Table Of ContentOutpsoto fH ellesmn:i
The EmergenocfeH eraclea
onth e BlacSke a
By
STANLEY MA YER BURSTEIN
UNNE RSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY 0 LOS ANGELES 0 LONDON
UNIVERSITOYFC ALIFORNIPuBLAJ CATIONCSL:A SSICASLTIJD JES
VOLUME 14
APPKOVED FOR PUBLICATIO0croNB ER 18,1 974
UNIVERSITOYFC ALIFORNIAPR£s s
8ERXELEY ANDLos ANGELESC,A LIFORNIA
UNJVJ!llS ITY OFC ALIFORNIAPREs s ,L TD.Lo,NDO N, ENGLAND
ISBN0-:5 20-00530-8
LIBRARY OFC ONGESRS CATALOG CARD No.7:4-ti 20189
@ 1976B Y THEREG ENTS OFT HE UNIV.l!RSITY OFC ALIFORNIA
PRINTED IN THEUNITE D STATES OFA MERICA
CONTENTS
Prefa.c .e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Introtdiuocn... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Sourc.e .s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
Geograp..h.y. ....................... ,. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 4
TheM ariandy.n. .o . i. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
I. Settlem.e. .n . t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2
GreeCko lonaitozini nt heB lacSke a. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
PossiMbillee sCioalno natyH eracl..e . a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
OrganizaatnidDo enp artu.r. .e . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 15
Governm.e. n. t. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 19
II. Fromt heF oundattioo tnh eE ndo ft he
PeloponneWsair:a 5n6 0t o4 04.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 23
TheF alolf t heD emocra.c .y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .. . . . . . . . . . . 23
HeraclaenadP erstioa4 80. ..:. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 26
TheC onqueosftt heM arinadyno..i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
HeraclaenadA thentso4 04..... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . 30
ItnernDaelv elopmetno4t 0s4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
II.I Fromt heE ndo ft heP eloponneWsairta ont heR eform
oft heD emocrac4y0:4 t oc ir3c7a0 . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 39
PoweVr acuumi nt heP ontu.s. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . 39
Heraclaenadt heT enT housa.n. .d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 39
Foreirgenl atiTohnesA :e geaann dP ers.i .a. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . 41
Foreirgenl atioTnhses: t rgulgew itthh eS partoci. d..s . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Interndaelv elopmeTnhtesr :e formo ft hed emocra..c . y. . . . . . . . . 45
IV. Clearcahnuds S atyruCsi:r c3a7 0t o3 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . 47
Thec ris..i . s. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 47
Seizuorfpe owre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Fromt yrantnoym onarch. .y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . 54
Foreiagfnfa ir..s . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 54
Heraclesootcei eatnydg overnmdeunrti tnhge r eigonfC learch..u . .s 58
Repressainodan s sassin.a. .t . i. .o . n. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 64
Ther egeyn ocfS atyru3s5:2t. o 3 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 65
V. TimotheaunsdD ionysi3u4s6:t o3 05. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . 67
Ther eigonfT imotheuAs n:e we ra3:4 6t o3 37. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . 67
Foreiagfnf ai.r. .s . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 69
Interdneavle lopme.n. . t. s. .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . 71
[vii]
viii Contents
Ther eigonf Dionysiu33s7:t o3 05. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Foreiagfnfi arsA:l exandaenrdt hee xile3s3:4t o3 23... . . . . . . . . . 72
Foreiagfnf aiDriso:n ysainudst heD iadoch3i2:3t o3 05. . . . . . . . . 75
Internhails toaryn dt hed eatohf D ionyss i.u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
.
VI. AmastrCilse,a rcIhIua,sn dO xatehsr:T heE ndo ft he
Tyrann3y0:5 t o2 81... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Ther egenocfyA mastri3s0:5t oc ir3ca0 0.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Theg overnmoefnC tl earcIhIua sn dO xathre3s0:1t o2 84. . . . . . . . 83
Thea dministroaftHieorna cleoifdCeysm e2:8 4/38 to2 81 .. .. . . 86
.
