Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, 7e

1907 Pages·2014·140.46 MB·English

by  Huether

BRIEF CONTENTS
Introduction to Pathophysiology, xv 25 A lterations of the Male Reproductive System, 885
26 S exually Transmitted Infections, 918
PART ONE: CENTRAL CONCEPTS
UNIT VIII: THE HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM
OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
CELLS AND TISSUES 27 S tructure and Function of the Hematologic
System, 945
28 A lterations of Erythrocyte Function, 982
UNIT I: THE CELL
29 A lterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic
1 Cellular Biology, 1 Function, 1008
2 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology, 49 30 Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children, 1055
3 The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes,
UNIT IX: THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND
Acids and Bases, 103
LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS
UNIT II: GENES AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT
31 S tructure and Function of the Cardiovascular and
INTERACTION
Lymphatic Systems, 1083
4 Genes and Genetic Diseases, 135 32 A lterations of Cardiovascular Function, 1129
5 Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common 33 A lterations of Cardiovascular Function
Diseases, 164 in Children, 1194
6 Epigenetics and Disease, 183
UNIT X: THE PULMONARY SYSTEM
UNIT III: MECHANISMS OF SELF-DEFENSE
34 Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System, 1225
7 Innate Immunity: Inflammation, 191 35 A lterations of Pulmonary Function, 1248
8 Adaptive Immunity, 224 36 A lterations of Pulmonary Function in
9 Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation, 262 Children, 1290
10 Infection, 298
UNIT XI: THE RENAL AND UROLOGIC
11 Stress and Disease, 338
SYSTEMS
UNIT IV: CELLULAR PROLIFERATION: CANCER
37 S tructure and Function of the Renal and Urologic
12 Cancer Biology, 363 Systems, 1319
13 Cancer Epidemiology, 402 38 A lterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function, 1340
14 Cancer in Children, 442 39 A lterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in
Children, 1376
PART TWO: PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC
UNIT XII: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ALTERATIONS:
ORGANS AND SYSTEMS 40 S tructure and Function of the Digestive System, 1393
41 A lterations of Digestive Function, 1423
42 A lterations of Digestive Function in Children, 1486
UNIT V: THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM
UNIT XIII: THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
15 Structure and Function of the Neurologic System, 447
16 Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory 43 S tructure and Function of the Musculoskeletal
Function, 484 System, 1510
17 Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral 44 A lterations of Musculoskeletal Function, 1540
Hemodynamics, and Motor Function, 527 45 A lterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children,
18 Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous 1591
Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction, 581
UNIT XIV: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
19 Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and
Anxiety Disorders, 641 46 S tructure, Function, and Disorders of the
20 Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children, 660 Integument, 1616
47 A lterations of the Integument in Children, 1653
UNIT VI: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
UNIT XV: MULTIPLE INTERACTING SYSTEMS
21 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation, 689
22 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation, 717 48 S hock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and
Burns in Adults, 1668
UNIT VII: THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
49 S hock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and
23 Structure and Function of the Reproductive Burns in Children, 1699
Systems, 768
24 Alterations of the Female Reproductive System, 800 Glossary, 1728
WHAT’S NEW?
