Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Fourth Edition

675 Pages·2010·8.44 MB·English

by  Carlton L. Gyles, John F. Prescott, Glenn Songer, Charles O. Thoen

Pathogenesis of Bacterial
Infections in Animals
Fourth Edition

Pathogenesis of Bacterial
Infections in Animals
Fourth Edition
Edited by Carlton L. Gyles, John F. Prescott,
J. Glenn Songer, and Charles O. Thoen
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
Edition fi rst published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing
Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals / edited
Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & by Carlton L. Gyles . . . [et al.]. – 4th ed.
Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing p. ; cm.
program has been merged with Wiley’s global Includes bibliographical references and index.
Scientifi c, Technical, and Medical business to form ISBN 978-0-8138-1237-3 (hardback : alk. paper)
Wiley-Blackwell. 1. Bacterial diseases in animals. I. Gyles, C. L.
(Carlton L.), 1940-
Editorial Offi ce [DNLM: 1. Bacterial Infections–veterinary.
2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA 2. Bacteria–pathogenicity. SF 780.3 P297 2010]
SF780.3.P37 2010
For details of our global editorial offi ces, for 636.089′692–dc22
customer services, and for information about how to 2009050998
apply for permission to reuse the copyright material
in this book, please see our website at www.wiley. A catalog record for this book is available from the
com/wiley-blackwell. U.S. Library of Congress.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or Set in 9.5 on 11.5 pt Times by Toppan Best-set
personal use, or the internal or personal use of Premedia Limited
specifi c clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, Printed in Singapore
provided that the base fee is paid directly to the
Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Disclaimer
Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that The publisher and the author make no representations
have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
separate system of payments has been arranged. The completeness of the contents of this work and
fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including without
Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-1237-3/2010. limitation warranties of fi tness for a particular
purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by
Designations used by companies to distinguish their sales or promotional materials. The advice and
products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand strategies contained herein may not be suitable for
names and product names used in this book are trade every situation. This work is sold with the
names, service marks, trademarks or registered understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher rendering legal, accounting, or other professional
is not associated with any product or vendor services. If professional assistance is required, the
mentioned in this book. This publication is designed services of a competent professional person should
to provide accurate and authoritative information in be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall
regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that
understanding that the publisher is not engaged in an organization or Website is referred to in this work
rendering professional services. If professional advice as a citation and/or a potential source of further
or other expert assistance is required, the services of information does not mean that the author or the
a competent professional should be sought. publisher endorses the information the organization
or Website may provide or recommendations it may
make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet
Websites listed in this work may have changed or
disappeared between when this work was written and
when it is read.
1 2010
Contents
Preface xiii
Contributors xv
1 Themes in Bacterial Pathogenic Mechanisms 3
C. L. Gyles and J. F. Prescott
Introduction 3
Basic Steps in Pathogenesis Continue to Provide a Sound Foundation 3
Concepts of Virulence are Being Refi ned 6
Host–Bacteria Communication is Critical 7
Pathogenesis in the Post-Genomic Era 10
Evolution of Pathogens—The Path Traveled May Provide Insights into the Road Ahead 11
2 Subversion of the Immune Response by Bacterial Pathogens 15
D. C. Hodgins and P. E. Shewen
Introduction 15
