Table Of ContentOptics/Materials science Optics/Materials science T P T P
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Over the last century, numerous optical tOecvhenr itqhuee sla hsta vcee nbteuerny ,d neuvmeloerpoeuds toop cthicaarla tcetcehrinzieq mueast ehraivaels ,b een developed to characterize materials,
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diverse phenomena as high-temperature sduipveerrcsoe npdhuecntoivmiteyn aan ads phriogthe-inte fmolpdeirnagt.u Ore pstuipcearlc Toencdhuncitqivuiteys and protein folding. Optical Techniques
for Solid-State Materials Characterizaftoiro Sn oplriodv-iSdteast ed eMtaailteedr idaless cCrihpatrioanctse orfi zbaatsiiocn a pnrdo avdidveasn dceedta iled descriptions of basic and advanced
optical techniques commonly used to stuodpyt imcaalt teerciahlns,i qfruoems c tohme msimonpllye utsoe dth teo c sotmudpyl emx.a Ttehreia blso, ofrko m the simple to the complex. The book
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material properties. material properties.
With chapters written by pioneering expWerittsh icnh vaaprtieoruss w orpittticeanl bteyc phinoinqeueersi,n tgh eex tpeexrtt sfi risnt vparroioviudse os ptical techniques, the text first provides
background on light–matter interactionsb, saecmkgircoounnddu cotno rlsi,g ahnt–dm maetttaelrs ibneteforarcet dioisncsu, ssseimngic loinnedaurc, ttoimrse, -and metals before discussing linear, time-
integrated optical experiments for measuirnitnegg rbaatseidc ompattiecraila el xppreorpimeretinetss, sfourc hm aesa sFuoruinrige rb tarsaicn smfoartmer ial properties, such as Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescencien, faranrde dR sapmeacntr oscscaottpeyr,i npgh.o Ttohleu mneinxte ssceecnticoen, abnedg iRnsa mwiatnh sac attering. The next section begins with a
description of ultrashort pulse generationd easncdri pctairornie ro fd uynltaramshicosr itn p suelmsei cgoennderuacttioorns aanndd cmarertiaelrs .d Tyhnea mics in semiconductors and metals. The
book then discusses time-resolved opticalb toeockh nthiqeune ds,i sscuucshs eass tpimume-pr–esporlovbeed soppetcitcraols tceocphyn, itqeuraehs,e srutzc h as pump–probe spectroscopy, terahertz
spectroscopy, and magneto-optical spectrsopseccotproy.s cTohpey ,s aunbdse mquaegnnte tsoec-toipotni cdael sscpreibcterso sspcoatpiya.l lTy hrees soulvbesdeq uent section describes spatially resolved
optical spectroscopy, including conventioonpatli coapl tsipcaelc tmroicsrcoospcyo, piny calnuddi mngi ccroon-voepntitcioaln aanl dop nteicaarl- fimeilcdr oscopy and micro-optical and near-field
scanning techniques. The book concludsecsa wnnitihn ga nte ocvhenrivqiueews .o Tf hmeo broe oakd vcaonncceludd, eesm werigthin agn o opvteicravli ew of more advanced, emerging optical
techniques, such as ultrafast x-ray and electetrcohnn idqiuffersa,c stuiocnh, ausl turaltfraasfta spth xo-troaeym ainsdsi oenle cstpreocntr doisfcforapcyt,i aonnd, ultrafast photoemission spectroscopy, and
time-resolved optical microscopy. time-resolved optical microscopy.
As optical techniques are among the firstA asp oppliteidca wl hteecnh nstiuqduyeisn agr en eawm osynsgt etmhes fiwristth a npopvlieeld p wrohpeenr tsiteus,d ying new systems with novel properties,
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clear, detailed explanations of these techncilqeaure, sd, ethtaei lbedoo ekx pelnaanbalteiso nress oeaf rtchheesres tteoc hrenaidqiulye si,m thpele bmoeonkt enables researchers to readily implement
Edited by Edited by
them and acquire new insights into the mtahteemria lasn tdh eayc qsutuirdey n. ew insights into the materials they study.