An enda nda b eginni.n. g. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
.
Conclusi.o. n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
.
Append:i xT heD atoef L ysimachOucsc'u patoifoH ne rac.l. e. a. . . . . . . . . . 93
Abbreviat.i. o. n. .s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Notes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
SeleBcitb liography 147
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES
Excepfotr numismaetviicd entchee1h istoorfHy e raclienta h eH elleannidce arly
Hellenipsetriico rdess tasl mosetn tilyr oen litersaoruyr cTehse.a rchaeological
exploraotfit ohnes outPho nt icci tiiesss t iilnil t isn fancayn dn oe xcavathiaovnes
asy etb eenu ndertaakteH ne raclFeoar. t hep re-Turkciitsyht, h erefowree, a re
dependeonnta numbeorf n inetenetha-ndtw entieth-cternatvuerlyae crcso'u nts2
andt hes urveoyfst hea repar oudcedby ProfesrsF o.K .D ornearn dh isst udent
WolfraHmo epfnerT.h'e v aluoeft himsa terfoiral t hep resesnttu dhyo,w eveirs,
limitbeedc,a utsheec ontinoucecdu pant oifot hec iyt untthiel p rensteh ase ffaced
alls urfacree mainosf p re-RomHaenr aclLeiak.e witsheefe, w Heracleiontsec rip
tiondsi scovearnedpd u blisthoed dat ea reo fl ittulsees ,i ncvei rti:aallloylf t hme
aroef R omano rB yzantdianete. 4
Fortunattehleliy t,e raervyi denbceea rionngt hehi storoyfH eraclaelat,h ough
relatisvmealliyln q uantiitsey x,c eptiobnoatlhfo, r itssc opaend qualyi.It nt ime,
thes oucrese xtenodv re a perioodf a tl easnti neteheunn dreyde arfrso,m the
sevenctehn tuBr.yC t.ot hefo urteenctehn tuAr.yD a.n di nclurdeep resentoaft ives
almoste vergye nroef c lassliictaelr afrtoumr eep itco l exircaopgyh.S incteh eB lack
Seafo rmedt hroughoauntt iquai dtiys tipnoclti taincdae lc omonriecg iownh,o se
affaiirms pingoendt hoseo ft heA egeaonn liyn termittmeanntylo yft, h estee xts
contailni ttmloer et hamne ntioonfHs e racloerra e,fe rentcoet sh osfeew aspecotfs
its histortyh ata ttracgteeendr aGlr eeki ntereosdtd:i tioefp sr ovincGiraele k
cultu5 riet,ws r ite6 rtsh,efo urtche ntutryyr annoyr,t heh elotlsittkaues o ft he
Marianndoyiu ndeHre racleroutl7e eA .l noe oft heP ont icci tiheosw,e veHre,r aclea
producae ddi stingusiesrhioeefdls o cahils tori-atnhse n ameosf fi vea rek nown,
Promath,iA dmapshtiheuNsy,m phiDso,m itiCuasl listarnadtM uesm,no n- whose
workcso vertehdeh istoroyft hec itayn di tesn virfroonmsi tmsy thicbaelg innings
untialt l eastth es econhda loff t hefi rscte nturAyl.t•h oungohw l ositn t heir
origifonraml, t hew orkso f theswer itenresv erltehsefosr m theb asiosf o ur
knowledogfHe e ractleeh oistobrye cauosfet heuisre by an umbeorf s till-surviving
authoorfsw ,h omt hem osti mportaarnetA pollonRihuosd iuasn dh issc holiasts,
Justitnh,ee pitomiozfet rh eP hilipopfiT croag usP ompeiuasn,dP hotiutsh,e
brillinainntt h-centusrcyh-oAl.aaDnr.dP atriha orfcC onstaonptlienI.nt hec asoef
Heracltehae,r eefo,wr ea rei nt hea lmosutn iqupeo soitnoi fb eign ablteo v eiwi ts
historsyo,t os peafrko,m withiAnt.t hes amet imeo,fc oursael,l owamnucsetb e
madefo r thed istortciaouns ebdy the patrioatnidcp olitibciaalso efst hese
historiwahnisc,ah r ree adialpyp areinntt h es ources.
