Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - volume 32 Knox–Lear

1016 Pages·2004·203.509 MB·English

by  Brian Harrison & H. C. G. Matthew

Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography
Volume 32
Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
The British Academy
From the earliest times to the year 2000
Edited by
H. C. G. Matthew
and
Brian Harrison
Volume 32
Knox-Lear
OXTORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
General abbreviations
1
AB bachelorofarts BCnL bachelorofcanonlaw
ABC AustralianBroadcastingCorporation BCom bachelorofcommerce
ABCTV ABCTelevision BD bachelorofdivinity
act. active BEd bachelorofeducation
AS Australiandollar BEng bachelorofengineering
AD annodomini bkpi.bks book(s)
AFC AirForceCross BL bacheloroflaw letters literature
/ /
AIDS acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome BLitt bachelorofletters
AK Alaska BM bachelorofmedicine
AL Alabama BMus bachelorofmusic
Alevel advancedlevel(examination] BP beforepresent
ALS associateoftheLinneanSociety BP BritishPetroleum
AM masterofarts Bros. Brothers
AMICE associatememberoftheInstitutionofCivil BS (t)bachelorofscience;(2)bachelorofsurgery;
Engineers (3)Britishstandard
ANZAC AustralianandNewZealandArmyCorps BSc bachelorofscience
appxpi.appxs appendix(es) BSc(Econ.) bachelorofscience(economics)
AR Arkansas BSc(Eng.) bachelorofscience(engineering)
ARA associateoftheRoyalAcademy bt baronet
ARCA associateoftheRoyalCollegeofArt BTh bacheloroftheology
ARCM associateoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic bur. buried
ARCO associateoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists C. command(identifierforpublished
AR1BA associateoftheRoyalInstituteofBritish parliamentarypapers]
Architects
r. circa
ARP air-raidprecautions c. capitulumpl.capitula:chapters)
ARRC associateoftheRoyalRedCross CA California
ARSA associateoftheRoyalScottishAcademy Cantab. Cantabrigiensis
art. article/item cap. capitulumpi.capitula:chapter(s)
ASC ArmyServiceCorps CB companionoftheBath
Asch AustrianSchilling CBE commanderoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire
ASDIC AntisubmarineDetectionInvestigation
CBS ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem
Committee
ATS AuxiliaryTerritorialService cc cubiccentimetres
ATV AssociatedTelevision C$ Canadiandollar
Aug August CD compactdisc
AZ Arizona Cd command(identifierforpublished
parliamentarypapers]
bB.A bbaocrhnelorofarts CE Common(orChristian)Era
BA(Admin.) bachelorofarts(administration) cent. century
BAFTA BritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionArts cf. compare
CH CompanionofHonour
BAO bachelorofartsinobstetrics
chap. chapter
bap. baptized
BBC BritishBroadcastingCorporation/Company CClhB bIamcpehreilaolrOorfdseurrgoefrtyheCrownofIndia
BC beforeChrist
BCE beforethecommon(orChristian)era CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency
BCE bachelorofcivilengineering CID CriminalInvestigationDepartment
BCG bacillusofCalmetteandGuerin[inoculation CIE companionoftheOrderoftheIndianEmpire
againsttuberculosis] Cie Compagnie
BCh bachelorofsurgery CLit companionofliterature
BChir bachelorofsurgery CM masterofsurgery
BCL bachelorofcivillaw cm centimetre(s)
1
Cl N! RAI ABBREVIATIONS vi
command[identifier(orpublished edn edition
parliamentarypapcn| EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity
CMC iompatunno(theOrderofStMichaeland EFTA EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation
StGeorge EICS EastIndiaCompanyService
Cmnd command(identifierlorpublished EMI ElectricalandMusicalIndustries(Ltd)
parliamentarypapers|
Eng. English
Colorado
enl. enlarged
company
ENSA EntertainmentsNationalServiceAssociation
county
cp.pi.epp. epistola(e)
columnist
ESP extra-sensoryperception
corporation
esp. especially
certificateofsecondaryeducation
esq. esquire
companionoftheOrderoftheStarofIndia
CT Connecticut est. estimate/estimated
EU EuropeanUnion
commanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
CWl hundredweight ex soldby(lit.outof)
