Table Of ContentMCBU
Molecular and Cell Biology Updates
Series Editors:
Prof. Dr. Angelo Azzi
Institut fOr Biochemie
und Molekularbiologie
BOhlstr. 28
CH-3012 Bern
Switzerland
Prof. Dr. Lester Packer
Dept. of Molecular
and Cell Biology
251 Life Science Addition
Membrane Bioenergetics Group
Berkeley, CA 94720
USA
Oxidative Stress,
Cell Activation and Viral Infection
Edited by c. Pasquier
R.Y. Olivier
C. Auclair
L. Packer
Birkhauser Verlag
Basel· Boston· Berlin
Editors
Dr. C. Pasquier Dr. R.Y. Olivier
INSERM U. 294 Unite d'Oncologie Virale
16, rue Henri Huchard Dept. SIDA & Retrovirus
F -75018 Paris 25-28, rue du Dr. Roux
France F -75015 Paris
France
Dr. C. Auclair Prof. Dr. L. Packer
Institut Gustave Roussy Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology
INSERM U.140 251 Life Science Addition
39, rue Camille Desmoulins Membrane Bioenergetics Group
F -94805 Villejuif Cedex Berkeley, CA 94720
France USA
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington D.C., USA
Deutsche Bibliothek Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Oxidative Stress, cell activation and viral infection / ed. by
C. Pasquier .. - Basel; Boston; Berlin: Birkhauser, 1994
(Molecular and cell biology updatesl
ISBN 978-3-0348-7426-7
NE: Pasquier, Catherine IHrsg.J
The publisher and editor can give no guarantee for the information on drug dosage and administration contained
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© 1994 Birkhauser Verlag, PO Box 133, CH -4010 Basel, Switzerland
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1994
Camera-ready copy prepared by the authors
Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp
ISBN 978-3-0348-7426-7 ISBN 978-3-0348-7424-3 (eBook)
001 10.1007/978-3-0348-7424-3
987654321
Table of Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. IX
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. XI
DNAglycosylases involved in the repair of oxidized bases in Escherichia coli
S. Boiteux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Potential role of protein oxidation and proteasome in antigen processing
K.l.A. Davies ............................................... 9
Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the actions of TGF {31
K. Nose, M. Ohba, M. Shibanuma and T. Kuroki ........................ 21
Oxidative stress and growth factor-mediated signal transduction
A. Stern ................................................... 35
Cellularly generated active oxygen species as signals in the activation of tumour cell growth
R.H. Burdon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Effect of oxygen radicals on the IL-l production by monocytes and IL-2 receptor expression
in lymphocytes during primary and secondary immunodeficiency
I.E. Afanas'ev and L.G. Korkina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
The effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on human Tand B lymphoid cells
E.M. Hannigan, S. Ranjbar and L. Cromie ............................ 59
Leukocyte adhesion and endothelial cytokine production in hypoxiaireoxygenation
G. Modat, C. Bonne and l. Dornand ................................ 65
Effects of antioxidants on IL-6 secretion induced by IL-l in human cultured lung fibro
blasts. Involvement of NF kB
M. Raes, P. Renard, E. Bosmans, E. Delaive and l. Remade ................. 77
Hydrogen peroxide-induced synthesis of the 32kDa stress protein (HO-l) in endothelial
cells is serum dependent
V.R. Winrow, A. Watson, S.L. Harley and D.R. Blake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
The antioxidant effects of glutathione and ascorbic acid
A. Meister. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101
Structural consequences of NF-kB inhibition by natural antioxidants: a-lipoic acid and
vitamin E
L. Packer and Y.l. Suzuki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 113
d-a-tocopherol and cell proliferation
A. Azzi, D. Boscoboinik, E. Chatelain, N. K. Ozer and B. Stiiuble 131
Effects of intracellular redox status on cellular regulation and viral infection
G. Rotilio, L. Knoepfel, C. Steinkuhler, A. T. Palamara , M.R. Ciriolo and E. Garaci 143
Mechanisms of regulation of cell growth by cytokines of the immune system
B.B. Aggarwal and K. Totpal ............................. . 155
Oxidization of human low density lipoproteins measured by Laser Doppler electrophoresis
D. Bonnefont-Rousselot, B. Arrio, J. Catudioc and L. Packer . ............... . 165
Selective modulation of brain antioxidant defense capacity by genetic or metabolic mani
pulations
M. Merad-Boudia, L. Fideler, A. Nicole, B. Aral, P.M. Sinet, P. Briand