[l]
2/
Introduction
Thef oundoefrt heh istoriogtrraapdhiitchi oowne,vr ,ew asn ota h istorbiuatan
latfief th-censtouprhyi asntd m ytohgraeprhH,e ordours,w hoc ompilaendi mpor
tantmo nograopnhH eraclaensdp ossiboltyh erosn theA rgonauatnsdt heP el
opi.d9s Althougha,sF eliJxa cobpyo intoeudt 1°, hism aini ntreeswta st ou set he
mythsas v ehiclteosp ropounhdi ssc ientifiacn de thictahle oersiH,e rodoruisn ci
dentalallys op roducetdh efi rstl ietrarayc counotf t hep re-Greheiks toorfy
HeraclBeeac.a uset hes itoef H eraclheaadp reviyo ubseleno fl ittimlpeo rtcaeni n
Greemky thictarla ditHieorno,d oruwsa sa blteo c reatae p rominepnlta cfoer iti n
theH eracleasn dA rgonasuatg aosn lbyy i ntrodumcoidnigfi coantsiin theg enerally
accpetedv ersioofnt sh esleeg endTsh.e fr agmenrtesv eahlo,w evetrh,a itn m aking
then ecesscahrayn gHeesr odorwuassn ota rbitrRaartyh.e hre,a ltertehdem ythsso
thatt heya greewdi thl ocaHle racletortaed itwihoinc,hh ada lreaiddye ntified
varioluasn dmarnkesa rt hec it-y a caves,o met umul-iw iht suchi ncideonft s
thessea gaasst hec aptuorfeC erberbuysH eraecsl11a ndt hed eatohfst heA rgo's
seelrd mona ndi tsp iloTti phys.12
Promathi13d aansd A mphithe,1u 4 sthet woe arliHeersatc lehoitset orairaeln ist,t le
moret hanna mesT.h es urvivfrianggm entssi,xo fP romathidaansdo neo fA mphi
the,uws hicahl clo ncetrhne p re-Grpeeerki oadr,et oof ewt op ermiart e construc
toino ft hewiorr ksa,l thoutghhe syu gsgett hawthi lep resveirgnt hem aino utlesio nf
Herodorvuesr's ioofnH eracleporteeh isttohrye ya ddde furthedre taainlde labora
tiotno i t5. '
Unlikheis predecestshoert shi,r do ft heH eraclehoitset or,iN aynmsphiwsh,o
wrotdeu rintgh ese condh alfo ft het hircde nturiysa, c ompazatiwveellly- known
figureS.c ioonf o neo ft hec ityg'rse ahto useNsy,m phiwsa sa s tatesamsaw ne lalsa
scholaArn. e xilhei mselfh,e w asr epsonsliebfo r there turtno H eracline 2a 8o1f
thed escendaonftt sh efa milieexsi lbeydt het yraCnlt earcahnudsh iss uccessors.
Thereafhtece orn tinuteodp laayn i mpornttar olienp olitaiffcaailur nst aiblo utth e
middloeft het hirdc enturwyh,en hep robabrleyt iroendlt yo c ontinuaed vocating
hisp olitiviceawlis n h istw o hisotri.e"s Oft heset,h eh ugeh istoorfyA lexander,
theD iadochain,d t heE pigoniin,t wenty-fobuoro ksh,a sa lmoscto mpletely
disaepaperd.1N7u meroufrsa gmenthso,w everre,m aionf t hes econad h,i stoorfy
Hercaelain thirtbeoeonk dso wnt ot her eigonfP tolemIyI Iw,hi chq uickbleyc ame
thes tandawrodr ko n the cityp'ass atn dw asu sede xtensibvye lAyp ollonius
Rhodiusa1n8dM emnon1s9o t haitti si,n fa ctt,h eu ltimastoeu rfocerm uch oft he
knowledogfeH eraclheias'tso ry.