exd. excludes excluding
s (American)dollar /
exh. exhibited
dbe (dtlampeencnoym(mpeanncde)e;r(2o)fdtiheedOrderoftheBritish exh.cat. exhibitioncatalogue
Empire f.pi.ff. following[pages]
DCH diplomainchildhealth FA FootballAssociation
doctorofsurgery’ FACP fellowoftheAmericanCollegeofPhysicians
DCl doctorofcivillaw facs. facsimile
DCnL doctorofcanonlaw FANY FirstAidNursingYeomanry
DOS'D damecommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder FBA fellowoftheBritishAcademy
DD doctorofdivinity FBI FederationofBritishIndustries
DE Delaware FCS fellowoftheChemicalSociety
Dec December Feb February
dem demolished FEng fellowoftheFellowshipofEngineering
DFng doctorofengineering FFCM fellowoftheFacultyofCommunityMedicine
dot destroyed FGS fellowoftheGeologicalSociety
DFC DistinguishedFlyingCross fig- figure
DipEd diplomaineducation FIMechE fellowoftheInstitutionofMechanical
DipPsvch diplomainpsychiatry Engineers
diss. dissertation FL Florida
DL deputylieutenant fl- floruit
DI-MI doctorofletters FLS fellowoftheLinneanSociety
DLmCcIt doctorofCelticletters FM frequencymodulation
DM 1 1Deutschmark;(2)doctorofmedicine; fol.pi.fols. folio(s)
(31doctorofmusicalarts Fr Frenchfrancs
DMus doctorofmusic Fr. French
DNA dioxyribonucleicacid FRAeS fellowoftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety
doc. document FRAI fellowoftheRoyalAnthropologicalInstitute
DOL doctoroforientallearning FRAM fellowoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
DPH diplomainpublichealth ERAS (1)fellowoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety;(2)fellow
DPhil doctorofphilosophy oftheRoyalAstronomicalSociety
DPM diplomainpsychologicalmedicine FRCM fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic
DSC DistinguishedServiceCross FRCO fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists
DSc doctorofscience FRCOG fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand
DSc(Econ.) doctorofscience(economics) Gynaecologists
DSclEng.) doctorofscience(engineering) FRCP(C) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
Canada
DSM DistinguishedServiceMedal
DSO companionoftheDistinguishedServiceOrder FRCP(Edin.) fEedlilnobwuorfgthheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DSoeSe doctorofsocialscience FRCP(Lond.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DTcch doctoroftechnology London
DTh doctoroftheology FRCPath fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPathologists
ITEM diplomaintropicalmedicine FRCPsych fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists
ITTMH diplomaintropicalmedicineandhygiene FRCS fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
DU doctoroftheuniversity FRGS fellowoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety
DUmv doctoroftheuniversity FRIBA fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects
dwt pennyweight FRICS fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofChartered
EC EuropeanCommunity Surveyors
ed.pLcds edited1editedby/editorts) FRS fellowoftheRoyalSociety
Edin. Edinburgh FRSA fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofArts
vii GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
FRSCM fellowoftheRoyalSchoolofChurchMusic- ISO companionoftheImperialServiceOrder
FRSE fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh It. Italian
FRSL fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLiterature ITA IndependentTelevisionAuthority
FSA fellowoftheSocietyofAntiquaries rrv IndependentTelevision
ft footpifeet Jan January
FTCL fellowofTrinityCollegeofMusic,London JP justiceofthepeace
ft-lbpermin. foot-poundsperminute[unitofhorsepower] jun. junior
FZS fellowoftheZoologicalSociety KB knightoftheOrderoftheBath
GA Georgia KBE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish
GBE knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofthe Empire
BritishEmpire KC king’scounsel
GCB knightgrandcrossoftheOrderoftheBath kcal kilocalorie
GCE generalcertificateofeducation KCB knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBath
GCH knightgrandcrossoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder KCH knightcommanderoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
GCHQ governmentcommunicationsheadquarters KCIE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheIndian
GCIE knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe Empire
IndianEmpire KCMG knightcommanderoftheOrderofStMichael
GCMG knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofSt andStGeorge
MichaelandStGeorge KCSI knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheStarof
GCSE generalcertificateofsecondaryeducation India
GCSI knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe KCVO knightcommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
StarofIndia keV kilo-electron-volt
GCStJ bailiffordamegrandcrossoftheorderofSt KG knightoftheOrderoftheGarter
Johnofjerusalem KGB [Sovietcommitteeofstatesecurity]
GCVO knightordamegrandcrossoftheRoyal KH knightoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
VictorianOrder
KLM KoninklijkeLuchtvaartMaatschappij(Royal
GEC GeneralElectricCompany DutchAirLines)
Ger. German km kilometre(s)
GI government(orgeneral)issue KP knightoftheOrderofStPatrick
GMT Greenwichmeantime KS Kansas
GP generalpractitioner KT knightoftheOrderoftheThistle
GPU [Sovietspecialpoliceunit] kt knight
GSO generalstaffofficer KY Kentucky
Heb. Hebrew
£ pound(s)sterling
HEICS HonourableEastIndiaCompanyService £E Egyptianpound
HI Hawaii
L lirapi.lire
HIV humanimmunodeficiencyvirus
l.pl.11. line(s)
HKS HongKongdollar LA Lousiana
HM his/hermajesty('s) LAA lightanti-aircraft
HMAS his/hermajesty’sAustralianship LAH licentiateoftheApothecaries'Hall,Dublin
HMNZS his/hermajesty'sNewZealandship Lat. Latin
HMS his/hermajesty’sship lb pound(s),unitofweight
HMSO His/HerMajesty’sStationeryOffice LDS licenceindentalsurgery
HMV HisMaster’sVoice
lit. literally
Hon. Honourable
LittB bachelorofletters
hp horsepower
LittD doctorofletters
hr hour(s) LKQCPI licentiateoftheKingandQueen'sCollegeof
HRH his/herroyalhighness Physicians,Ireland
HTV HarlechTelevision LLA ladyliterateinarts
IA Iowa LLB bacheloroflaws
ibid. ibidem:inthesameplace LLD doctoroflaws
ICI ImperialChemicalIndustries(Ltd) LLM masteroflaws
ID Idaho LM licentiateinmidwifery
IL Illinois LP long-playingrecord
illus. illustration LRAM licentiateoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
illustr. illustrated LRCP licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians
IN Indiana LRCPS(Glasgow) licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansand
in. inch(es) SurgeonsofGlasgow
Inc. Incorporated LRCS licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
incl. includes including LSA licentiateoftheSocietyofApothecaries
/
IOU Ioweyou LSD lysergicaciddiethylamide
IQ intelligencequotient LVO lieutenantoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
Ir£ Irishpound M.pl.MM. Monsieurpi.Messieurs
IRA IrishRepublicanArmy m metre(s)
1
GINIRA1 ABBR1VIATIONS vm
m pi mm membrane!*) ND NorthDakota
MA mMassachusetts;IDmasterofarts n.d. nodate
MAI masterofengineering NE Nebraska
MR bachelorofmedicine nem.con. neminecontradicente:unanimously
MRA masterofbusinessadministration newser. newseries
MBi ruemln-toltheOrderoffheBritishEmpire NH NewHampshire
MC MilitaryCross NHS NationalHealthService
M(C MarvlelsoneCricketClub NJ Newjersey
MCh masterofsurgery NKVD |Sovietpeople'scommissariatforinternal
MChir masterofsurgery affairs)
Mlom masterofcommerce NM NewMexico
nm nanometre(s)
MMiDlMA m11e1tdhocytloernoefdmieodxiycmiente;haf2m)pMhaertyalmainnde no.pi.nos. number(s)
Nov November
Ml Maine
Mid masterofeducation n.p. noplace[ofpublication]
MEng masterolengineering NS newstyle
NV Nevada
MF.P memberoftheEuropeanparliament
MG MomsGarages NY NewYork
MGM Mctro-Goldwyn-Mayer NZBS NewZealandBroadcastingService
Mgr Monsignor OBE officeroftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire
obit. obituary
Ml 1 1Michigan;(2)militaryintelligence Oct October
MIiC |secretintelligencedepartment!