Subversion of Innate Immune Responses 16
Subversion of Adaptive Immunity 25
Conclusion 28
3 Evolution of Bacterial Virulence 33
P. Boerlin
What are Pathogens and How do They Emerge? 33
Bacterial Fitness and Virulence 35
Sources of Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Genome Plasticity 36
Pathogenicity Islands 37
Bacteriophages and Their Role in Pathogen Evolution and Virulence 38
Illustrations of Virulence Evolution 39
Conclusion 45
4 Streptococcus 51
J. F. Timoney
Introduction 51
Streptococcus agalactiae 53
Streptococcus dysgalactiae 55
v
vi Contents
Streptococcus uberis 55
Streptococcus equi 57
Streptococcus zooepidemicus 62
Streptococcus canis 63
Streptococcus porcinus 64
Streptococcus suis 65
Streptococcus pneumoniae 67
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 68
5 Staphylococcus 75
K. Hermans, L. A. Devriese, and F. Haesebrouck
Introduction 75
Characteristics of the Organism 75
Pathogenic Staphylococcus Species 76
Sources of the Bacterium 77
Bacterial Virulence Factors 78
Pathogenesis 81
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 82
Interactions between the Bacterium and Host Defenses 83
Immunity and Its Impact on Pathogenesis 84
Conclusions: New Developments 85
6 Bacillus anthracis 91
J. Mogridge, S. Shadomy, and P. Turnbull
Introduction 91
Etiology, Ecology, and Epidemiology 91
Symptomatology and Diagnosis 94
Bacteriology 95
Pathogenesis 96
Immunology 102
Control 107
Future Directions 107
7 Mycobacterium 113
I. Olsen, R. G. Barletta, and C. O. Thoen
Introduction 113
Characteristics and Sources of the Organisms 113
Bacterial Virulence Factors 115
Pathogenesis 117
Immunity 119
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 126
8 Corynebacterium and Arcanobacterium 133
R. Moore, A. Miyoshi, L. G. C. Pacheco, N. Seyffert, and V. Azevedo
Corynebacterium 133
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis 133
Other Corynebacteria 137
Contents vii
Arcanobacterium 138
Arcanobacterium pyogenes 138
Future Directions 141
9 Rhodococcus 149
J. F. Prescott, W. G. Meijer, and J. A. Vázquez-Boland
Introduction 149
Characteristics and Sources of the Organism 149
Bacterial Virulence Factors 150
Pathogenesis 154
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 161
10 Listeria 167
C. J. Czuprynski, S. Kathariou, and K. Poulsen
Introduction 167
Characteristics 168
Sources of Infection 169
Virulence Factors 170
Pathogenesis 172
Host–Pathogen Interactions in Listeriosis 177
Prevention and Treatment 179
Conclusion 179
11 Neurotoxigenic Clostridia 189
H. Böhnel and F. Gessler
Introduction 189
Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum 189
Toxins 191
Tetanus 191
Botulism 193
Control and Prevention 197
BoNT as Therapeutics 197
Conclusions 197
12 Histotoxic Clostridia 203
J. Glenn Songer
Introduction 203
Virulence Factors and Pathogenesis 203
Clostridium perfringens 203
Clostridium septicum 204
Clostridium chauvoei 205
Clostridium novyi 205
Clostridium sordellii 206
Conclusion 206
13 Enteric Clostridia 211
J. Glenn Songer
Introduction 211
Clostridium perfringens 211
Clostridium diffi cile 218
Clostridium septicum 221
viii Contents
Clostridium spiroforme 221
Clostridium piliforme 222
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 222
14 Salmonella 231
P. A. Barrow, M. A. Jones, and N. Thomson
Introduction 231
Salmonella Infections of Cattle 232
Salmonella Infections of Sheep 233
Salmonella Infections of Pigs 234
Infections of Domestic Fowl and Other Avian Species 235
Colonization of the Intestine 237
Salmonella Invasion and Enteropathogenesis 240
Systemic Disease 245
Genome Structure with Reference to Virulence 250
Immunity to Infection and Its Manipulation by Salmonella 255
Conclusion—Problems and Opportunities 257
Color Plate Section
15 Escherichia coli 267
C. L. Gyles and J. M. Fairbrother
Introduction 267
Types of Escherichia coli Implicated in Disease 268
ETEC 268
Pathogenesis of ETEC 276
STEC 279
EPEC 285
ExPEC 289
Immunity 297
Conclusions 298
16 Yersinia 309
M. A. Bergman, R. Chafel, and J. Mecsas
Introduction 309
Classifi cation of Yersinia Species 309
Sources of Yersinia Species 311
Virulence Factors 312
Pathogenesis 316
Vaccines 320
Future Directions 320
17 Pasteurella 325
J. D. Boyce, M. Harper, I. W. Wilkie, and B. Adler
Introduction 325
Characteristics and Sources of the Organisms 325
Diseases Caused by Pasteurella multocida 327
Pasteurella multocida: Bacterial Virulence Factors 328
Pathogenesis 333