Nymphisfr'a gmenatnsd t hew orko fMemnonr evecalle artlhyath te workw asa
trueh istyo arndn ota chronicTlhee. a nnalisotrigca nizafatvioorne bdy the
atthidograipnhw ehircsh,e venwtesr ee ntreedu ndetrh ea pproprairactheo yne ar,
wase scheedw by Nymphisw,h o insteparde feerdr tog ropu evnetsi not laer,g
thematicuanlilfiye bdl ocktsh awte red atebdy s ynchroniwistmGhsr eeko rN ear
Eastehrni storyA.t2t °h es amet imeN,y mphicso nstanstoluygh tt op lacHee racle
oteh istowriyt hian b roadheirs torciocnatle sxott hahti wso rkb ecamien,e ffect,a
generhails toorfyA natolainad t heP ontuass,v iewefrdo m thep erspecotfi ve
Introduction /3
1
Herac2leTah.ec oncetpiowna se xcellenbtu,tn oti tesx ecutiwohni,cw ha sm arred
byt he limitatoifto hnes s ourceasv aiblel atoN ymphiasn dm,o rei mportantblyy ,
hiosw nb iaseTsh.a Nty mphilsi,km eo stG reehki storwianass ,a no riginala uthority
onlfyo rhi so wnt imea,n de ssentiaal cloym plianedr sy nthesizoefor the r people's
workf orp revipeoriuosd si,so nltyo be expectalethdo,u gh iti su nfortunatthaet
the fragmenatlsl ouws t osa y onltyh tah eu sedhi sp redecesfosro trhsem ythical
perdi owhilep ermittninog s imilard eterminatoifohi sn sourcesfo r ther ets of
Heraclheias'tso Tryhe. fragmentsa lsroe veahlo,w evetrh,taN ymphiinst erpreted
hisso urcients h el ighotf h ioswn politsiycamlp athiemso,d ifyinfogr,e xamplet,he
cityp'rse histotryo b olstHeerrc aleotper etenss iinoth ne thirdce ntury.2T2he
situatiismo ons tse riouwsi thre gartdo hi st reatmoefnt th et yrantnhya rutl edth e
citfryo m 364 to2 84.Hi s exiled epvreidh im ofa ccetsosl ocali nformantwsh o
werep resenitnH eraclaenads upporttheedt yranfonrya llb utt he lasphta se ofi ts
rulWeh.e nt hisw as combinweidt ahn e videdenstir eo nhi sp artto e mphastihzee
benefiwtosn fo rH eraclebayt hec ompromisese ttlemehneat rr angedb etwne tehe
exilaneds t hosew hoh adr emainine tdh ec itdyu ritnhget yanrny,t her esuwlatsa
somewhastue prficiaaln dt endenstia ocucouonftm ucho ft hisc ritieciaghlt y-year
periiondH eraclehoitsryet owhicmhu stbe usedw itehx trecmaer e.23
Littisl ken owna boutth en extH eraclehiostteo r,iD aonmitiCuasl listrwahtou s,
0
wrotmeo stlik elyi nt hefi rscetn turya,b outtw oh undryede arasf trNe ymphis2.