OCTU officercadetstrainingunit
Mis [militaryintelligencedepartment!
OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationand
MI6 |sccrctintelligencedepartment! Development
Mlg Isecretescapeservice! OEEC OrganizationforEuropeanEconomicCo-
MICE memberoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers operation
MIEE memberoftheInstitutionofElectrical OEM orderofFriarsMinor[Franciscans!
Engineers OFMCap OrdineFratiMinoriCappucini:memberofthe
min. minute(s) Capuchinorder
Mk mark OH Ohio
ML (1)licentiateofmedicine;(2)masteroflaws OK Oklahoma
MLitt masterofletters 0level ordinarylevel[examination!
Mile Mademoiselle OM OrderofMerit
mm
millimetre(s) OP orderofPreachers[Dominicans]
Mme Madame op.pi.opp. opuspi.opera
MN Minnesota OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries
MO Missouri OR Oregon
MOH medicalofficerofhealth orig. original
MP memberofparliament os oldstyle
m.p.h. milesperhour OSB OrderofStBenedict
MPhil masterofphilosophy OTC Officers’TrainingCorps
MRCP memberoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians OWS OldWatercolourSociety
MRCS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons Oxon. Oxoniensis
MRCVS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofVeterinary p.pi.pp. page(s)
Surgeons PA Pennsylvania
MRIA memberoftheRoyalIrishAcademy p.a. perannum
MS 111masterofscience;(2)Mississippi para. paragraph
MSpi MSS manuscripts) PAYE payasyouearn
MSc masterofscience pbkpi.pbks paperback(s)
MSclEcon.) masterofscience(economics) per. [duringthe|period
MT Montana PhD doctorofphilosophy
MuvB bachelorofmusic pi. (1)plate(s);(2)plural
MusBac bachelorofmusic priv.coll. privatecollection
MusD doctorofmusic ptpl.pts part(s)
MV motorvessel pubd published
MVO memberoftheRoyalVictorianOrder PVC polyvinylchloride
n.pi.nn. notefs) q.pi.qq. (1)question(s);(2)quire(s)
NAAFI Navy,Army,andAirForceInstitutes QC queen’scounsel
NASA NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration R rand
NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization R. Rex Regina
NBC NationalBroadcastingCorporation r recto/
NSCCO nNoornt-hcoCmamriolsisniaonedofficer rR.A rRoeyiaglneAdc/arduelemdy RoyalAcademician
/
ix GENE:RAL ABBREVIATIONS
RAC RoyalAutomobileClub Skr Swedishkrona
RAF RoyalAirForce Span. Spanish
RAFVR RoyalAirForceVolunteerReserve SPCK SocietyforPromotingChristianKnowledge
RAM |memberofthe]RoyalAcademyofMusic ss (1)Santissimi;(2)Schutzstaffel;(3)steamship
RAMC RoyalArmyMedicalCorps STB bacheloroftheology
RCA RoyalCollegeofArt STD doctoroftheology
RCNC RoyalCorpsofNavalConstructors STM masteroftheology
RCOG RoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand STP doctoroftheology
Gynaecologists
supp. supposedly
RDI royaldesignerforindustry
suppl.pi.suppls. supplement(s)
RE RoyalEngineers
repr.pi.reprs. reprint(s)/reprinted sS.Yv. ssutbevaemrbyoa/cshutbvoce undertheword/heading
repro. reproduced TA TerritorialArmy
rev. revised/revisedby/reviser/revision TASS [Sovietnewsagencyl
Revd Reverend
RHA RoyalHibernianAcademy TB tuberculosis(lit.tuberclebacillus)
RI W(1a)tRehro-dCoelIosulrasnd;(2)RoyalInstituteofPaintersin TD ((21))tteearcrhittaoiridaaltade(cmoeramtbieornoftheDail);
TN Tennessee
RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects TNT trinitrotoluene
RIN RoyalIndianNavy
RM Reichsmark trans. translated/translatedby/translation/
