PAVEMENT SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS AA SYNTHESIS & STATE OF PRACTICE Task 1 ...

125 Pages·2012·2.22 MB·English

by  Bernard Izevbekhai

PAVEMENT SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS

A
A SYNTHESIS & STATE OF PRACTICE

Task 1

Principal Investigator:

Bernard Igbafen Izevbekhai, P.E. , Ph.D.
Office of Materials and Roads Research
Minnesota Department of Transportation
1400 Gervais Avenue
Maplewood MN 55109

DEC 2011
TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF THE PAVEMENT SURFACE ........................ 1
Surface Texture ............................................................................................................... 2
SECTION 2: PAVEMENT SMOOTHNESS (INTERNATIONAL ROUGHNESS
INDEX, IRI) ...................................................................................................................... 5
Mechanism of Ride Effects ............................................................................................ 9
Geometric Surface Features Joints, Curl &Warp, and Faulting Features ....................... 9
Quantification of IRI as a Proxy for Larger Scale Texture Effects .............................. 11
SECTION 3: FRAGMENTATION OF FRICTION ................................................... 17
Wisconsin 1996 Friction Model................................................................................... 20
SECTION 4: TIRE PAVEMENT NOISE .................................................................... 22
Tire Pavement Acoustic Durability .............................................................................. 26
Active and Reactive Fields ........................................................................................... 28
SECTION 5: NOISE GENERATION MECHANISMS ............................................. 31
The Clap Phenomenon .................................................................................................. 33
The Horn (Amplification) Effect .................................................................................. 33
Pipe Resonance (Organ Pipe Effect) ............................................................................. 33
Cavity Resonance (Balloon Simulation) ....................................................................... 33
SECTION 6: ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE THEORY .................................................. 34
SECTION 7: PAVEMENT GEOMETRICAL VARIABLES .................................... 37
Texture Direction .......................................................................................................... 37
Numerical Example: ..................................................................................................... 38
Pavement Surface Variables: Mean Profile Depth ....................................................... 40
Pavement Surface Characteristics Asperity Interval and Groove Width ...................... 42
Texture Orientation ....................................................................................................... 43
SECTION 8: TIRE TEXTURE AND CONTACT PHENOMENA .......................... 46
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Fujikawa Bendstein Models .......................................................................................... 48
Wu and Nagi Model ...................................................................................................... 50
Clapp et al Model .......................................................................................................... 52
Hamet and Klein Model ................................................................................................ 55
Donavan’s Equation for Sound Generation .................................................................. 57
Hanson’s Model ............................................................................................................ 57
Byrum’s Analysis.......................................................................................................... 58
Stress Distribution Modeling ........................................................................................ 59
Dynamic Friction models for Longitudinal .................................................................. 59
Fragmentation of Surface Profiles ................................................................................ 62
Summary of the Contact Theories ................................................................................ 63
SECTION 9: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ......................................... 65
Atmospheric Variables: Temperature ........................................................................... 70
Atmospheric Variables: Relative Humidity .................................................................. 72
Atmospheric Pressure ................................................................................................... 75
Section Summary .......................................................................................................... 75
SECTION 10: RESONANCE PHENOMENA ............................................................. 76
Helm Holtz Resonance in Tire Pavement Interaction ................................................... 76
“Pipe” Resonance Phenomenon in Pavement Surfaces ................................................ 78
SECTION 11: LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT STATE OF THE PRACTICE &
JUSTIFICATION FOR A STUDY ............................................................................... 81
Limitation 1: Absence of Initial Conditions ................................................................. 81
Limitations 2: Inadequate Understanding of Environmental Effects on TPIN. ............ 82
Limitation 3: Insufficient data before 2007 (MnROAD) .............................................. 82
Limitation 4: Absence of mechanical idealizations and explanation of the mechanism
of Noise reduction by diamond grinding ...................................................................... 83
Limitations 5: Inadequate Understanding of the Effect of time and traffic (IRI) on
TPIN friction and ride. ................................................................................................. 84
Justification for Surface Characteristics Studies........................................................... 85
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Research Plan Towards a Physically Valid Phenomenological Model ........................ 85
Summary of Research Effort arising from Gaps in Literature and in State of the Art . 86
Identification and Quantification of Hysteresis Phenomena ........................................ 88
Diamond Ground Groves as Helmholtz Resonators & Porous pavements as
Reverberation Chambers in Noise reduction ............................................................... 89
Section Summary .......................................................................................................... 90
Research Work Done .................................................................................................... 90
SECTION 12: MODIFIED WORKPLAN ................................................................... 94
SECTION 13: REFERENCES .................................................................................... 108
APPENDIX .................................................................................................................... 115