Then infrea gmentthsa stu rvivoefh ihsi stoorfHy e racslheoaw t haittw asa tl east
sevebno okisn l engtahn din cludeadn u nusuafullllya ccouonftt hem ythical
period,2b5u tt heya reo therwitseo os can-ts evena reb riefn otefrso m the
geographilceaxli coofnS tephanuosfB yzanti-utmo pe rmita reconstruocrt ion
evaluaotfitho en w orkB.u ti fJ acobys'usgg estiaornceso rrencatm,e lthya,t i tw as
essenaltlyi a continuaotfiN oynm phiasn dth e main sourcfoer Memnona fter
Nymphibsr okoef fi,t vsa lufoer ourp eriocda nin, any case,o nlhya vbee en
6
sligh2t.
Thes ituatiisodi nff erenwti thr egartdo M emnont,h el asotf th e known
historioafnH se raclienaa n tiquHiitsdy a.t iesd ispubtuetdh ep roblaybb elontgos
thefi rsto r,m orel ikeltyh,ese condc entuAr.yD .,w henH eraclegar'osw ing
prospearintdyp rominenacem ongt hec itioefns o rtheArnna tofolsitae rperdi dien
herg loripoaussat n dt hese conds ophistwiacse ncouraingtinegr eisnlt o chails tory
ing eneral.O2d1d lyal,t houghM emnon himseilsfo nlya namehi,s histooryf
Heracline am,o ret hans ixtebeono ksi,sb ettkenro wnth ant haotf a nyo fh is
predeces-siotri sst hep rincipsaoluc refo r theh istoorfyt hec itfryo m the
mid-fourttoht hem id-fircesntt ur-y becauase coyp survivuendt itlh en inth
centuAry. D.,w henP hotiruesa di ta ndm adea n epitomoefi tw hichn ow
constitcuotdees2x 2 4o fh iBsi bliot2h8 eAcnaa.l yshiosw,e vehra,ssh ownc learly
thatth ew orkd,e spiitteles n gtahn dim portantcome o dersnc hol,aw rasso nlay
compilna tdiroawnfr om a few source-sN ymphicse rtaiannldpy o ssiCballyl i
stra-tuwsh ichhe s eemssi mptloyh avjeux taposMeedmn.o n'osw nsh arese emst o
havbeee nl imitetdose lectiaonnda bridgmweintth oauntya ttemtpotr emedtyh e
4/ Intdruocotin
deficiencoife hsi ss ourceosr,e vent o imposea unifieodr ganizaotni hoins
mateiral."A ccordinlgilkDyei, o dorMuesm,n oni si mportannto tfo r himselbfu,t
becaushee preserviensfo rmatifroonm earlibeert,t eirn formesdo urceIsti. s ,
therefournefo,r tunattheaP th otiouwsn'in tereisntt heR omanse ctioonfsM em
nonr esultedi nh iosff erionngl ayb riepfa rpahraseo fb ook9st o1 3w,h iccho ncern
full 14 16,
ourp erioidn,c ontratsoht i sv ery excerpfrtosm books to whicahr e
almoesntt irdeelvyo tteodH eraclreoal'iesnt heM ithridatwiacr. 3s 0
Althoutghhe g enerfeaalt uroefst heH eracletortaed itoinow nh icwhe depend
for ouri nformatioanr ec le,as rpeciparlo bleamrsre a isbeydo neo fth es ourctehse,
forty-filfettht oefNr i cephoGrruesg orasW.ri3t1t beent weenA .D.1 330a nd1 335
to anotrh eHeracleMoatxei,m utsh,e a bbootf t heC hortaitmuosn astenreya r
Thessalotnhielc eat,t ieser ss entiaalnle yl egacnotm plimbeunital rto untdh et heme
thaGtr egorwaassg latdo b eb oran mani nw hatw asn oto nltyh em ostbe autiful
countirnyt hew orlbdu,t a lstoh eb irthpolfaa cpe er soans i IIustarisoM uaxsi mus.