translator
RMS RoyalMailsteamer TT touristtrophy
RN RoyalNavy TUC TradesUnionCongress
RNA ribonucleicacid TX Texas
RNAS RoyalNavalAirService
U-boat Unterseeboot:submarine
RNR RoyalNavalReserve Ufa Universum-FilmAG
RNVR RoyalNavalVolunteerReserve
UMIST UniversityofManchesterInstituteofScience
RO RecordOffice andTechnology
r.p.m. revolutionsperminute UN UnitedNations
RRS royalresearchship UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,and
Rs rupees CulturalOrganization
RSA (1)RoyalScottishAcademician;(2)RoyalSociety UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildren’s
ofArts EmergencyFund
RSPCA RoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltyto unpubd unpublished
Animals
USS UnitedStatesship
RtHon. RightHonourable UT Utah
RtRevd RightReverend
V verso
RUC RoyalUlsterConstabulary
V. versus
Russ. Russian VA Virginia
RWS RoyalWatercolourSociety VAD VoluntaryAidDetachment
S4C SianelPedwarCymru VC VictoriaCross
s. shilling(s) VE-day victoryinEuropeday
s.a. subanno:undertheyear Ven. Venerable
SABC SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation
VJ-day victoryoverJapanday
SAS SpecialAirService
SC SouthCarolina vol.pi.vols. volume(s)
VT Vermont
ScD doctorofscience WA Washington[state]
S$ Singaporedollar WAAC Women’sAuxiliaryArmyCorps
SD SouthDakota
WAAF Women’sAuxiliaryAirForce
sec. second(s) WEA Workers’EducationalAssociation
sel. selected WHO WorldHealthOrganization
sen. Senior W
Sept September 1 Wisconsin
WRAF Women’sRoyalAirForce
ser. series
SSIHDARPOE sSoucpireetemeInhteeardnqautaiorntaelresda'lElnieedrgpioeweHrysd,roE-urope WWRVNS WWeosmtenVi’rsgiRnoiyaalNavalService
Electrique WVS Women’sVoluntaryService
WY Wyoming
sig.pi.sigs. signature(s)
sing. singular ¥ yen
SIS SecretIntelligenceService YMCA YoungMen’sChristianAssociation
SJ SocietyofJesus YWCA YoungWomen’sChristianAssociation
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
2 Institution abbreviations
AllSoul*Oxf AllSoulsCollege.Oxford Garr.Club GarrickClub,London
AMOxf AshmolcanMuseum.Oxford GirtonCam. GirtonCollege,Cambridge
RjlliolOxf BalliolCollege.Oxford GL GuildhallLibrary,London
BBCVVAC BBC WrittenArchivesCentre.Reading Glos.RO GloucestershireRecordOffice,Gloucester
Bed* ALutonARS Bedfordshireandl.utonArchivesandRecord Gon.ACaiusCam. GonvilleandCaiusCollege.Cambridge
Service.Bedford Gov.ArtColl. GovernmentArtCollection
Berk* RO BerkshireRecordOffice.Reading GSLond. GeologicalSocietyofLondon
BFI RntishFilmInstitute.London Hants.RO HampshireRecordOffice,Winchester
RF1NFTVA BritishfilmInstitute.London.NationalFilm HarrisMan.Oxf. HarrisManchesterCollege,Oxford
andTelevisionArchive HarvardTC HarvardTheatreCollection,Harvard
BGS BritishGeologicalSurvey.Keyworth. University,Cambridge,Massachusetts.Nathan
Nottingham MarshPuseyLibrary
Bum CA BirminghamCentralLibrary,BirminghamCity HarvardU. HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts
Archives HarvardU., HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,
Bum Cl BirminghamCentralLibrary HoughtonL. Massachusetts,HoughtonLibrary
BL BritishLibrary.London Herefs.RO HerefordshireRecordOffice,Hereford
BLNSA BritishLibrary.London,NationalSound Herts.ALS HertfordshireArchivesandLocalStudies,
Archive Hertford
BLOlOC BritishLibrary.London,OrientalandIndia Hist.Soc.Penn. HistoricalSocietyofPennsylvania,
