Otia imperialia = Recreation for an emperor

551 Pages·2002·209.97 MB·English

by  Array, S. E. Banks, James W. Binns

x PREFACE
first appeared in 1999 in our printed lecture Gervase o/Tilbury and the CONTENTS
Encyclopaedic Tradition (Leicester, 1999). Philip Stell has assisted in
computerizing the index. We are indebted to our copy-editor John
Cordy for his vigilance, and to Anne Gelling who has seen this work
through the press.
XlI
Finally, SEB would like to thank her community for allocating Abbreviated References
xxv
Gervase a cell and allowing her time for the work. Their patient
INTRODUCTION
forbearance has been reminiscent of that of the friends of Sir Thomas xxv
Underwood at the end of Trollope's Ralph the Heir: 'Nevertheless, let I. THE AUTHOR
xJCXviii
us hope that the change of air may tend to future diligence, and that II. THE OTIA IMP£RIA.LIA
xxxviii
the magnum opus may yet be achieved. We have heard of editions of Date of composition, tide, and structure
xlii
Aristophanes, of Polybius, of the Iliad, of Ovid, and what not, which 'A description of the whole world' . ,
xlviii
have ever been forthcoming under the hands of notable scholars, who 'A comparison of the priestly and ktngly powers
Iv
have grown grey amidst the renewed promises which have been 'The marvels of every province'
given. And some of these works have come forth, belying the lxiii
prophecies of incredulous friends . . . .' III. THE MANUSCRIPTS !xiii
Descriptions of the manuscripts
Ixxix
S.E.B. The status of N
lxxxiii
J.W.B. The relationship between N and fJ; Stemma
QJ.idenham Ixxxv
tV. HISTORY OF THE TEXT
York
\xxxvii
[999 V. THIS EDITION Ixxxix
Orthography and word order .
xc
Treatment of place names and biblical quotaUons
COMMENTARY ON THE LORD'S PRAYER
VI. xcii
AND OTHER WORKS
xcvi
LIST OF SIGLA
XCVII
PLATES
TEXT AND TRANSLATION
BOOK I
BOOK II
BOOK III
APPENDICES
1. Addenda in fJ but not in N
II. Other addenda not in N
m.
Commentary on the Lord's Prayer
Indexes
ABBREVIATED REFERENCES xiii
BL British Library
ABBREVIATED REFERENCES
BN Bibliotheque Nationale (paris)
Brednich, Enzyk/opadit Enzyk/opiidie des Miirchens, ed. R. W. Brednich
(Berlin and New York, '977- )
Burne and Jackson, C. S. Burne and G. Jackson, Shropshire Folk
AASS Acta Sanctorum, ed. J Bolland et al. (Antwerp, Shropshire Folk-Lore Lore (London, 1883)
1643- ) Busquet, 'Gervais de R. Busquet, 'Gervais de Tilbury inconnu', Revue
Achard, Description C. F. Achard, Description historique, giographique Tilbury inconnu' Historique, cxci (1941), I-ZO
et topographique ... de la Provence, 2 vols. (Aix, Busquet, Histoire de R. Busquet, Histoire de Provence (Monaco,
17&]--8) Provence 1954)
ADB
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographit, 56 vols. (Leipzig, Butler's Lives Butler's Lives oft he Saints, rev. edn. H. Thurston
1875-1912) and D. Attwater, 4 vols. (London, 1956)
Anderson, Alexander's
A. R. Anderson, Alexander's Cate, Cog, and BWDC Biograpkisches Wiirterhuch :;ur dtutschen
Gate
Magog, and the Inclosed Nations (Cambridge, Ceschickte, 3 vols. (Munich, 1974-5)
Mass., 1932) Caesarius of Heisterbach, ed. J. Strange (Cologne etc., 1851)
Apuieius, De tieo Socratis
De deo Socratis, in Ap.lie: Opuscules philosophi Dialogus miraculorum
ques et fragments, ed. J Beau;eu (Paris, '973) CAR Cambridge Ancitnt History (Cambridge, 1923- )
Athanasius, Vila Antonii v.ta S. Antonii (PC xxvi); Vita Antonii: La plus Caldwell, 'The J. R. CaldweU, 'The aUlograph manuscript of
ancienne vernon Jaline de /a vie de S. Anloiu par autograph' Gervase of Tilbury', Seeiptorium, xi (1957), &]-
S. Athanase, ed. H. Hoppenbrouwers, Latinitas 98
Oulstianorum Primaeva, xiv (Nijrnegen, 1960) Caldwell, 'Manuscripts' J. R. Caldwell, 'Manuscripts of Gervase of
Augustine, CW.
De <i.itate Dei, ed. E. Hoffinann, CSEL xl Tilbury's Otia imperialia " Scriptorium. xvi
(Vienna 'Bw-I900); PL xli
(1962), 28-45
Authentica
Authentica. in Corpus Juris Civilis, q. v. Caldwell, 'Interrelation J. R. Caldwell, 'The interrelationship of the
Barlow, Edward the
F. Barlow, Edward the Confossor (London, 1970) ship' manuscripts of Gervase of Tilbury's Otia imperi
Confossor
Barriere, Contribution alia', Scriptorium. xvi (196z), 246-74
]. Barriere, 'Gervais de Tilbaur y, Otia imperiaiia, CaldweU, 'Addenda' J. R. Caldwell, 'Gervase of Tilbwy's addenda to
tertia tieCJSio: Contribution I'etablissement du
his Otia imperialill', Medieval Studies, xxiv
texte', thesis (Montpellicr, 1994)
Baughman, MI (1962), 95-126
E. W. Baughman, Type and Motif-Index of the
CAO Corpus Antiphonalium OjJieii, ed. R.-J. Hesbert, 6
Folktales of England and North Ameeica (The
vols. (Rome, 1<)63-79)
Hague, 1966)
Beaunier-Besse, Abbayes Dom Beaunier and Dam ].-M, Besse, Abhayt:j et CappeUetti G. Cappelletti, Le Chits< d'lt.lia dalla /oro
et prieures origine sino ai Mstri giorni, 21 voJs. (Venice,
pn"earls de I'ancienne France: Recutil historique des
archevechls, heches, ahbayes et prieuris dt France, 1844-70)
Cary, The Medieval G. A. Cary, The Medieval AIe%ander (Cam
Archives de la France monastique, vii: AU,
AIe%ander bridge, 1956)
Ades, Avignon, and Embrun (1909); xxxvi:
Vienne (1932) Cato, DiJliehs The Distichs of Cato: A FamIIUS Mediev41 Text
Bede, HE book, ed. and trans!. W. J. Chase, University of
Bede~ Ecclesiastical History of the English People,
Wisconsin Studies in the Social Sciences and
ed. B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors, OMT
(1969) History, vii (Madison, [922)
Bozzola, Origines R. K Bezzola, Les Origines et Ia /ormation de la CCCM Corpus Christiafl()rutn, Continuatio Mediaevalis
litterature courtoise en occilknt, 500-1200, 5 vols. (Tumbout, I <j66- )
(Paris, '944-63)
XIV ABBREVIATED REFERENCES ABBREVIATED REFERENCES xv
CCSL Corpus ChrislianQrum, Series Latina (Tumhout, De monst";s et bellui5 in de Xivrey, Traditions tiratologiques, q.v.