however,
Theb ulokf t hel etter, isd evotteodt her ecountinrgh,e.tionr liacnagula ge,
ofv arioeupsi sodoefHs e raclehoitset oeryx tendfrionmg b eforteh ef oundatoifo n
thec ittyo a pproximattheeel iyhgt hc enutry A .D.A si ti sw itah IlIa ttee xttsh,e
questioofnG regorsaosu'r ciescs r iti-cbault t hiiss p recisethley p robleHmi.s
inunediatseo urcew asp robabhliyso wn now lospta negyorni cH eraclbeuat,
beyonthda tli ttilsec leaGrr.e gorwaasspe rhaptsh em ostl earnscehdo laorfh idsa y,
andt heriesn ow ayo fe stimatinwgh atm aterwiaasls tialvla ilaabtHl eer aclaenad
that be
ConstantinoAplll e.32c an saiwdi thco nfidencteh,e refoirset, h asti nce
litersaoruyr cewshi,c h he followedc loselayl,b esiotm ewhacta relye,ss clanb e
his
identifofire dm any of statementtsh,ep resumptmiuosntb et hahte a lsou sed
similsaoru rceeisth,e orf a ncieonrtB yzantindea tet,h aatr en owl osatn dw hose
qualyi itsu nknownfo r thoses tatemefonrt wsh ichhe i st heo nlya uthor3i3t y.
AccordinGglrye,g oreavsi'd·e nocnet hosem atteforrs w hichhe i st hes olseo urce
mustb et reatceadu tioubsultay sl,ow itrhe spect.
GEOGRAPHY
Geograpphryo vidtehsek eyt om ucho fH eraclelao'nhsgi sto34rT yh.e s outh
cosato ft heB lacSke ai so fr elativreelcye onrti gitnh,er esuolftt hesa me upward
movemenotf t hen ortheerdng oef t heA natolliaannbd l octhka ta lscor eattehde
Pont icm ountaicnh ain35. Thus,a lthoutghhe coasttr esn deastwafrrodm the
Bosporiunas graduauInIdyu latcinugrv efo ro veserv enh undrmeidl eistp, r esean ts
smootahn du nfrienfadcleyt ot hem arinerT.h roughoiuttls e ngtthh eP antie
mountaisntsan dn eatrh ec oasatt,m anyp ointsi,n deerde,a chintgh ese a where
thye terminaabtreu ypt inl sheecrl iffBse.a chaensd a nchoraegxeissw th,i cohff er
nop rotectaigoani ntshtes uddesnt ormosft heP ontubsu,tg oodh arboarrsefe w.
AtH eraclheoaw,e v,et rheries s ucah h arboArb.o uotn eh undrtehdi rtym-ifilvees ,
ora, ccordtionX ge nophoonn,e d ay'ssa iela sotf t heB osporaunsdtw o daywse st
ofS inop36e t, hec oasatb ruptcelayse si tesa stwarrdu na ndc urvenso rtinh a gr eat
Introduticon /5
semicirtchlaeet n dsi nt hes harppo �to fC apeB abat,h ea ncieAncth erousian
Penins,tu hluacsr eatains gh eltebaryet dh aatt tracast teeda diinlcyr eavsoilnugmo ef
shippitnogH eralceaas t hec ommeroceft heB lacSke ag rew.