OfficeCollections Philadelphia
BLPES LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPolitical HLRO HouseofLordsRecordOffice,London
Science.BritishLibraryofPoliticaland Hult.Arch. HultonArchive,LondonandNewYork
EconomicScience Hunt.L. HuntingtonLibrary,SanMarino.California
BM BritishMuseum.London ICL ImperialCollege,London
Bodl.Oxf. BodleianLibrary.Oxford Inst.CE InstitutionofCivilEngineers,London
Bodl RH BodleianLibraryofCommonwealthand Inst.EE InstitutionofElectricalEngineers,London
AfricanStudiesatRhodesHouse,Oxford IWM ImperialWarMuseum.London
Borth.Inst. BorthwickInstituteofHistoricalResearch, IWMFVA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Filmand
UniversityofYork
VideoArchive
BostonPL BostonPublicLibrary.Massachusetts IWMSA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Sound
BristolRO BristolRecordOffice Archive
Bucks RLSS BuckinghamshireRecordsandLocalStudies JRL JohnRylandsUniversityLibraryofManchester
Service,Aylesbury King'sACCam. King'sCollegeArchivesCentre,Cambridge
CACCam. ChurchillCollege.Cambridge.Churchill King'sCam. King’sCollege,Cambridge
ArchivesCentre
King'sLond. King'sCollege,London
Cambs.AS CambridgeshireArchiveSetvice
CCCCam. CorpusChristiCollege,Cambridge King’sLond., King’sCollege,London,LiddellHartCentre
CCChhCreACisLs.SOtSxACf.hChuersctherOxf. CCCShthorueridspsihuteissrCCehSheuarrrinvcsidhtci.CehCOeoxlsfltoeergredA.rOcxhfiovredsandLocal LLL.eainCLcciossd.n.dgRe.RlOlOHartC. fLLLoeiaribncrcMeaaisrsltyihetiorarsfrheCyioRrAneerg,ccrohLereisidvsce,eOssfWtfeaircse,h,aiPnnrgdetsRotunot,nlaDnCdRecord
Office,Leicester
Christies Christies.London
Lines.Arch. LincolnshireArchives,Lincoln
CityWestm.AC CityofWestminsterArchivesCentre,London Linn.Soc. LinneanSocietyofLondon
CKS CentreforKentishStudies.Maidstone LMA LondonMetropolitanArchives
CLRO CorporationofLondonRecordsOffice LPL LambethPalace,London
Coll.Arms CollegeofArms.London LpoolRO LiverpoolRecordOfficeandLocalStudies
Col.U. ColumbiaUniversity.NewYork Service
CornwallRO CornwallRecordOffice.Truro LUL LondonUniversityLibrary
CourtauldInst. CourtauldInstituteofArt,London Magd.Cam. MagdaleneCollege,Cambridge
CUL CambridgeUniversityLibrary Magd.Oxf. MagdalenCollege.Oxford
CumbnaAS CumbriaArchiveService Man.CityGall. ManchesterCityGalleries
Derby* RO DerbyshireRecordOffice,Matlock Man.CL ManchesterCentralLibraiy
DevonRO DevonRecordOffice.Exeter Mass.Hist.Soc. MassachusettsHistoricalSociety,Boston
DorsetRO DorsetRecordOffice.Dorchester MertonOxf. MertonCollege,Oxford
DukeU. DukeUniversity.Durham,NorthCarolina MHSOxf. MuseumoftheHistoryofScience,Oxford
DukeU..PerkinsL DukeUniversity.Durham.NorthCarolina, MitchellL.,Glas. MitchellLibrary,Glasgow
WilliamR.PerkinsLibrary MitchellL..NSW StateLibraryofNewSouthWales,Sydney,
DurhamGath.CL DurhamCathedral,chapterlibrary MitchellLibrary
DurhamRO DurhamRecordOffice MorganL. PierpontMorganLibrary,NewYork
DWL DrWilliams'sLibrary,London NACanada NationalArchivesofCanada,Ottawa
EssexRO EssexRecordOffice NAIre. NationalArchivesofIreland.Dublin
E.SussexRO EastSussexRecordOffice.Lewes NAM NationalArmyMuseum.London
Eton EtonCollege.Berkshire NAScot. NationalArchivesofScotland,Edinburgh
FMCam. FitzwilliamMuseum.Cambridge NewsInt.RO NewsInternationalRecordOffice,London
Folger FolgerShakespeareLibrary.Washington.DC NGIre. NationalGalleryofIreland,Dublin