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Protein Folding, and ER Stress, 6 Aldosteronism and Metabolic Syndrome, 756
From the Fluid Mosaic Model to New Understandings about Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine and Cancer Prevention in
Biologic Membranes, 12 Women and Men, 775
Myocardial Hypertrophy, Stem Cells, Regeneration Controversy, 52 Precocious Puberty, 803
Cardioprotection for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, 58 Early Programming for PCOS? 811
The Percentage of Child Medication–Related Poisoning Deaths Is Vaginal Mesh, 819
Increasing, 63 Cervical Cancer Screening in the Developing World, 826
Low Level Lead Exposure Harms Children: A Renewed Call for Breast-Feeding and a New Emerging Target―NSAIDs for the
Primary Prevention, 65 Prevention of Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer? 846
Cold Water Immersion and Cold Shock Response and the Diving Summary of the American College of Physicians (ACP) Guidance
Response, 76 Statement on Screening for Prostate Cancer, 910
Health Risks Related to Use of LED Lighting Systems, 81 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Statistical Summary from
Decline in Life Expectancy in Some U.S. Counties, 94 2010 CDC Report, 919
Hyponatremia and Hospitalization, 113 HPV Vaccine, 935
Maternal Microchimerism and Autoimmune Disease, 275 Clinical Trials of Thrombopoietin (TPO) Receptor Agonists for
Avian Influenza, 321 Treatment of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), 1073
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, 331 The Potential for Using Epicardial Cells in Myocardial Repair, 1086
Acute Emotional Stress and Adverse Heart Effects, 342 New Roles for the Arterial Adventitia, 1108
Psychosocial Stress and Progression to Coronary Heart Disease, 354 Growth of New Lymphatic Vessels from Macrophages, 1119
Telomeres, Disease, and Childhood Stress, 355 The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and Cardio-
Partner’s Survival and Spouse’s Hospitalizations and/or Death, 357 vascular Disease, 1134
Mechanical Stress and Tumors, 388 Obesity and Hypertension, 1136
Screening Mammography: Why It Has Not Lived Up to Expecta- Controversies in the Use of Medications for the Primary Preven-
tions, 393 tion of Cardiovascular Disease, 1151
Global Cancer Transitions, 409 Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Bariatric Surgery, 1152
Preventing Cancer—Protecting the Health of Current and Future Medical Devices—Are They Safe and Effective? 1156
Generations, 412 The Broken Heart Syndrome, 1162
CT Scans and Issues, 426-427 Metabolic Changes in Heart Failure, 1178
Far Fewer Genetic Mutations in Pediatric Cancer, 444 Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Heart Failure, 1179
CT Scans in Childhood Appear to Increase Cancer Risk, 445 Gene Therapy for Heart Failure, 1180
Astrocytes, 450 Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children, 1221
Nucleus Accumbens, Dopamine, and Drug Addiction, 460 Update on Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction, 1232
Pain and Gender, 496 Update on Surfactant and Immunity, 1236
The Frontotemporal Disorders, 550 Pharmacogenetics and Beta Agonists in the Treatment of Asthma,
Tourette Syndrome, 562 1266
Bell Palsy, 572 Genetic and Immunologic Breakthroughs in Lung Cancer Treat-
Progesterone for Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), 589 ment, 1280
Copy Number Variations Increase in Schizophrenia and in Maternal Smoking: Fetal Lung Development and Lung Disease,
Offspring of Older Fathers, 642 1293
Controversy in Mental Health Research, 645 Asthma Phenotypes, 1309
Hippocampal Neurogenesis and the Glucocorticoid Receptor Play The Kidney and Glucose Regulation, 1320
Essential Roles in Deterring Depression, 649 Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection, 1349
Comprehensive Treatment of Risk Factors May Promote Resil- Biomarkers and Acute Kidney Injury, 1363
ience and Rapid Recovery from Depression, 652 Kidney Stones in Children, 1387
Reduction of Risks for Neural Tube Defects (NTDs), 663 Microscopic Colitis, 1441
Thyronamines, 702 Refeeding Syndrome, 1451
Vitamin D, 703 Acetaminophen and Acute Liver Failure, 1452
Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) in Abdominal Compartment Syndrome, 1466
Aging, 712 Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 1500
Thyroid Disease and Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM), 725 Progress in Rebuilding Cartilage, 1525
The Role of Viruses in the Etiology of Type 1 Diabetes, 736 Tissue Engineering for Cartilage and Tendon, 1568
Immunodilation in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 1 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Inverse Acne), 1631
Diabetes, 738 Anaphylactic Shock, 1675
Incretin-Based Therapies for Diabetes Mellitus, 741 Prolactin Levels, 1679
Bariatric Surgery in the Treatment of Diabetes, 742 Advances in Burn Wound Care, 1722
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
THE BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR DISEASE
IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN
ABOUT THE COVER IMAGE
The cover image represents a stylized interface between genetics and epigenetics.
