Table Of ContentORCHIDS OF MALAWI
ORCHIDS OF MALAWI
The epiphytic and terrestrial orchids
from South and East Central Africa
By
I. F. LA CROIX
E.A. S. LA CROIX
T.M. LA CROIX
A.A. BALKEMA / ROTTERDAM / BROOKFIELD /1991
In memory ofDigby (1979-1988),
faithful guard and companion on so many outings
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by
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Published by
A.A. Balkema, ~O. Box 1675, 3000 BR Rotterdam, Netherlands
A.A. Balkema Publishers, Old Post Road, Brookfield, VT 05036, USA
ISBN 90 6191 808 1
© 1991 A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Printed in the Netherlands
Tableof contents
LISTOF PLATES VII 10 Centrostigma 43
11 Cynorkis 45
12 Habenaria 50
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX
13 Platycoryne 101
14 Roeperocharis 105
NOTEONPHOTOGRAPHS X 15 Stenoglottis 107
16 Brownleea 108
17 Disa 110
1 MALAWI:CLIMATEANDGEOGRAPHY 1
18 Herschelianthe 126
Climate 1 19 Monadenia 128
Geography 4 20 Satyrium 129
21 Disperis 152
2 ORCHIDSINTHEIRNATURAL SubfamilyEpidendroideae 162
HABITATS 7 22 Vanilla 162
23 Nervilia 163
24 Didymoplexis 171
Habitsofgrowth 7
25 Epipogium 172
VegetationtypesinMalawi 8
26 Calanthe 172
Floweringtimes 12
27 Phaius 174
28 Liparis 175
3 CULTIVATION 13 29 Malaxis 179
30 Oberonia 181
31 Stolzia 182
4 STRUCTURE 15
32 Bulbophyllum 185
SubfamilyVandoideae 207
5 CLASSIFICATION 18
33 Polystachya 207
34 Acampe 234
6 KEYTOGENERA 21 35 Taeniophyllum 235
36 Angraecum 236
SubfamilySpiranthoideae 24
37 Jumellea 243
1 Corymborkis 24
38 Aerangis 244
2 Platylepis 25
39 Ancistrorhynchus 255
3 Zeuxine 26
40 Angraecopsis 256
Subfamily Orchidoideae 27 41 Bolusiella 259
4 Epipactis 27 42 Calyptrochilum 260
5 Brachycorythis 29 43 Cardiochilos 261
6 SchwartzkopJfia 34 44 Chamaeangis 262
7 Neobolusia 35 45 Cyrtorchis 264
8 Schizochilus 36 46 Diaphananthe 269
9 Holothrix 37 47 Eggelingia 276
V
VI Table ofcontents
48 Microholmesia 277
GLOSSARY 345
49 Microcoelia 277
50 Mystacidium 283
MAN
CHECKLIST OF MALA ORCHIDS 347
51 Rangaeris 284
52 Solenangis 285
List of collectorabbrevia
53 Summerhayesia 286
tions 351
54 Tridactyle 287
Literatureabbreviations 351
55 Ypsilopus 297
56 Ansellia 299
REFERENCES 353
57 Eulophia 300
58 Oeceoclades 343
INDEX 355
List of plates
facing page
1 Brachystegia woodland, Mulanje. Photo by 32 D.erubeseens subsp. carsonii,Nyika,
EM. Johnstone 38
7.1.83 102
2 ZeuxineballiiLC 852, Mzuzu, 15.10.86 38
33 D.ornithantha LC 970, Nyika, 14.2.87 102
3 EpipactisafricanaLC 1047, Chikangawa, 34 D.hircicornis, Nyika, 14.2.87 102
15.8.87 38
35 D.robusta, S. Viphya, 21.12.86 102
4 Brachycorythis buchananiiLC 775, S.
36 D.walleri,Nyika approach, 17.1.87 103
Viphya, 12.1.86 39
37 Hersehelianthe bauriiLC 865, Nyika,
5 B.pleistophylla subsp. leopoldiiLC 906,
25.10.86 103
Chipunga, 22.12.86 39
38 H. praecoxLC 849, Nyika, 6.9.86 103
6 B.tenuiorLC416,Nyika,9.1.83 39
39 SatyriumorbiculareLC 556, S. Viphya,
7 Schwartzkopffia lastiiLC 372, Mulanje,
24.2.84 103
Lichenya path, 28.11.82 39
40 S. maerophyllum, Zomba Mt, 13.3.82 103
8 Neobolusia stolzii,Nyika, March 83.
41 S. hallackiisubsp. oeellatumLC 358,
Photo by David Elias 39
Thyolo, 14.11.82 134
9 Holothrix longiflora, Zomba Mt, Dec. 80 39
42 S. monadenum LC 403, Nyika, 6.1.83 135
10 Centrostigma clavatum, S. Viphya, 4.1.83 54
43 S. rhynchantoides, Zomba Mt, 12.2.84 135
11 Cynorkis kassneriana, Zomba Mt, 11.3.84 54