'953- ) Diet. of Med. Latin from Dictionary ofM edieval Latin from British Sources.
Charles, Apocrypha and R. H. Charles, The Apocrypha and Pscnd British Sources ed. R. E. Latham et al. (London-Oxford. '975- )
Pseudepigrapha epig,apha of the Old Testament, 2 vols. (Oxford, Diet. of the Bihle Dictionary of the Bible. ed. ]. Hastings et al. . 5
1913) vols. (Edinburgh, 1898-1904)
OlevaIier, Ripertoire U. CJievalier, Repertoire des sources historlques du Digest Iustiniani Digestum, in Corpus furis Civilis, q.v.
moyen..age: Topo-bibliographic (Paris, 1894- Dobschiitz. Christushiltk, E. von Dobschutz, Christusbilder: Untersuchvn
'903), and Bio-biblwgraphic (paris, 1903-'7) gen zu, christlichen Legentk (Leipzig, 18gg)
ekron. Moiss. Chronicon Moissiacens,€ ed. G. H. Penz. MGH Douglas, William the D. C. Douglas, William the COlUjU<'or (London,
SS i (Hanover, 1826), 280--313 Conqueror 1964)
Cotk Codex Iustini4ni. in Corpus Iuris Civilis, q.\". Du Cange C. Du Cange. Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et
Colby-Hall, 'Saint infimae Latinilalis. ed. L. Favre (Niort, 1883-'7)
Alice M. Colby-Hall, 'Saint Guillaume de Gel
Guillaume de Gollone lone et Saint Bennet: ]e temoignage de Gervais Duchesne. Livre Annie Duchesne, Geroais de Tilbury: Le Livre
et Saint Benezet' de Tilbury" Mimoires de l'AcaJimie de Vaucluse, des merveilles (Paris, '992)
Duprat, 'Ugendes E. H. Duprat, 'Hjsl0ire des legendes saintes de
4th series, vii (1986-'), 61-70
saintes de Provence' Provence', Mimoires de I'lnslil"t Historilp« tk
Collins, A,ab Conquest R. Collins, The A,ab CO"'luest of Spain 7'<>-797 P,ovence, xvii (1940), II8--<}8, and xviii (1941),
(Oxford, 1989)
88-,86
Comestor Peter Comestor, Historia seno/astita (PL cxcviii. EETS (OS) Early English Tex. Society (Original Series)
1050-1722) (London)
Comparetti, Vergil D. Compatetti, Vergil in the Middle Ages (2nd Epistola Alexandri, ed. EpistolaAlexandri adAristoteletn, ed. W. W. Boer
edn. (1908), transl. E. Benecke, repro London, Boer (Meisenbeim am Glan, 1973)
1966) Etienne de Bourbon, A. Leroy de la Marcbe, Anecdotes historiques,
Conrad of Q!lerfw-t, Conrad of Querfw-t, 'Epistola', in Arnold of Anecdotes ligentks et apowgue, ti,is dv ",;ueil d'Etienne tk
MGHSSxxi Lubeck, Ch,onica Siavorum, ed. J. M. Lappen Bourbon, dominicain du XIJr sic'cle (paris, ,877)
berg, MGH SS xxi (Hanover, 1869), 192-O Eubet, Hierarchia Carho C. Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi ... ab
Corpus luris CIJ,uJtJici ed. A. L. Richter and A. Friedberg, 2 vols. licil amw 11gB usque ad annum I431 perdueta (2nd
(Leipzig, 1879-81) edn. Munster, 1913)
Corpus Juris Civilis ed. P. Krueger and T. Mommsen, 3 vols. Eucherius, Passio Eucherius of Lyons, Passio Acaunensium mar
(Berlin, 1928) tynmJ, ed. B. Kruscb, M GH SRM iii (Hanover,
Cottineau, Repertoire L. H. Cottineau, Ripertoire topo-bibliographiqut! 1896), 20-40
Eusebius, HE Eusebius of Caesarea, Hiswria ecclesiastica, PC
des abbay es "prieu,i, (Macon, 1935-'70)
Cronica di Partetwpt Cronica di Pannwpe7 in Raceo/ta di van; libri. xx. 45-<)06
Eusebius-Rufinus, HE Eusebius of Cacsarea, Historia udeswrica,
overo opuscoJi d'historie del regno di Napoli
(ed. Mommsen) transl. Rufinus, in vol. ii of Eusebius, Werke,
(Naples, 1680)
ed. T. Monunsen, 3 vols. in Die griechischen
CSEL
Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum
christlichen Schriflstel/er tk, mten d,ei Jah,hun
(Vienna)
tkrte (Leipzig, 1903, 1908, 1909)
DACL Di,tionnaire d'ilTChi%gie clrTirienne et de liturgie,
Evangelia apocrypha, ed. Evangel;' apocrypha, ed. C. de Tischendorf (2nd
ed. F. Cabrol and H. Leclerq, 15 vols. in 30 Tischendorf edn. Leipzig, 1876)
(Paris, 1907-53)
Evange/ium Nicodemi ed. H. C. Kim (Toronto, 1973)
DBF
Dictionnaire tk biographic frallfaise (Paris, 1973- ) Faral, cUoe source latine' E. Faral, 'Une source tatine de l'histoire d' Alex
Decretum Decretum Magistri Graham, in Corpus [uris andre: la lettre sur les merveilles de l'Inde'.