and I. Ceballos-Picot . ............................... . 173
Protective effect of Poly(A)-poly(U) against immune oxidative injury. Role of thiols
released by activated macrophages
M. Fay, M. Jampy-Fay, K. Akarid and M.A. Gougerot-Pocidalo .............. . 193
Reactive oxygen, antioxidants, and autotoxicity in viral diseases
E. Peterhans .................................... . 203
Redox control of gene expression by eukaryotic transcription factors NF-kB, AP-l and
SRFITCF
M. Meyer, R. Schreck, J.M. Maller and P.A. Baeuerle . 217
Redox mechanisms in Tcell activation
N.H. Hunt, D.M. van Reyk, J. C. Fragonas, T.M. Jeitner and S.D. Goldstone 237
Implication of oxydative phenomena in Tcell activation
M. Gerber and J. Dornand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 253
Intracellular damages induced by singlet oxygen are signals for HIV-l reactivation
S. Legrand-Poels and J. Piette ................................ 275
Abnormal redox regulation in HIV infection and other immunodeficiency diseases
W. Droge, H.P. Eck, S. Mihm and D. Gaiter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Influence of redox status of lymphocytes and monocytes on HIVexpression and immune
functions. Evaluation in vitro of antioxidant molecules as potential anti-HIVtherapy
N. Israel, M. -A. Gougerot-Pocidalo, R Aillet, and J. -L. Virelizier .............. 301
Place for an antioxidant therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
S. Baruchel, G. Bounous, P. Gold 311
Prevention of early cell death in peripheral blood lymphocytes of HIV infected individuals
by an antioxidant: N-Acetyl-cysteine
R. Olivier, O. Lopez, M. Mollereau, T. Dragic, D. Guetard and L. Montagnier 323
Alcanes measurements in human immunodeficiency virus infection
E. Postaire, L. Massias, O. Lopez, M. Mollereau and G. Hazebroucq 333
Plasma antioxidant status (selenium, retinol and a-tocopherol) in HIVinfection
C. Sergeant, M. Simonoff, C. Hamon, E. Peuchant, M.F. Dumon, M. Clerc,
M.J. Thomas, J. Constans, C. Conri, J.L. Pellegrin, B. Leng . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Author index ............................... . 353
Keyword index ................................................ 355
IX
Foreword
Since the appearance of photosynthesis on our planet, all living organisms have been facing a
new abundant, extremely reactive element, oxygen. This element is used for the synthesis of
highly energetic compounds, but can also generate molecules capable of damaging constituents
of living structures, including proteins, nucleic acids and lipids.
It is therefore no surprise that all biological organisms have evolved multiple and sophisticated
ways to reduce the detrimental effects of oxygen. For cells and tissues of highly organized
animals, particularly cells of the immune system, superoxidation products play an important
role, via oxidative stress, in activation, inflammation and viral and bacterial infections.
We must be grateful to Drs. C. Pasquier, C. Auclair, L. Packer and R. Olivier for having brought
together many specialists in an international meeting held in Paris in March 1993, at the
Ministry of Research.
This book comprises an impressive amount of recent knowledge, a real mine for the reader in
this fast developing field of research.
Furthermore, we should not forget that this basic research may lead in the future to new
therapeutic approaches to the most important pathologies of the latter part of this century,
including AIDS.
Luc Montagnier
September 1993
XI
Preface
Life in the presence of oxygen mainly depends on the tricky balance between the flux of oxy
radicals coming from various origins and the efficiency of the multiple and concerted cellular
protection mechanisms. Oxy-radicals have been of immense interest since they were discovered
to be involved in number of pathophysiological processes including inflammation, cancer,
ageing, and neurodegenerative diseases. During the two past decades, investigations were
mainly focused on the deleterious effects of oxy-radicals and on the constant battle between
aerobic cells and molecular oxygen. A considerable amount of work has been devoted to this
subject, and the mechanisms of oxy-radical-mediated damage at the tissular, cellular and
molecular levels have been elucidated. Many investigations on the protection of cells against
oxy-radicals injury have also been carried out. These include extensive studies on enzymatic and
non-enzymatic antioxidant status in cells as well as the development of various exogenous
antioxidants as therapeutic agents.