Likewibsey, r enderlianngdc ommunicatbieotnwesen H eraclaenad t hes ur
roundianrge adsi fficultth,eP onticm ountaindse teremdi,nt oa largeex tetnht e
chraacteorf t hec ityr'esl atiwointshh erA natolhiiannt erlTahnuds.m, o vement
eastwatrodw arPda phlagownaispa o ssiobnlleby y fo llowian dgi fficualntd c ircu
itourso utteh ruoght hem ountaisnost ,h atth ec itwya sp rotecfrtoemd a sudden
attafcrko mt hadti rect3i7oT nh.em ountaianlsst oe ndetdoi solaHetrea clfreoam
eventtsr anspiirnit nhgei nteroifoA rn atolbieac auosef t hed ifficulotfyn orth
sou:tcho mmunicatiaocnr ostsh emC.o ntawcitt hth ep laionf B olut,h ea ncient
SaloniPalna iwna,so fc ourpseo ssivbiltae h ev alloefyt heL ycuRsi ve3r8,b utt he
routwea sd ifficulatn ds ubjetcotfl ashfl oodinga,s"w asa lstoh ev alloefyt he
CaleRsi vefru rthteotr h ew est.T4o°b es uraen,e aspya tht ot hei nterdiioder x ist
vai theH ypiuRsi vevra llbeuyt,t hawta se ightmeielne tsot hew esotf H eraclaenad
coulbde r eahcedo nlbyy c rosstihneKg i zTielp eM ountainsC.o"m binweidt thh e
predominaenatslttyo w esto rientaotfic oonm municatsioountsoh f t heP ontic
rangehse,rg eographsiictaula ttihoenr efoernes urtehda Hte racloewan'p so litical
activwiotuyl bd el imitine dt hem ain tot hec oasotfst heP onttiasn dt hahte r
relatiwointsht hev arioupso wertsh acto ntrolcleendt raanld w esteArnna tolia
woulbde c omparatilvoeolseay n di nfrequent.42
Locatitohnu dsi ctaHteerda clbeaas'ispc o litoirciaeln tabtuitho ne,rg rowtahn d
prosperdietpye ndoendt her icnha turraels ourocfeh se rs itTeh.e m oistulardee-n
windtsh abtl owo fft heP ontuasn ds trikteh eP ontimco untairness uilntan
abundarnati nfawllh icihs s prde tahroughtohueyte ar0a ndi sr esponsfoirbt lhee
thicfokr esttsh actl oatkh em ountaisnusr roundtinhgec ityi;na ntiqutihteyy
furnishheedrw itahb undatnitm beforr herfl eeatn do theurs es.S4i4m ilarraliyn,
and thefe rtisloei olf t hen arrocwo astpalla inne aHre racl-eaasw elals o ft he
valleoyfts h eL ycusCa,l easn,d e,v entuatlhleHy y,p iursi ve-rpsr ovidtehdec ity
witahg riculrtiucrhaels T.h4es5 o urcinedsi catthea tth eH eraclegorteebwsa rle4y6,
grapes,a"n do lives,a4n8dt hatth esed omesteidcp altanwtesr seu pplemebnyta e d
numbero fw ildp lantp roducstusc ha sn ut4s9, aconiteo,r5i0g anuma,n5d1
honey,o"f w hicht hel astth rewee res upposeodflm ye dicivnaallu Teh.e P ontus
itsefulrfn sihedt hec itwyi tha na bundasnotu rcoeffo od asw ella sa valuable
exporptr oduinc ti tfiss hp,a rticutlhaegr rleyas tc hooolfts u nntyh apta ssbeydt he
citdyu rintgh eiarn nuamli gratiotno theM editerrafrnoema nt heibrr eeding
grounidnst heS eao fA zov."
Heraclaelase on joyseudb stanmtiinaelr raels ourcTeos b.e s uret,he g reacto al
fieldosf t hea rewae ren otw orkeidn a ntiquitbyu,tt5 h4e fo restusn doubtye dl
suppliwehda tevfueerlw asn ecessarLyi.k ew,ig soeladn ds ilvweerr lea ckingb,u5t5
on theo thehra ndt hei rodne posoiftt sh eK iizlT epeM ountaiwnesr ea pparently
beinwgo rked.F5u6r theSran,d aracteh,e n ameo fa smalanlc horageea sotf
Heraclseuggae,s tthsa tr ealgaa rre,dm inerpailg menwti than arsenibca se,w as
6/
Introduction
beingm inedin thevi cinit5y7.F inallayl,t houHgehr achlaedan osou rce ofm arble,
them ountainsf urnishedh erw itah pl entifuslu pployfb uildisntgo ne,an•d• t he
existeonfHce e raclepootttee rpoyin tst ot hepr esenceo fg ood qualitcyl anye atrh e
city."'