Canonici, q.v.
Romania. xliii (1914), '9~2'5 and 353-'70
xvi ABBREVIATED REFERENCES ABBREVIATED REFERENCES xvii
'OJronica.rum quae dicuntur Fredegarii Scho Hansen, Q!Jellen J. Hansen, !}JulIen und Untersuchungen zur
lastici liber i (-ivY and 'Continuationes' in
Geschichte des Hexenwahns unJ der Herenverfol
Fredegarii et aliorum Chronica, ed. B. Krusch,
gung im Mittelalter (Bonn, 1901)
MGH SRM ii (Hanover, 1888)
Hartland, Fairy Tales E. S. Hartland, The Slimee of Fairy Tales (2nd
Fretellus
Liber locorum samtorum terrae Jerusalem, P L elv.
edn. London, 1925)
1037-54
HBC E. B. Hyde, D. E. Greenway et al., Handhook of
FreteUus (ed. Boeren) P. C. Boeren, ROTgo Fretellu.s de Nazareth et sa
British Chronology (3rd edn. London, 1986)
des.mption de la Terre Sainte: BistDiTe et idition Ju HBS Henry Bradshaw Society Publications (London)
lexte (Amsterdam-Oxford-New York, 1980)
Fuhnnann, Germany in H. Fuhrmann, transJ. T. Reuter. Germany in the Historia de preliis (ed. Historia de preliis (MS S), ed. O. Zingerle
the High Middle Ages High Middle Ages c.I05<>-I2oo (Cambridge, Zingerle) (Breslau, 1885)
Hole, Witchcraft C. Hole, Witchcraft in Britain (London, 1979)
1986)
Gallia Christiana 11000- ed. ]. H. Albanes and U. o,evalier, 7 vols. Honorius, De imagine V. 1. J. Flint, 'Honorius Augustodunensis:
sima mundi (ed. Flint) bnago mundi', Arch;'ves J'Histoire DoctrinaJe et
(Montbeliard, 1895-1920)
Gams, Series episcoporum R. B. Gams, Serie, episcoporum ecclesiae Cathol Littiraire du Moyen Age, xlix (1982), 7-153; PL
clxxii
ic." (Regensburg, 1873)
Geollrey of Morunouth, The Historia "gum Britannie ofG eoffrey ofM on Howey, The Horse in M. O. Howey, The Hone in Magic and Myth
HRB Magic and Myth (London, 1923)
mouth, ed. N. Wright, vol. i: Bern, Burgerbib
Iiothek, MS 568; vol. ii: The First Varia.t Hucker, Otto IV. B. U. Hucker, Kaiser Otto IV., MGH Schriften
xxxiv (Hanover, 1990)
Version: a Critical Edition (Cambridge, 1985-
8); ed. A. Griscom (London, 1929) Inst. Justinian, Imtitutes. in Corpus fum Civilis, q.v.
Gerald of Wales, Topo ed.]. F. Dimock, RS xxi (5) (1867) Isidore, Etym. Isidore of Seville, EtymologWe, ed. W. M. Lind
graphia Hibernica and say (Oxford, 1911)
Expugnatio Hibemica Jacques de Vitry, The Exempla ofJ acque' de Vitry, cd. T. F. Crane
Gerald of Wales, ed. ]. F. Dimock, RS xxi (6) (1868) Exempla (London, 1B 90)
Descriptio Kambriae James, Apocryphal New M. R. James, The Apocryphal New Testament
and ltinerarium Testament (Oxford, 1924)
Kamhriae Jamison, 'The Sicilian E. M. Jamison, 'The Sicilian Norman kingdom
Gerald of Wales, De ed. G. F. Warner, RS xxi (8) (1891) Norman kingdom' in the mind of Anglo-Norman contemporaries',
principis instfUClione Proceedings of the British Academy, xxiv (1938),
Gesta Romanorum ed. H. Oesterley (Berlin, 1871-2) 237-85
Goez, Transmit> W. Goez, Translatio imperii (Tubingen, 1958) Jerome, Chronica Interpretatio Ch,.ofticae Eusehii Pamphili with
Grammatic. Latini G.ammatiri iAtini, ed. H. Keil, 7 vols. (Leipzig, continuations by Jerome and Prosper of Aqui
1857-80) taine, PL xxvii
Graph.a aureae uybis
in Cadite topografico della ritta di Rom., ed. Jerome, Vita HiJarianis Vita Hilarionis, ed. A. A. R. Bastiaensen, in Vite
R. Valentini and G. Zucchetti, 4 vols. (Rome, dei Santi, ed. C. Mohnnann, iv (Verona, 1983);
'940-53), iii. 67-110 PL xxiii. 29-54
Gregory of Tours, HF Historia Francorum, ed. B. Krusch and John of Salisbury, ed. C. C. J. Webb (Oxford, 1909); Policroticus 1-
W. Levison, 2nd edn., MGH SRM i (I) (Han Policraticus IV, ed. K. S. B. Keats-Rohan, CCCM cxviii
over, 1951)
(Turnbout, 1993)
Gregory the Great, Diol. Gregory the Great, Diologi, ed. U. Moricca John the Deacon, Lib" de in J. Mabillon, Museum llaiicum, 2 vols. (Paris,
Grimm, TeutoniL J(.R oGmreim, 1m9,2 4)T; ePutLon lixcx vMii.y t'h4o9lo-4g3y,0 trans!. J. S. Joseecpclheurisa, LAantte. rannm A1l6I8li7q~u)it,a tieis. 5I0u0da-7ic6a e (Loeb Oassical Library,
Mythology Stallybrass (London, 1880--8)
1961)
XVlll ABBREVIATED REFERENCES ABBREVIATED REFERENCES XIX
Josephus, Bell. Bellum Iudaicum (Loeb Classical Library, 1961) Liebrecht F. Liebrecht, Des Gervasius von Tilbury Otia.