Technological advances have changed our understanding of the genome and the
role of transcriptional programs in the determination of cell fate and the response
to environmental factors. We are beginning to understand how epigenetic
modifications affect gene expression and alter cellular states without changing
genomic DNA sequences. One analogy compares genetics to computer hardware
with epigenetics as the software, software that may determine how the hardware
behaves. Just as software can be tinkered with and erased, epigenetic marks may
also be erasable, giving hope that we can intervene to change the landscape of the
epigenome and prevent or cure disease. There is much to be learned and, over
time, translated into clinical practice.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
THE BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR DISEASE
IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
KATHRYN L. McCANCE, RN, PhD
Professor Emeritus
College of Nursing
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
SUE E. HUETHER, RN, PhD
Professor Emeritus
College of Nursing
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
SECTION EDITORS
Valentina L. Brashers, MD
Professor of Nursing and Woodard Clinical Scholar
Attending Physician in Internal Medicine
University of Virginia Health System
Charlottesville, Virginia
Neal S. Rote, PhD
Academic Vice-Chair and Director of Research
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University Hospitals Case Medical Center
William H. Weir, MD. Professor of Reproductive Biology
and Pathology
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Cleveland, Ohio
with more than 1200 illustrations
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: THE BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR DISEASE IN ADULTS
AND CHILDREN, SEVENTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-08854-1
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1990 by Mosby, an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechan-
ical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permis-
sions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other
than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or
methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they
have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most
current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be
administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and
contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of
their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and
to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume
any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence
or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pathophysiology (McCance)
Pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children /[edited by] Kathryn L. McCance,
Sue E. Huether; section editors, Valentina L. Brashers, Neal S. Rote. -- Seventh edition.
p. ; cm.
Preceded by Pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children / [edited by]
Kathryn L. McCance, Sue E. Huether. 6th ed. c2010.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-323-08854-1 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. McCance, Kathryn L. II. Huether, Sue E. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Pathology--Nurses’ Instruction. 2. Disease--Nurses’
Instruction. 3. Physiological Phenomena--Nurses’ Instruction. QZ 4]
RB113
616.07--dc23 2013033059
Senior Content Strategist: Sandra Clark
Senior Content Development Specialist: Karen C. Turner
Senior Content Coordinator: Brooke Kannady
Publishing Services Manager: Jeffrey Patterson
Senior Project Manager: Jeanne Genz
Design Direction: Amy Buxton
Multimedia Producer: Lisa Godoski
Printed in Canada
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTRIBUTORS*
Rose Ann Urdiales Baker, PhD RN, Susanna G. Cunningham, BSN, MA, Gwen Latendresse, PhD, CNM
PMHCNS-BC PhD, FAAN, FAHA Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor Professor University of Utah College of Nursing
College of Health Professions School of Nursing Salt Lake City, Utah
The University of Akron University of Washington
Akron, Ohio Seattle, Washington Linda L. Martin, DNP, RN, CFNP
Assistant Professor of Professional Practice
Barbara Boss, PhD, APRN, FNP-BC, Alexa K. Doig, PhD, RN Texas Christian University
ANP-BC Associate Professor Harris College of Nursing and Health
Professor of Nursing and Director of DNP College of Nursing Sciences
Program University of Utah Fort Worth, Texas
University of Mississippi Medical Center Salt Lake City, Utah
Jackson, Mississippi Sue A. McCann, MSN, RN, DNC
Todd C. Grey, MD Programmatic Nurse Specialist
Valentina L. Brashers, MD, FACP, FNAP Chief Medical Examiner—State of Utah University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Professor of Nursing and Woodard Clinical Associate Clinical Professor Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Scholar Department of Pathology
Attending Physician in Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Nancy L. McDaniel, MD