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: PIARC Classification of Texture in wavelength form and Usage ................. 3
FIGURE 2: Light weight Profiler ....................................................................................... 6
FIGURE 3: Profilogram of a Surface ................................................................................. 7
FIGURE 4: Inertial Profiler IRI Response and PSD Response .......................................... 7
FIGURE 5: Wavelengths Where Body Bounce and Axle Hop are Prominent................... 8
FIGURE 6: Body Bounce and Axle Hop Response ........................................................... 9
FIGURE 7: ProVAL Output for IRI of a 1-inch Faulted Pavement ................................. 11
FIGURE 8: IRI Multiplier Algorithm ............................................................................... 12
FIGURE 9: Proval Output for IRI of a 1-inch Faulted Pavement .................................... 14
FIGURE 10: Hysterisis and Adhesion Forces in TPIN .................................................... 17
FIGURE 11: OBSI Assembly showing SRTT, Mounting Rig, Microphones and Cables 24
FIGURE 12: Output of an OBSI Measurement ................................................................ 25
FIGURE 13: Implication of OBSI Difference. ................................................................. 30
FIGURE 14: Sound Absorption Measurement with Impedance Tube. ............................ 34
FIGURE 15: Sinc Wave of Sound Intensity Function in the Spatial/ Time Domain ....... 37
FIGURE 16: Frequencies due to transverse tines are coincident with typical tire resonant
frequencies. ....................................................................................................................... 39
FIGURE 17: Texture Configuration and Relevant Dimensions ....................................... 41
FIGURE 18: (a) and (b) Schematics of Similar MTD but Different Surface Performance
and (c) Positive and negative Texture ............................................................................... 44
FIGURE 19: Texture Configuration and Relevant Dimensions ....................................... 47
FIGURE 20: Texture Planing Configuration and Relevant Dimensions .......................... 50
FIGURE 21: Hysteresis Effects at Tire Asperity Interface .............................................. 51
FIGURE 22: Schematics of Indentor and Deformed Tire ............................................... 53
FIGURE 23: CLAPP’s Prediction of Acoustic Pressure from Indentor Pressure
Distribution ....................................................................................................................... 54
FIGURE 25: Hysteresis in Friction................................................................................... 61
FIGURE 26: Relationship between Normalized SI and Temperature .............................. 72
FIGURE 27: Water Vapor in Air at Various RH and Temp Ranges [56] ........................ 73
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FIGURE 28: Effect of Relative Humidity on SI* ............................................................. 74
FIGURE 30: Pipe Resonance Phenomena in Grooves and Joints .................................... 79

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: Noise Generation and Amplification Mechanisms [1.6],[1.7] and associated
Variables ........................................................................................................................... 32
TABLE 2: Temperature Effects ........................................................................................ 67
TABLE 3: European Union (EU) Temperature Correction Factors for Sound intensity
Level ................................................................................................................................. 68
TABLE 4: SI* For A Range of Relative Humidity and Temperature .............................. 74
TABLE 5: New Textures in 2008 and 2009 ..................................................................... 82
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SECTION 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF THE PAVEMENT
SURFACE
The challenge to provide safe, smooth riding and quiet pavements necessitates knowledge
of the variables that influence noise characteristics, acoustic durability and sustainability
of quiet pavements. To be functional, pavements are required to ride smoothly, be
esthetically appealing and be environmentally or structurally stable in adverse conditions
[1]. Pavements are required to provide sufficient skid resistance and in recent times
pavement are required to be quiet. The requirement for functionality now finds
expression in design processes where special provisions for quiet pavements are required.
Absence of the tools for providing adequate special provisions language for quiet
pavements hamstrings current attempts by many practitioners to try quiet pavements.
These tools are absent because adequate designs must be based on performance
characteristics. But these performance characteristics are either not available or are few
and far between. In consequence specification for quiet pavements are impaired and even
hamstrung by the absence of research and research results of time dependent, load
dependent and environmentally valid surface properties and environmental.