Julius Valerius Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis (Latin trans!. of Imperialia, in einer Aus11Jan' neu herausgegeben
Pseud<>-Callisthenes), ed. B. Kuebler (Leipzig. und mit Anmerkungen begmut (Hanover, 1856)
1888) Loomis, Mite Magic C. G. Loomis, White Magic: An Introduction to
Justin, EpitomQ Epitolna historiarum Philippicarum Pompei Trogi. the Folklore of Christian Legend (Cambridge,
ed. O. Seel (Stuttgan, 197') Mzss., 1948)
Kauffmann, Baths of c. M. Kauffmann, The Baths of POZZU<lli: a Luchaire, innocent III A. Luchaire, Innocent III, 6 vols. (Paris, 1904-8,
POfWUJli Study of the Medieval Illuminations of Peter of repro Farnborough, '969)
Eboli's Poem (Oxford, '959) LXX Septuagint
Keightley, Fairy T. Keightley, Fairy Mythology (2nd edn. MacCulloch. Medieval J. A. MacCulloch, Medieval Faith and Fable
Mytlwlogy London, 1850) Faith and Fable (London, 1932)
~tnynski, 'Ze S. K~trzyfiski, 'Ze Studyow nad Gerwazym z Macrobius. Commentani Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis, ed. J Willis
Study6w' Tilbury'. Rozpra1P)l AUlD Kra/eowie, series 2~ xxi (Leipzig, 1963)
(1903), IS2....&j; French summary in Bulletin Mandeville's Travels Mandeville's Travels: Texts and Translations, ed.
international de l'Acadimie des sciences de Cracovie M. Letts, Hakluyt Society (London, 1953)
(1902), pp. 167-70 Marie de France, Lais ed. A. Ewert (Oxford, 1944)
Kittredge, Witchcraft G. L. Kittredge, Witchcraft in Old and New Marvels of the East M. R. James, The Marvels of ,he East (Oxford,
England (Cambridge, Mzss., 1929) 1929)
Latham, Rroised Medi R. E. Latham, Rroised Medieval Lotin Word-List Mckitterick, Frankish R. Mckitterick, The Frankish Kingd<Jms under the
eval Lotin Word-List from British and Irish Sources (London, 1965) Kingd<Jms Carolingians, 7SI-</J7 (London, 1983)
Lea, Materials H. C. Lea, Materials tOIDard a History of Witch de Mely, 'L'image du F. de Mely, 'L'image du Christ du Sanct2
craft (pennsylvania, 1939) Quist' Sanctorum et les rdiques chretiermes apportees
us
Lccouteux, Nains el C. Lecouteux, Les Nains et Its elfts au Moyen Age par les flots', Memoires de la Socii,. Nationale des
les elfts (Paris, 1988) Antiguaires de France, !xiii (1902), "3-44
"£egenda aurea Jacobus de Voragine, Legenda aurea, ed.]. G. T. Meyer, 'Die Gcschichte W. Meyer, 'Die Geschichte des Kreuzholzes vor
Graesse (Leipzig, 1850); trans!. G. Ryan and des Kreuzholzes' Christus', Abhandlungen der Philosophisch
H. Ripperger (New York, 1941) Phiwlogischen Classe der Kiiniglich Bayerischen
Le Goff, Naissance J. Le Goff, La Naissance du Purgatoire (Paris, Akatlemie der Wissensclwften, .vi (2) (1882),
1981); The Birth of Purgatory, trans!. 101-65
A. Goldhanuner (London, 1914) MGH Monumenta Germaniae HistorUa (Hanover); SS =
Leibniz Gervase of Tilbury, Otia imperialia, ed. G. W. Scriptores; SRM. = Scriptores Rerum Merovingi
Leibniz in Scriptores Rerum Brunsvicensium carum
(Hanover, 1707-10), i. 881-1006 and ii. 75'- MI S. Thompson, Moti.fIatier of Folk Literature, 6
14 vols. (2nd edn. Copenhagen, 1955-8)
Ulter of Pharasmanes to printed in Faral, 'Une source latine', q.v. Mirabilia Mirabilia urbis Romae. in Codice topografico della
Hadrian cit .. di Roma, ed. R. Valentini and G. Zucchetti,
Letter of PmleT John, ed. ed. F. Zamcke, Abhandlungen der Philologisch 4 vols. (Rome, 194<>-53), iii. 1-85
Zarncke Historischen Classe der Kiimglich Siichsischen Mum, Frederick P. Munz, Frederick Barbarossa: A Study i.
Ges£llschaft der Wwensclwften, vii (Leipzig, Barbarossa Medieval Politics (London, '969)
1879), 827-1028 NCE New Catholic Encyclopedia, 18 vols. (Palatine,
Lexikon des Miltdalten Lezikon des Minelalten, 9 vols. and Index m., 1967....&j)
(Munich and Zurich, 1977-<)9) Neckham, De naturis Alexander Neckham, De naturis rerum and De
Lib« IJistonae Francorum ed. B. Krusch, MGH SRM ii (Hanover, [885), rerum and De laud. sap. landibus divinae sapientiae, ed. T. Wright, RS
215-328 xxxiv (1863)
xx ABBREVIATED REFERENCES ABBREVIATED REFERENCES XXI
Nennius, Historia ed.]. Morris (London, 1980) Pseudo-Methodius, in Sibyllinische Texte una Ponchungen, ed.
Brittonum Rroelationes E. Sackur (Halle, 18gB, repro Turin, 1963),
NMT Nelson's Medieval Texts (London) pp. 1-<)6
de Nore, Coutumes A. de Nore, Coutumes. mythes et traditions des Pseudo-Turpin Hiltoria Karoli Magni et Rotholandi ou Chronique
pr01Jinces de France (Paris, 1846) au Pseudo-Turpin, ed. C. Meredith-Jones (paris,
OED Oxford English Di<tionary 1936, repro Geneva, 1972)
Oman, 'The English C. C. Oman, 'The English folklore of Gervase of Pullan Brian Pullan, Sources for the History ofM edieval
folklore' Tilbury', Polklore, Iv (1944), :>-r5 Europefrom the Mid-Eighth 10 the Mid-Tlrine ..t h
OMT Oxford Medieval Texts (Oxford) Century (Oxford, 1971)
Orderic Vitalis, HE Historia eccle,iastica, ed. M. Chibnall, OMT Ralph de Diccto, Abb. AbbreviatUmes ehronicorum, in Opera hutonca.