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
XI
NGScot. NationalGalleryofScotland,Edinburgh SuffolkRO SuffolkRecordOffice
NHM NaturalHistoryMuseum,London SurreyHC SurreyHistoiyCentre,Woking
NLAus. NationalLibraryofAustralia,Canberra TCD TrinityCollege,Dublin
NLIre. NationalLibraryofIreland,Dublin TrinityCam. TrinityCollege,Cambridge
NLNZ NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington U.Aberdeen UniversityofAberdeen
NLNZ,TurnbullL. NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington, U.Birm. UniversityofBirmingham
AlexanderTurnbullLibrary U.Birm.L. UniversityofBirminghamLibrary
NLScot. NationalLibraryofScotland,Edinburgh U.Cal. UniversityofCalifornia
NLWales NationalLibraryofWales.Aberystwyth U.Cam. UniversityofCambridge
NMGWales NationalMuseumandGalleryofWales,Cardiff UCL UniversityCollege,London
NMM NationalMaritimeMuseum,London U.Durham UniversityofDurham
NorfolkRO NorfolkRecordOffice,Norwich U.DurhamL. UniversityofDurhamLibrary
Noithants.RO NorthamptonshireRecordOffice, U.Edin. UniversityofEdinburgh
Northampton U.Edin.,NewColl. UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollege
NorthumbdRO NorthumberlandRecordOffice U.Edin.,New UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollegeLibrary
Notts.Arch. NottinghamshireArchives,Nottingham Coll.L.
NPG NationalPortraitGallery,London U.Edin.L. UniversityofEdinburghLibrary
NRA NationalArchives,London,Historical U.Glas. UniversityofGlasgow
ManuscriptsCommission,NationalRegisterof U.Glas.L. UniversityofGlasgowLibrary
Archives U.Hull UniversityofHull
NuffieldOxf. NuffieldCollege,Oxford U.Hull,Brynmor UniversityofHull,BrynmorJonesLibrary
N.Yorks.CRO NorthYorkshireCountyRecordOffice, JonesL.
Northallerton U.Leeds UniversityofLeeds
NYPL NewYorkPublicLibrary U.Leeds, UniversityofLeeds,BrothertonLibrary
Oxf.UA OxfordUniversityArchives BrothertonL.
Oxf.U.Mus.NH OxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistory U.Lond. UniversityofLondon
Oxon.RO OxfordshireRecordOffice,Oxford U.Lpool UniversityofLiverpool
PembrokeCam. PembrokeCollege,Cambridge U.LpoolL. UniversityofLiverpoolLibrary
PRO NationalArchives,London,PublicRecord U.Mich. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor
Office U.Mich.. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,WilliamL.
PRONIre. PublicRecordOfficeforNorthernIreland, ClementsL. ClementsLibrary
Belfast U.Newcastle UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne
PuseyOxf. PuseyHouse,Oxford U.Newcastle, UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne,
RA RoyalAcademyofArts,London RobinsonL. RobinsonLibrary
RansomHRC HarryRansomHumanitiesResearchCenter, U.Nott. UniversityofNottingham
UniversityofTexas,Austin U.Nott.L. UniversityofNottinghamLibrary
RAS RoyalAstronomicalSociety,London U.Oxf. UniversityofOxford
RBGKew RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,London U.Reading UniversityofReading
RCPLond. RoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondon U.ReadingL. UniversityofReadingLibrary
RCSEng. RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland,London U.StAndr. UniversityofStAndrews
RGS RoyalGeographicalSociety,London U.StAndr.L. UniversityofStAndrewsLibrary
RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London U.Southampton UniversityofSouthampton
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