44 S. sceptrumLC 319, Nyika, 22.4.82 135
12 C. symoensii LC 613, Mughese forest,
45 S. sphaeranthum, Nyika, 3.3.87 135
11.4.84 54
46 S. breve,Zomba, 12.11.83 150
13 Habenaria insolitaLC 1029, Nyika, 5.4.87 54
47 S.paludosum,S. Viphya, 4.1.83 150
14 H. praestans, Zomba Mt, 13.3.82 54
48 S. trinerve, Zomba Mt, Jan. 81 150
15 H. splendens LC 1018, Mzuzu, 19.3.87 54
49 DisperisanthocerosLC 799, Choma near
16 H. harmsiana, Mzenga dambo, 10.1.86 55
Mzuzu, 9.2.86 150
17 H. walleriLC 383, Bvumbwe, 2.1.83 55
50 D.bifidaLC 972, Nyika, 15.2.87 151
18 H. villosaLC 554, Bvumbwe, 19.2.84 55
51 Vanilla polylepisLC 880, S. Viphya,
19 H. rhopalostigma, Mpherembe, 17.1.87 86
15.11.86 151
20 H. macruraLC 940, Mpherembe, 17.1.87 86
52 NerviliashirensisLC 363, Bvumbwe,
21 H. subarmata LC 955, Mpherembe, 7.2.87 86
21.11.82 151
22 H. mechowiiLC 88, S. Viphya, 8.1.81 86
53 Epipogium roseumJohnston-Stewart 14,
23 H. cf. stylitesLC 1015, Livingstonia
Thyolo, 11.12.80. Photo by N.G.B.
escarpment, 15.3.86 86
Johnston-Stewart 151
24 Platyeoryne mediocris, Mulanje Mt. Photo
54 Calanthe sylvatieaLC 614, Mughese
by EM. Johnstone 86
forest, 11.4.84 182
25 P. pervillei,Mpita estate, 28.1.84 87
55 LiparisnervosaLC 946, Mzuzu, 28.1.87 182
26 Stenoglottisfimbriata, Dedza Mt, 23.2.85 87
56 Bulbophyllum longiflorum, Thyolo,
27 Disafragrans ~ Royle in LC 1040,
Jan. 81 182
Mulanje Mt, 15.5.87 87
57 B.josephiiLC 1032, S. Viphya, 20.4.87 183
28 D.satyriopsis, Nyika, 13.2.87 87
58 Polystachya.brassii, Bvumbwe, 11.9.83 183
29 D. welwitschii, Mzengadambo, 10.1.83 87
59 P. minima,Bvumbwe, 13.12.79 183
30 D. engleriana LC 585, S. Viphya, 4.4.84 87
60 P. dendrobiifiora, N. Viphya, 5.10.86 183
31 D. zombica, Zomba Mt, 11.3.84 87
VII
VIII Listofplates
61 P. heckmanniana LC 868,Uzumaraforest, 94 E.eylesiiLC 735, N. Viphya, 1.12.85 294
1.11.86 198 95 E.nyasaeHutson& LC 733, Chirimba,
62 P. mzuzuensis, S.Viphya, 23.1.87 198 Blantyre, 24.12.85. Photoby lA. Hutson 294
63 P. johnstonii, ZombaMt, 26.10.80 198 96 E.penduliflora LC 722, Chirimba,
64 P. zambesiaca LC 767, Miralenear Blantyre, 12.10.85 294
Blantyre, 29.12.85 199 97 E.acutilabra Scholfield in LC 1057,
65 Acampepraemorsa, NkhudziBay, 6.2.81 199 Kaningina ER., 21.10.87 294
66 Angraecum stella-africae, S. Viphya, 98 E. venulosa LC 347, Likhubula valley,
20.1.86 199 Mulanje, 22.11.81 294
67 Aerangismystacidii, Thyolo. Photoby 99 E. longisepala LC 956, Mpherembe,
lA. Hutson 199 7.2.87 294
68 A. verdickii, Lilongwe, Dec. 86 230 100 E. rolfeana LC 507, MalosaMt, 19.11.83 295
69 Angraecopsis amaniensis, Bvumbwe, 101 E.seleensis LC 882, N.Viphya, 16.11.86 295
29.3.83 230 102 E.mumbwaensis Jenkins6, Mpingwe Hill,
70 Cyrtorchis arcuatasubsp.whytei. Photoby 26.10.85 295
N.G.B.Johnston-Stewart 230 103 E.rhodesiaca LC 720, Chirimba, Blantyre,
71 C. crassifolia, Mzuzu,30.11.83 230 11.10.85 295
72 C. praetermissa, Thyolo. Photoby lA. 104 E.parvulaLC 719, MzediHill,Limbe,
Hutson 230 21.9.85 295
73 Diaphananthe xanthopollinia LC 323, 105 E.petersii,cultivated plant,Thyolo,
Nyikaapproach, 21.4.82 231 7.11.83 295
74 Microcoelia corallina, Matope, 10.10.85 231 106 E.jiavopurpurea LC 758, Chinteche,
75 M. ornithocephala, SambaniHill,22.12.83 231 19.12.85 326
76 M smithiiLC851,SambaniHill,10.9.86 231 107 E.angolensis, ZombaMt, 3.1.82 326
77 M. stolzii, Bvumbwe, 30.11.80 246 108 E.horsfallii, Mzuzu,22.8.87 326