(196cr80) ehron. ed. W. Stubbs, RS I.viii (2 vols.) (1876), (I)
Orosius, Adversum Paulus Orosius, Historiarum adversum paganos 1~63
paganos 100 VII, ed. C. Zangemeister (Leipzig, r 88g) Ralph of Coggeshal~ ed. J. Stevenson, RS Ixvi (187S)
Passio Sancti Thomae ed. M. Bonnet, in Acta TIro,"", (Leipzig, 1883), Chronic .. Ang/icanum
Apostoli pp. 133-60 RE Real-Encyclopiidie tier classi,ch.. Allertumswis
Paul the Deacon, HL Hisloria Langobardorum, ed. G. Waitz, MGH, senschaft. ed. A. Pauly, G. Wissowa, and
Scriptor,! rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum W. Kroll (Stuttgart, 1894- )
Sate. VI-IX (Hanover, r878) Rep. Hymn. U. Chevalier, Repertorium Hymnowgicum, 6 vols.
Pauli, 'Gervasius von R. Pauli, 'Gervasius von Tilbury', N aehnenten (Louvain, 18g2-1921)
Tilbury' von der kanigliciten Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Richardson L. Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary
u.nJ der Georg-Augusts-Universitlil zu Cottinge", of Ancient Rome (Baltimore-London, 1992)
(1882), 312-32 Richardson, 'Gervase of H. G. Richardson, 'Gervase of Tilbury', History.
Pauli, MGH R. Pauli, 'E Gervasii Tilleberiensis Otiis Imper Tilbury' xlvi (1g61), 102-14
ialibus',MGH SSxxvii (Hanover, 1885), 35H4 RNJ Regestum Innocentii III papae super negotio
PC Palrowgia Graeca, ed. ]. P. Migne, 161 vols. Romani imperii, ed. F. Kempf, Miscellanea Ris
(Paris, 1857-&i) toriae Pontifici.., xii (Rome, 1947)
PL Patrowgia Latina, ed.]. P. Migne, 1st edn., 217 Roger de Hoveden, ed. W. Stubbs, RS li, 4 vols. (186g..."I)
vols. (paris, 1B44-55); indexes, 4 vols. (Paris Chronica
1862~4) Roger of Wendover, ed. H. G. Hewlett, RS lxxxiv, 3 vols. (1886-<)
Plummer, Bethada Ndem C. Plummer, Bethado Ndem n-Erenn: Lives of Fwres historiarum
n-Ereml Irish Saints (Oxford, 1922) Ross, Alexander D. J. A. Ross, Alexander Historiatus: A Guide 10
Polemius Silvius Ex latereulo Polemii Silv;i nomina omnium pro Historiatus Medieval Illustrated Alexander Literature. War
vincia-rum, in Geographi Latini minores, ed. burg Institute Surveys, i (London, 1963)
A. Riese (Heilbronn, 1&78, repro Hildesheim, RS Rolls Series (London)
1964), pp. 13()-2 Runciman, 'Some Sir Steven Runciman, 'Some remarks on the
PR Provinciale Romanum, in Calendarium Historico remarks' Image of Ede,sa', Cambridge Historical Journal,
Christianu", medjj et novi aevi, ed. A. J. Weiden ill (1929-31), 23S-S2
bzch (Regensburg, 1855), pp. 264-84 Sacramentarium ed. H. Lietzmann (Munster, 1921)
Pseudo-Abdias De "istorill eertaminis aposlo/ici (paris, 1560) Gregorianum
Pseud~sthenes Historia Alexanari Magni, ed. W. Kroll (Berlin, Schaller, 'Das geistige H.-M. SchaUer, 'Das geisrige Leben am Hofe
1926) Leben' Kaiser Ottos IV. von Braunschweig" in id.,
Pseudo-Marcella Vita S. Marthae. in B. Mombritius, SafUtuanum Stauferuit: ausgewiihlu Auflatu, MGH Schrif
(Paris, 1910), n. 231-40 ten, xxxviii (Hanover, 1993), 165--95
XXll ABBREVIATED REFERENCES .~BBREVIATED REFERENCES xxiii
Schlauch, 'Literary M. Schlauch, 'Literary exchange between Ange- Thiselton-Dyer, English T. F. Thiselton-Dyer, English Folk Lore
exchange' Yin England and Sicily', Romanic Review, xiv Folk Lore (London, 1878)
(1923), 168-88 Thorndike, History of L. Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experi
Schmitt, Les Revenants J.-C. Schmitt, us Revenants: 1£s vivants et les Magic mental Science, 8 vols. (New York-London,
morts dans fa sociiti midiivale (paris, J994) 1923-58)
Schneemelcher, New New Testam",t Apocrypha, ed. W. Schnee- TLL Thesaurus Linguae Latinae
Testament Apocrypha melcher. transI. R. MeL. Wilson, 2 vols. (Cam TUrk, 'Nugae curitJlium· E. Tiirk. 'Nuga< curialium': Le Rignt d'Henri If
bridge, 199') Piantagenet (HS4-I18<;) el i'ithique polilique
Scott, Minstrelsy Sir Walter ScOtt, Minstrehy of the Scollish (Geneva, 1977)
Bortk., ed. T. F. Henderson (Edinburgh VCH. Essex Viclor;. History of the County of Essex (London,
London, H}OZ) 1907)
Sebillot, Folk-lore P. Sobino!, Le Folk-lore Ik France, 4 vols. (Paris, de Vic-Vaissete, Histoire C. de Vic and J. Vaissete, Histoire ginirale de
1904-7) Languedoc, 16 vols. (rev. edn. Toulouse, 1872-
Servius, Commentani In Vergili; cannina commentarii, ed. G. Thilo, 3 1905)
vols. (Leipzig, 1878-1902) Vincent of Beauvais, ed. Douai, 1624
Setton, Crwades A Hislory of lhe Crusades, ed. K. M. Setton: i. Spuu/um maius
The First Hundred Years, ed. M. W. Baldwin Vita AedwarJi Regis ed. F. Barlow, 2nd edn., OMT (1992)
(philadelphia, 1955); ii. The Laler Crwalks Walpole, Early Lalin A. S. Walpole, Early Lalin Hymns (Cambridge,
I I81}--I3I I, ed. R. Lee Wolf and H. W. Hazard Hymns 1922)
(Madison, 196<}) Walter Map, De nugis ed. M. R. James, C. N. L. Brooke, and R. A. B.