With the above issues, a quest to research into the variables that affect tire pavement
noise, friction and ride was inevitable. An improvement of the body of knowledge for
pavement surface variables has the potential to enhance design and specification of
sustainable quiet pavements. Sustainable quiet pavements will hopefully replace or at the
minimum reduce the use of noise walls that will reduce overall pavement costs.

When concrete pavements are built, the surface is originally finished with an automated
pan finisher that is part of the paving equipment. Although it is a sub-standard practice,
areas of spot defects are usually manually finished and bull floated or struck off.
Ordinarily the surface so formed in that green plastic state does not usually provide
sufficient friction. It has also been ascertained that the original untextured surface is not a
quiet surface. Consequently, a surface configuration is imparted on the surface through
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one of many methods. The surfaces are described generally by the texturing methods,
how comfortable it is to ride on them and now noisy they are.

Surface Texture
The basic texturing methods [2] include drag finishing, tining and exposed aggregate. In
the drag techniques, a work bridge consisting of a uniformly loaded inverted burlap turf
or broom is dragged behind the pavement. The surfaces formed are the burlap dragged,
turf dragged or the broom dragged surface. They are generally referred to as the hessian
drag finish in their similitude to the burlap or cloth (hessian ≈ pertaining to a cloth) [2].
While the bridge is dragged along and behind the paver, the uniformly loaded burlap
broom or turf may alternately be manually swept across the pavement, thus creating a
transverse broom or turf surface. Similarly, a rake may be dragged along with the paver
to impart a longitudinal tining or while the bridge advances to each convenient spot, the
rake is manually dragged across the plastic surface to impart the transverse tine
configuration. Although most agencies specify an initial texture configuration comprising
of one or a combination of any two described above, some states require that the surface
should be diamond ground immediately after the pavement is cured. The standard and
most co0mmon process of texturing a concrete surface when it is hardened is the
diamond grinding process. Diamond grinding which is done as a rehab involves the
removal of a small quantity of the surface pass by the impartation of a required
configuration on the surface with a rotating drum fitted with diamond cutting tools and
spaces. The various types of grinding configuration form part of what this study
contributed in part. By adjusting the blade and spacers, specified configurations are
imparted on the pavement surface. The pavement texture is usually described according
to the finish type which refers mainly to the surface configuration within the macro and
micro texture range that characterize the surface. ASTM E 965 96 [4] discussed method
of texture evaluation with the use of sand volumetric technique. In this method, a known
volume of glass beads of particle size ranging from 150 micrometers to 250 micrometers
is spread to a maximum area over a textured surface. The average depth of spread is the
calculated mean texture depth (MTD). Since this method is cumbersome, a laser
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equipped device the circular track meter (CTM) ASTM E-2157 [5] was used. This device
is equipped with a radial arm that sweeps a line laser across the textured surface and
returns a mean profile depth [MPD].

FIGURE 1: PIARC Classification of Texture in wavelength form and Usage
(Courtesy Rassmussen et al [6])

Wayson [7] and The World Roads Congress (PIARC) categorized texture according to
wavelength. In this categorization, texture wavelengths ranging from 1-μm to 0.5-mm is
referred to as micro-texture. Wavelengths from 0.5-mm to 50-mm is referred to as
macro-texture and 50-mm to 500mm is regarded as mega-texture. Wavelength ranging
from 500-mm to 100-m is classified as pavement roughness. Rassmussen et al [] showed
how the categorization influences various surface characteristics [7]. FIGURE 1 also
shows the general effect of various texture ranges on surface characteristics. The PIARC
classification suggests that a texture wavelength range of 1-mm to 200-mm wavelength
will affect tire pavement noise. However the wavelengths typically found in surface
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finish of concrete pavements typically range from 0.5-mm to 25-mm and thus fall within
the PIARC range. Above this range, surface features are general construction or distress
induced waveforms that affect other surface characteristics especially pavement
roughness (IRI).

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