; Weakness characteristic of Yugo-
Slav Educational Policy.
X. NON-PEASANT SOCIETY’S PROVISION OF PEASANT
EDUCATION 98
(a) Institution of Universal Elementary Education.
(b) Character of Pearant Elementary Education:
(I) Length and Curriculum of Schooling; (2) Teachers
and School Organitation. (c) Peasants and Post-
Elemental-y Education.
XL CONSEQUENCES OF FORiMAL PEASANT EDUCATION ‘09
(a) Efect on Peasant Family. (b) Effect on Village
Society. (c) Effect on Peasant Society as a Whole. (d) In-
jluence of Education on the Genesis of New Social Classes.