Severus, Dial. Sulpicius Severus, Dialogi, ed. C. HaIm, CSEL i curia/ium Mynors, OMT (1983)
(1866); PL xx. 183-222 Welter, L'E:rempJum J.-T. Welter, L'ExempJum dons la littiralure
Shepherd, 'The emanci G. T. Shepherd, 'The emancipation of story in religieuse et didachfUe du moyen age (paris,
pation of story' the twelfth century', in Medieval Narrative, 1921>-7)
Proceedings of the Third International Sympo Wilkinson, 'The Oria B. R. Wilkinson, 'The Olia imperiolia of Gervase
sium of the Centre for the Study of Vernacular Imperia/ia ' of Tilbury: A detailed survey', Ph.D. thesis
Literature in the Middle Ages (Odense u.P., (Trinity Conege Dublin, 1965)
1979), pp. 44-57 Wilkinson, Jerusalem J. Wilkinson, Jerus.lem Pilgrims before Ihe Cru
Smith, Dictionary Sir William Smith, Dictionary of Creek and Pilgrims salks (Warminster, 1977)
Roman Biography and Mythology, 3 vols. William of Newburgh, Chronicles oft he Reigns ofS lephen, Henry If, .nd
(London, 1880) Historia rerum Richard I, i: The first four books of Ihe Historio
Smith, Dic. Ceog. Sir William Smith, Dictio ..r y of Creek and Anglicarum rerum AngJicarum of WiDiam of Newburgh, ed.
Roman Geography, 2 vols. (London, 1873) R. Howlett, RS !xxxii (I) (188.j)
Spargo, Virgil J. W. Spargo, Virgil the Necromancer (Cam Winkelmann E. Winkelmano, Philipp von Schwah. . und 0110
bridge, Mass., 1934) IV. von Braunschweig, Jahrbiicher der deutschen
Stahl, Commentary W. Stahl, transl., Macrobius: Commentary on the Geschichte, xxvii (Leipzig, 1873-8)
Dream of Sripio (New York, 1952) Wolf, 'Gervasius von A. Wolf, 'Gervasius von Tilbury und die
Theoderic, Libell., Ik ed. M. L and W. Buist (Heidelberg, 1976) Tilbury und die Welfen. Zugleich Bemerkungen zur Ehstorfer
loris sanctis Welfen' Weltkarte', in Die Welfen und ih, Braunscl"IDeiger
Theodosius De situ terrae sanctae, ed. P. Geyer in ltinera Hof im !tohen Milteialter, ed. B. Schneidmiiner
Hierololymit. .., CSEL xxxix (18<)8), 137-50, (Wiesbaden, 1995), pp. 407-38
repro in lJinerana et aJia geographica, CCSL Wolf, Beitriige wr ]. W. Wolf, Brilriige .,., Ikutschen Mythologie
J.
clxxv (1965); ed. Gilderneister (Bonn, 1882) Deutschen Mythologie (Gottingen-Leipzig, 1852)
XXIV ABBREVIATED REFERENCES
Wright, Geographical J. K. Wright, Geographical Lore oft he Time oft he
Lore Crusades: a Study in the History of Medieval INTRODUCTION
Science and Tradition in Western Europe. Amer
ican Geographical Society Research Series, xv
(New York, 1925, repro 1965)
de Xivrey, Traditions Berger de Xivrey, Traditions tiratologiques (Paris.
liratologiques 1836) . 1. THE AUTHOR
Gervase of Tilbury pursued an international career as an adminis
trator and jurist in the quarter-centuries either side of IZOO. His
extensive travels and broad experience in western Europe, and the
contacts he made with many of the great rulers of his day, provided
him with the materials for the work for which he is chiefly known: the
alia imperialia, or 'Recreation for an Emperor', dedicated to the
emperor Otto IV.' As is often the case with medieval authors, most of
what we know about Gervase's life comes from casual references in
his own writings, though modem scholarship has been able to
supplement this information with some documentary evidence for
his career' It is possible that further searches through the archives of
Rheims, Aries, and Sicily might claritY some of the uncertainties in
the account of his life which follows, but for the understanding of the
alia the precise details of Gervase's career are of secondary import
ance, and such enquiries have not been undertaken for this edition.
He presumably came from Tilbury in Essex, though the only
evidence for this is his name. We know nothing of his family except
that he was related to Patrick, earl of Salisbury, and so belonged to
the Anglo-Norman elite. He enjoyed a close friendship with the earl's
son Philip, based on a long comradeship in the schools and at the
court of Henry II' His acquaintance with a number of insignificant
places in England may date from his childhood, or from the time he
spent at the English court (though the latter was more often than not
in France)' Gervase's date of birth is not known. He refers to himself
1 On the title see below, p. xli.
2 The attempt to trace Gervase's life-story has been made by a number of scholars: see
in particular R. Pauli, 'Gervasius von Tilbury', Busquet, 'Gervais de Tilbury inoonnu'.
pp. 2-3; H.-J. Schulze, "Gervasius von Tilbury: Sein Leben, seine Staatsauffassung und
scin VerhiUtnis zur Antike,' (diss., Berlin, 1955); Richardson, 'Gervase of Tilbury',
pp. 105--9; Wilkinson. 'The Oti4 impmalia', pp. 2-30; Duchesne, Livre, pp. 1-6; Wolf,
l(iervasius von Tilbury und die Welfen', pp. 411-27.