In the past few years the concept of biological oxidation has suddenly advanced from the
hazards of oxygen utilization to oxidation as a natural process of metabolism regulation at the
molecular level. Evidence is growing that redox mechanims playa major role in fundamental
cellular events such as binding of transcription factors to DNA, protein binding to mRNA,
hormone-receptor interactions, translational regulation processing of antigens, etc. Oxidizing
species are on the way to being elevated to the status of major mediators of various cellular
functions. The most striking example is the redox regulation oft ranscription factors such as NF
lC-B and AP-l which activate gene transcription in response to peroxides. The involvement of
the cellular nuclear factor 1CB in the activation of HIV gene transcription related to the altered
antioxidant status currently observed in AIDS patients, has led to new insights into both the
regulation of HIV replicative cycles and the design of therapeutic protocols.
These new orientations clearly require collaborative efforts at the interface of various scientific
domains. The international conference on oxidative stress, cell activation and viral infection held
in Paris on March 1993 was organized with this in mind. The philosophy of the conference was
to promote contacts and exchanges between scientists working in the fields of oxy-radicals and
those from other disciplines such as molecular and cellular biology, as well as virology. This
book presents the most exciting developments in these different research areas.
Christian AUCLAIR, Catherine PASQUIER
Paris, July 1993
Oxidative Stress, Cell Activation and Viral Infection 1
C. Pasquier et al. (eds)
© 1994 Birkhiiuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland
DNA Glycosylases Involved in the Repair of Oxidized Bases in Escherichia
mli.
S. Boiteux
URA147 CNRS, U140 INSERM, Groupe "Reparation des lesions radio et chimioinduites" Institut Gustave-Roussy,
94800-Vi/lejuij, France
SunWUlry
Oxidative damages to DNA are considered as one of the most important causes of spontaneous mutations and may
playa role in aging and related diseases such as cancer in human. In DNA, sugars and bases are damaged by free
radicals yielding modified bases, abasic sites and chain breakage. To counteract the lethal and mutagenic effects of
oxidative lesions in DNA, cells have developed defence strategies including DNA repair systems. In Escherichia
~, the repair of oxidized DNA bases is mostly mediated by three DNA glycosylases. Endonuclease III excises
oxidized pyrimidines and the Fpg protein excises oxidized purines. The Mut Y protein that cooperates with the Fpg
protein to repair 8-oxoguanine residues in DNA.
Introduction
Oxygen derived species such as the superoxide radical (02 ), hydrogen peroxide (H202), and
singlet oxygen (102) are formed in cells during aerobic metabolism (Halliwell and Gutteridge,
1989). The toxicity of 02- or H202 is thought to result from their metal-ion-catalysed
conversion into the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH') that causes base and sugar damage in
DNA (Dizdaroglu, 1991). Generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species has biological
consequences including lethality, mutagenesis or carcinogenesis (Breimer, 1990; Piette,1991).
Fraga et al.,(1990) have calculated that approximately 90,000 oxidative DNA damage events
occur per cell per day in the rat. This estimation is based on the measurement of 8-oxoguanine
residues excreted in urine (Fraga et al.,1990). The mutagenic potential of the major oxidation
product, 8-oxoguanine, was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo (Shibutani et al., 1991; Michaels
and Miller, 1992a).
The abundance and the mutagenic potency of DNA lesions induced by free radicals and reactive
oxygen species suggest the need for DNA repair mechanisms. In Escherichia coli, the repair of
oxidized base in DNA is mostly mediated by the base excision repair pathway. The first step in
this repair pathway is catalysed by DNA glycosylases (Myles and Sancar, 1989; Boiteux 1993).
The nucleotide excision repair pathway mediated by the UvrABC complex may also playa role