78 Tridactyle citrina, Nyika, Dec. 82 246 109 E. coeloglossa, Mzuzu,Katotodambo,
79 Anselliaafricana, KavuziEstate, 18.8.87 246 1.1.87 326
80 Eulophia guineensis LC 878,Njakwa 110 E.livingstoniana, Mzuzu, 10.11.85 327
Gorge, 13.11.86 247 111 E.cucullata, S. Viphya, Mtangatanga
81 E.galeoloides LC 111,Thyolo,28.2.81 247 ER., 29.11.86 327
82 E.macrantha LC 106,Zomba, 14.2.81 247 112 E.latilabris,S.Viphya, 10.12.85 327
83 E.euantha LC79,S. Viphya, 4.1.81 247 113 E.calantha, Mzuzu,Katotodambo,1.1.87 327
84 E.thomsonii, S.Viphya, 27.11.86 278 114 E.speciosa, Bvumbwe, 21.11.82 342
85 E.adenoglossa LC 759,N. Viphya, 115 E.streptopetala, Mzuzu,7.11.86 342
22.12.85 278 116 E.orthoplectra LC 717, Bvumbwe, 1.9.85 342
86 E. zeyheri. Photoby EM. Johnstone 278 117 E.tuberculata,ZombaMt, 11.10.81 342
87 E.odontoglossa, S. Viphya, 7.1.81 278 118 E.arenicola Scholfield in LC 1051,Nyika,
88 E.milneiLC 889,S. Viphya, 27.11.86 279 6.9.87 343
89 E.walleri, Kasungu, 10.1.87 279 119 Efridericii. Likhubula valley, Mulanje,
90 E.ischna, Mzengadambo,Dec.86 279 28.11.82 343
91 E.elegans Cornelius in LC 1003, 120 E. gonychila LC 434> Chimaliro E R.,
Chikangawa, 7.3.87 279 25.10.82 343
92 E.stachyodes, Bvumbwe, 18.1.84 279
93 E.norlindhii LC 753, Dzalanyama E R.,
11.12.85 279
Acknowledgements
Firstof all,we shouldliketo thankDr PJ. Cribbof the S. R. Nicholas
Kew Herbarium for much help and advice and for ThyoloGardenClub
many identifications, and also' at Kew, Mrs Joyce Mr & MrsJ. W. Killick
Stewart. WearegratefultoDr J. Seyani and the staff MrsC. Chowning
oftheMalawiNational Herbarium inZombafortheir Mrs C. Barrow
cooperation. InMalawimanypeoplehavebroughtus BlantyreCityGardenClub
specimens and told us where to look for interesting Mr & Mrs S. Brown
orchids,whileotherswho havenow left the country I.Conforzi(Tea&Tobacco) Ltd.
gaveusinformationby letter. Wecannotmentionall, Mr & Mrs D.W. Cornelius
but in particular we should like to thank Nigel Mr GeoffField
Johnston-Stewart, JamesandSueHutson,Maireand Miss ~ Jenkins
Mark Spurrier, Francoise Dowsett-Lemaire, David MissHazelMeredith
Elias, Pat Jenkins, Pat Royle, Tim Scholfield, David Mr John Murlis
andIrisCornelius, JeanPawekand.Helen Welsh. NationalFaunaPreservation Societyof Malawi,
WearegratefultoJ.J.Vermeulen andA.J.Gassner BlantyreBranch
for allowing us to use their splendid drawings; to NationalFaunaPreservation SocietyofMalawi,
SARTOCfor giving the separation for photographs LilongweBranch
already used in their brochure and to Borge Pet NationalFaunaPreservation Societyof Malawi,
tersson for information on Nervilia. Robert and NorthernBranch
Francoise Dowsettleftustheuseoftheirvehiclefor MrsE. Phillips
ourfinalyearinMalawi, withoutwhichwecouldnot Mr & MrsA. J. Rix
have reached many obscure places. We also thank LadyO. M. Roseveare
CherylScholfieldforconsiderable helpwiththefinal Mr BernhardSchuster
typing. Mr J. ~ Stevens
Finally, we are most grateful to all those who Mr A. Tolfts
generously donated money towards the provision of MrsJune Walker
extracolourphotographs. Theyarelistedbelow: Mr & Mrs M. Waltner
StanleySmith"Horticultural Trust MrsSophieWestrop
National BankofMalawi Mr & Mrs M. Willetts
DavidWhitehead &Sons(Malawi)Ltd. Dr I. Windsor
Mr1. Jacques Tobacco Processors (Malawi)Ltd.
Mrs~ Royle Mr & MrsJ. D. Chapman
Mr A. Archibald Mrs Sue Emmott
SouthernAfricanRegional TouristCouncil
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