3 Olia, iii. 12.
4 e.g. Droitwich (Olia, iii. 2), Aspley Guise (iii. 4), and Ongar (iii. 1)6). Gervase also
shows a knowledge of English vocabulary, mentioning the English words for a skylight, Ii
werewolf. and a forester (pp. 82, 86, and 336).
XXVI INTRODUCTION THE AuTHOR XXVll
as puer in an anecdote set in the time of Pope Alexander m (1159- intellectuals and men of letters.12 He had a particularly close relation
81).5 By contemporary convention this word was used of males ship with the Young King, Henry (III) (d. June 1I83), for whom he
between the ages of 7 and 14: which means that he must have composed a Liber jaceliarum.13 Gervase mentions Ralph Niger as
been born not earlier than "45 and not later than "75. Since we having been among his companions at the Young Henry's court." He
know that he was present at the reconciliation between Alexander III speaks of the Young King with great adntiration and affection, and his
and Frederick Barbarossa at Venice in 1177,' it would seem probable premature death evidendy caused him sincere distress;15
that he was born in the II 50s or the early lI60s, though a later date (c) we know that at some point he was in the service of William of
has been suggested· the White Hands, archbishop ofRheims from 1 '76 until his death in
We know a considerable amount about Gervase's career before 1202.'6 Ralph of Coggeshall relates a story which he claims to have
about 1200, but unfortunately not quite enough to be able to fit what heard from Gervase himself. One day in the time of King Louis, the
we know into a single compelling sequence. It may help simply to set archbishop was taking exercise outside the city with his clerks, among
out wbat is known before discussing the ways in which this ntight be whom was Gervase. Gervase spied a girl walking on her own in a
ordered: vineyard, and turned aside to speak to ber. Noticing that she was
(a) we know that he studied canon law at Bologna, where he pretty, he made advances to her; she replied that she would suffer
acquired the tide of magister and taught law for a time." He mentions eternal damnation if she lost her virginity. Since one of the tenets of
as one of his pupils John Pignatelli, subsequendy archdeacon of the publicani was that procreation was evil, Gervase surntised that she
Naples, where Gervase visited him in III)O, and learnt from him of belonged to this sect, and was engaging ber in a theological argument
the continuing efficacy of Virgil's magic. to He was already well aware when the archbishop arrived on the scene. The incident ended with
of Virgil's connection with Naples: on the occasion of an earlier visit the girl being burnt at the stake.l7 Whether Gervase felt any shame
to the city, probably from Bologna, Cardinal John of Naples bad for his part in this affair, we do not know; but he remained fiercely
shown him the book in which Virgil had recorded his magical art. II unrelenting in his opposition to this heresy. 18 Though the reference
We have already noted that Gervase was at Venice in "77, and this to Louis VII appears to date the incident to 1 [80 or before, this is not
may well have fallen within his period of study and teaching in entirely certain, given that we are dealing with memories which may
northern Italy; have been recorded up to forty years later. The girl calls Gervase
(b) we know that like many other contemporary literati he spent adolescens, which, if Ralph was using it conventionally and the
some time at the court of Henry II, a favourable environment for assumptions made about Gervase's birth above are correct, gives an
5 Otia, iii. 104- 12 On Henry ll's court as a focus ofleaming see W. F. Schinner and U. Broich, Stutlim
~ A. Hofmeister, 'Puer, iuvenis. senex: Zum Vetstandnis der mitte1a1terlichen Alters r.IlfII lilet'fsrischen P/JIrotJQt Un E"g/aM des I2. ]IJhrl"m4erts (Cologne and Opladen, 1')62);
bezeichnungen', in PIJpmum utld KIJisertum, ed. A. Brackmann (Munich, 1926), pp. 281- P. Dronke, 'Peter of Blois and Poetry at the Court of Henry ll', MedieNl StudieJ, uxviii
316, at p. 294. (1976), 18S--23S; TUrk. 'Nutlll turia/ium'; E. Salter, &g/ish IJM 1",emIIIWniJI: StuJin in llu
7 Otia, ii. 19. at n. SI. LilerfJlur~, Art IIttd PIIITD1UIge of Me4Wv1Jl Engf4JrJd (Cambridge, IC)88), pp. 4--28·
I Wolf, "Gervasius von Tilbury und die Welfcn" p. 413, suggests that be may have Il See below, p. xcii.
been there lIS a page accompanying Henry ll's daughter Joanna on her way to Sicily. This 14 OM, ii. 3. at n. 24.
docs not seem very probable, but he might conceivably have been present as a boy 15 Olia, ii. 21, pp. 486-7. On the Young Henry's popularity, see W. L. Warren.. King
accompanying the English envoys there. For other English observers see R. Thomson, 'An John (Hannondsworth, J961), p. 46 and n. . .
English eye-witness of the Peace of Venice, U77', Speculum, I (1975), 21-32, at p. 2-3. I~ On William see K. Ganzer, Die EntIDicl:llmg des I'IUnVtirlJgen Kardinalllts ,m hohm
9 On the study of law at Bologna and English canonists there see S. Kuaner and MineWler (Tiibingen, 1(}63), pp. 125-9; and P. Desportes, Reims el Ja Rimois IJIa It el
E. Rathbone, 'AnghrNorman canonists of the twelfth century', TrtJditio, vii (1949-51), 14-siitks (paris, 1979). On William as a literary patrOn see J. R. Williams, 'William of the
279-358; J. Fried, 1M EtJt1Di&~lung des juristmsttJndes ;m La. jil4rlnmdut (Cologne. Wc.h ite Hands and Men of Letters', AnnivmlJry ESJfJYf jn MedieNI History by Stuiknts of
'974)· H. H.,/rins (Boston and New Y",k, '929), pp. 365-87; Walta" of OtitiJ1on's
10 OtUJ, iii. 12. AJuA,.arm. Peter ComestQt's HisttwUI UhOIlutUlI, and Peter of Poi tier's SrolmlUu were
II OhA, iii. 112, n. 12. John of Naples was cardinal ofSt Anastasia from IIS8 to 1183. among the works dedicated to him.