THEM ARIANDYNOI
A sitea se xcellenast th ato fH eracldeiad n otr emain unoccupGireede.ck o lonies
weer normallfoyu ndeind alreaidnyh abiatreedaa sn dH eraclewaa sn ota ne xcep·
tiotno t hisr ule.I•n•S trabpohr'as se,H eraclweaase stablishaemdo ngth e Mari
andyn6o1 ia,n dH eracletortaed itpiooinn ttosi thsa vgin beenb uinleta ar p revi·
ousleyx istMinargi andniyan settleme0 ntDe.s pitteh eiclro sea ssociatwiiotnh
Heraclfreoam theb eginnionfgi thsi stohryo,w evelri,t tilske n owno ft heM ari
andynoi.
fourth
By the centryu scholarrsan kedth em amongt hep rincinpona-lG reek
populatioofnn so rtheArnn atolainad a scribetdot hema terrriytc aloledM ari
andynia,.w.hi che xtendfreodm theS angariRuisv einr thew estt oso mewhere
neathre BillaeRiuvse rin theea s6t4 .M oreovaelrt,h ouSgthr abwoa st oc omplain
abouthte lacokf r eliabiJnefo rmatcioonnce rnitnhgeo rigiann de thnica ffinitioefs
theMari andynoi,'5m ythographeartsl easatse arlayst hese venthc entuhrya d
connectetdh emw ith the Argonausatg a,a connecttihoanpt r esuppotsehde ir
presencein An atolibeafo reth e Tronj Waar."L'ik ewisev,a riog.eunse aloliginekisn g
!he
Mariandynuse,p onym oft hep eop,l weithd ifferemnytt hicafilgu resw ere
proposeind ordret ol ocatet hemse curelwyi thint hefr ameworokfp rehitsoryt hat
Greeskc holwar�sre construcfrtionmg t hesa gasT.h uss,o meonweh oh elcdl osely
tot hel inwikt h the Argoaunt legensudgg estePdh rixus6a7 st hefa theorf M ari
andynuost,h erssu pporteCdi mmeriusb,ut' t"h eg enealthoagtya chievtehde
widesatc ceptaonucets idHee raclweaaso net hamta deM ariandynaunsdT hynsu
brothearnsd t hes onosf P hineust,h eso n ofP hoenixa ndgr andsono fA genor.I0n
othewro rdss,in ce Agenowra ss upposedal cyo ntemporoafrM yin os,i ta ccepted
thep re-Trodjaatfoner theM ariandysnb oeiin'gin Anatoalnidap ositienad d ditni o
i
ar eationsbheitpw etehne ma ndt heBiirt hynnieaing hb7o° rs.
Althoutghh eH eraclehoitset orseieamn tso h avree jecttheegd e nealotgyr acing
theo rigoinf t heM arianodiyb nackt oP hineus,th eya greeidn a ssumithnagtth ey
werien A natolpirai otrot heT rojWaanr T.h at" factb"e camteh ece ntralp oinint
thep rehistthoercyyr eatfoerd t hec itwyi tthh ea iodf G reelke genadnsdm aterial
gatherfreodm theM ariandynotih emselvOensl.y fr agmenntosw r emaionf thi s
accounat r-eferentceon umeroduesfe atosft heM arinadynoia tt heh andosft he
Bebrycianbse forHee racalsessi sthteemd,1 1 thegr acioruesc eptoiffoenr ebdy t hem
tot heA rgonautsan,d7 th2e deatohf t woM ariandynhiearnoe fisg htinfogr Troy
durintgh el aspth aseo ft heT rojaWna r7-3 buti ti sc leafrro m thesteh atth e
prehisptloaryc tehde M ariandyinnAo nia toliaat l eatshrte eg eneratbieofonrste h e
TrojanW ar,a ndt haitt e mphasithzee dfr ienlyd relatsib oentwetehne ma ndt he