University of Virginia Health System Salt Lake City, Utah Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Charlottesville, Virginia University of Virginia
Mary Fran Hazinski, RN, MSN, FAAN, Charlottesville, Virginia
Kristen Lee Carroll, MD FAHA, FERC
Associate Professor, Orthopedics Professor, Vanderbilt University School of Mary A. Mondozzi, MSN, RN
University of Utah Nursing Burn Center Education/Outreach
Salt Lake City, Utah Assistant, Departments of Surgery and Coordinator
Shriner’s Intermountain Unit Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School Akron Children’s Hospital
Shriner’s Hospital for Children of Medicine The Paul and Carol David Foundation Burn
Salt Lake City, Utah Clinical Nurse Specialist Institute
Monroe Carell, Jr. Children’s Hospital at Akron, Ohio
Dennis Cheek, RN, PhD, FAHA Vanderbilt
Abell-Hanger Professor of Gerontology Nashville, Tennessee Stephen E. Morris, MD
Nursing Associate Professor of Surgery
Harris College of Nursing and Health Robert E. Jones, MD, FACP, FACE Director, University of Utah Burn Center
Sciences Professor of Medicine Salt Lake City, Utah
Texas Christian University University of Utah School of Medicine
Fort Worth, Texas Salt Lake City, Utah Noreen Heer Nicol, PhD, RN, FNP,
NEA-ABC
Margaret F. Clayton, PhD, APRN Lynn B. Jorde, PhD Associate Professor
Associate Professor, College of Nursing H.A. and Edna Benning Presidential University of Colorado, College of Nursing
University of Utah Professor and Chair Director, Children’s Hospital Colorado
Salt Lake City, Utah Department of Human Genetics Denver, Colorado
University of Utah School of Medicine
Christy L. Crowther-Radulewicz, MS, Salt Lake City, Utah Julia Phillippi, PhD, CNM, FACNM
CRNP Assistant Professor
Nurse Practitioner Lynne M. Kerr, MD, PhD Vanderbilt University School of Nursing
Anne Arundel Orthopedic Surgeons Associate Professor Nashville, Tennessee
Annapolis, Maryland Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology
Adjunct Faculty University of Utah Medical Center Patricia Ring, RN, PNP-BC
Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing Salt Lake City, Utah Pediatric Nephrology Nurse Practitioner
Baltimore, Maryland Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
Nancy E. Kline, PhD, RN, CPNP, FAAN Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Director, Nursing Research, Medicine
Patient Services/Emergency Department George W. Rodway, PhD, RN, ANP
*The authors also would like to thank the Boston Children’s Hospital Assistant Professor
previous edition contributors. Boston, Massachusetts Orvis School of Nursing
University of Nevada—Reno
Reno, Nevada
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
Neal S. Rote, PhD Anna L. Schwartz, PhD, FNP-BC, FAAN Lorey K. Takahashi, PhD
Academic Vice-Chair and Director of Associate Professor Professor of Psychology
Research School of Nursing University of Hawaii at Manoa
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Northern Arizona University Honolulu, Hawaii
University Hospitals Case Medical Center Flagstaff, Arizona
William H. Weir, MD. Professor of Gillian Tufts, DNP, FNP-C
Reproductive Biology and Professor of Richard A. Sugerman, PhD Associate Professor
Pathology Professor of Anatomy, Emeritus Clinical College of Nursing
Case Western Reserve University School of Director of Service Learning Projects University of Utah College of Nursing
Medicine College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Salt Lake City, Utah
Cleveland, Ohio Pacific
Pomona, California
REVIEWERS
Nancy M. Burruss, PhD, RN, CNE Carol Anne Marchetti, PhD, RN, CNS, Abby Saunders, MS, PA-C
Associate Professor NP Physician Assistant
Bellin College Assistant Professor School of Health and Medical Sciences
Green Bay, Wisconsin Bouve College of Health Sciences Seton Hall University
School of Nursing South Orange, New Jersey
David J. Derrico, RN, MSN Northeastern University
Clinical Assistant Professor Boston, Massachusetts Lorna L. Schumann, PhD, NP-C, ACNS,
Adult and Elderly Department BC, ACNP, BC, CCRN-R, FAANP
University of Florida College of Nursing Denise Morita, MD Associate Professor
Gainesville, Florida Assistant Professor College of Nursing
Department of Pediatrics Washington State University
Diane P. Genereux, PhD Division of Pediatric Neurology Spokane, Washington
Assistant Professor University of Utah School of Medicine
Department of Biology Salt Lake City, Utah Karin C. VanMeter, PhD
Westfield State University Lecturer
Westfield, Massachusetts Jason Mott, PhD, RN Department of Biomedical Sciences
Instructor of Nursing College of Veterinary Medicine
Sandra L. Kaminski, MS, PA-C Nursing Department Iowa State University
Assistant Professor Bellin College Ames, Iowa
School of Health and Medical Sciences Green Bay, Wisconsin
Seton Hall University
South Orange, New Jersey Jane Cross Norman, PhD, RN, CNE
Masters of Science in Nursing
Fei Li, PhD Program Director
Assistant Professor Tennessee State University
Department of Biology Nashville, Tennessee
New York University
New York, New York
vii