but the visit referred to was probably befOce U8I, since Gervase appears to place it in the 17 Ralph of Coggeshall. Clwonicon Ang/icll"um, pp. 121-4·
m.
time of Alexander I' See especially 01;'" i. 2.
xxviii INTRODUCTION THE AUTHOR XJUX
absolute terminus ante quem for tbe incident of tbe late lI!)OSl' promising clerics to be sponsored at Paris or Bologna by bishops, his
William is known to bave carried out persecutions of the publicani, time at Bologna could have been part of it. It would then have been
tbe sect to wbicb the girl belonged, in the 1I80s;w followed by service at Henry II's court, beginning at some point
(d) we know that be was in the service ofthe king of Sicily at the before the Young King's death in ,,83; that in tum would have
end of the 1180s. Gervase was of sufficient standing to receive from shifted to service at William Irs court sometime between n83 and
William II tbe gift of a villa at Nola, to enable him to escape from the 1189; and following titat he would bave taken up service with Imbert
stifling heat of Palermo in tbe summer. He took bis friend Philip of of Aries, probably quite quickly, but certainly by 1201. However,
Salisbury there, be tells us, in June of the year in whicb Acre was there is just about room in the "Sos to fit a period of service with
besieged." Acre was under siege in the Third Crusade from August William there, and it couId also have taken place between his time in
II89 to July 1191; since Pbilip most probably arrived with the Sicily and his time in Aries, especially as the "90S are otherwise a
English crusading army, the year is likely to have been 1190, blank as far as what is known of his career is concerned. The fact that
though II89 is also possible." Gervase presumably lost standing in Gervase had some contact with Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris
Sicily following the death of William II in November II 89. William 1160--<)6, shortly before the bishop died, gives some weight to this
was married to Henry II's daughter Joanna and had a number of possibility.25 There are in any case enough gaps in the information for
Englishmen in his service.1.3 However, William's successor Tancred Gervase to have spent periods in other rulers' or ecclesiastics'
also allied himself with Richard I after a brief initial discord, and entourages without our knowing about them.
Sicily need not have become an impossible place for Gervase until the At some point after his stay in Sicily he settled in Aries, where he is
take-over by Henry VI in II94;24 found in the entourage of Imbert d'A iguieres, archbishop of ArIes
(e) by 1201 at tbe latest we find him in the kingdom of Aries, in the [191-1202,26 around the tum of the century. He appears in four
entourage of Archbishop Imbert (1191-1202), as we shall see shortly. archiepiscopal documents between II98 and 1202.27 At some point he
It is clear that the above sequence is broadly in correct chrono married a relative of 1mbert's;28 the marriage brought him a palace,
logical order: in particular, (d) precedes (e) and (b) precedes (d), and and established him in the highest ranks of Proven~ society. Later
(a) must precede (d) and almost certainly precedes (b). The main the ownership of the palace was contested, and confirmed to Gervase
difficulty lies in placing (c), his service with William of the White by a decision of the imperial court.2'J This has been taken to mean that
Hands. This is most likely to have been in the 1170s, right at the his wife died before the presentation of the Otia to Otto IV in 1214/
beginning of his career-indeed, since it was quite common for 15,30 but this need not necessarily have been the case: it is possible
that Gervase and his wife were here fending off claims from his wife's
19 Hofmeister, 'Puer, iuvenis, senex', p. 294, sbows that atioiescentia stretched from 14
to 21, 28, 30, or 35. '-' See Olio, ii. '7. at n. 14, where Gervase relates a story .'.lbout the approach of death
20 For another story illustrating William's persecution of this sect, see Walw Map, De which he had learned from Maurice as the bishop was dying.
nugis ~iium. i. 30; for Rheims persecutions of dualist bettocs see Wolf, '~rvas.ius von 26 For Imbert's dates, see GtJlJia CIrrisJiAM Nownima: Arks, cds. J.-H. Albanes and
Tilbury und die We1fen" p. -41+ U. Chevalier (Valence, II)OI), pp. 264 and 29l!.
21 Olia, iii. IZ. 1:7 Callia Chmhana NrwissirM: A,-les, nO. 136 001. 283 (undated; limited JIC)8 x 120:2 by
zz For the siege of Acre and the arrival of the English army in Sicily in September 1190 the mention of the provost Michael and the death of Imbert in July 12(2); no. 147 cols.
(but presumably with advance parties), see H. E. Mayer, The Crusades, znd edn. (Oxford, zt)O--Z (November lZOl); no. 749, cols. 292-6 Uuly tun: Gervase a witness to the
1988), pp. '43-6· authenticity of Imbeds will on Imbert's death). In tJlese three documents be appears as
23 C. H. Haskins, 'England and Sicily in the twelfth century', English HislQrieaJ RroinrJ, _ Gervase: in Col .. Christiana N~, Ma",i/le, cd. ].-H. AlbanCs and
xxvi (19II), 433--47 and 641--65; M. Schlauch, 'Literary exchange between Angevin U. Chevalier (Vdence, 1899), no. 1IZ2 ooIs. 7Q2.-4 (March 1201: arbitration by 1mbert
England and Sicily', ROm/nne Review, xiv (1923), 168-88; E. M. Jamison, 'The Sicilian between the canons and Templars of Marseilles in the archiepiscopal palace at Aries) the
Norman kingdom in the mind of Anglo-Norman contemporaries'. Proeudmp oft he BrilisA charter records him presiding as judge: 'assidente nobis magistro Gervasio., iudice
Actuletny, xxiv (1938), 231-85; earl., 'Alliance of England and Sicily in the 6eCOnd half of Are1atm.'.
the twelfth century', in Effglotul and the Meditem",ean Tradition: StuJia in Art, History atui 2l Draa, iii. 86, at n. 9.
Literature, ed. Warburg and Courtauld Institute (Oxford, 1945), pp. 2O-3Z, at 31-2. 2t Otia., ill. cp, at n. 5.
Z+ See on this C. Reisinger, Tanlered V(}tl Leece (Cologne, 11)92), pp. 136--45. 30 Duchesne, Livre, p. 3; Wolf, 'Gervasius von Tilbury und die We1fen', p. 417.