Rohit P. PrasankRuomhairt P. Prasankumar
Antoinette J. TayAlonrtoinette J. Taylor
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Optical techniques
sOliD-state
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MateRials chaRacteRiZatiOn
Optical techniques
sOliD-state
FOR
MateRials chaRacteRiZatiOn
Edited by
Rohit P. Prasankumar
Antoinette J. Taylor
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Cover Image: Volker Steger
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© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20110705
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To Anuradha (Rohit P. Prasankumar)
CONTENTS
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
Editors xv
Contributors xvii
List of Abbreviations xxi
Part I Background
1 Light–Matter Interactions 3
Willie J. Padilla
2 Semiconductors and Their Nanostructures 39
Jeffrey Davis and Chennupati Jagadish
3 The Optical Properties of Metals: From Wideband to Narrowband Materials 79
Richard D. Averitt
Part II LInear oPtIcaL SPectroScoPy
4 Methods for Obtaining the Optical Constants of a Material 111
Hidekazu Okamura
5 Methods for Obtaining the Optical Response after CW Excitation 151
Sajan Saini
6 Raman Scattering as a Tool for Studying Complex Materials 193
S. Lance Cooper, Peter Abbamonte, Nadya Mason, C. S. Snow, Minjung Kim,
Harini Barath, John F. Karpus, Cesar E. Chialvo, James P. Reed, Young-Il Joe,
Xiaoqian Chen, Diego Casa, and Y. Gan
Part III tIme-reSoLved oPtIcaL SPectroScoPy
7 Ultrashort Pulse Generation and Measurement 237
Andrew Kowalevicz
8 Carrier Dynamics in Bulk Semiconductors and Metals after Ultrashort
Pulse Excitation 291
Jure Demsar and Thomas Dekorsy
9 Ultrafast Pump–Probe Spectroscopy 329
David J. Hilton
vii
vIII Contents
10 Transient Four-Wave Mixing 371
Steven T. Cundiff
11 Time-Domain and Ultrafast Terahertz Spectroscopy 397
Robert A. Kaindl
12 Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 443
Marc Achermann
13 Time-Resolved Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy 467
Jigang Wang
14 Time-Resolved Raman Scattering 507
Daniele Fausti and Paul H.M. van Loosdrecht
Part Iv SPatIaLLy-reSoLved oPtIcaL SPectroScoPy
15 Microscopy 533
Alexander Neumann, Yuliya Kuznetsova, and Steven R.J. Brueck
16 Micro-Optical Techniques 575
Kartik Srinivasan, Matthew T. Rakher, and Marcelo Davanço
17 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy 619
Ben Mangum, Eyal Shafran, Jessica Johnston, and Jordan Gerton
Part v recent deveLoPmentS
18 Recent Developments in Spatially and Temporally Resolved Optical
Characterization of Solid-State Materials 663
Rohit P. Prasankumar and Antoinette J. Taylor
PREFACE
You can’t study the darkness by flooding it with light.
Edward Abbey
Or can you? From the earliest beginnings of humankind, darkness has evoked emotions of
fear and uncertainty in nearly all of us. The control of fire and invention of the light bulb
helped alleviate these feelings, but to this day, when entering a dark room, we usually respond
by turning on the light. This reaction speaks to the primacy of vision among our senses, per-
haps because we can immediately obtain a massive amount of information by simply open-
ing our eyes and looking at the world around us. In much the same manner, one can rapidly
learn a lot about a material by simply shining light on it. Accordingly, it is not surprising that
optics has been used to study both natural and man-made phenomena from the beginning of
recorded history.
In fact, light is virtually an ideal tool for studying nearly any material or phenomenon, as
optical techniques have several notable advantages over other methods. Paramount is their
noncontact and nondestructive nature, along with the ability to broadly tune from x-ray to
terahertz (THz) frequencies, generate attosecond (10−18 s) duration pulses, and probe nanoscale
dimensions (<10 nm). Therefore, by using one or more of the myriad optical techniques that
have been developed over the last century for characterizing materials, substantial insight
into phenomena ranging from high-temperature superconductivity to protein folding can be
obtained.
The purpose of this book is thus to describe both basic and advanced experimental opti-
cal techniques that are commonly used to study materials. To the best of our knowledge, a
single volume that describes the essential experimental techniques for optically character-
izing materials does not exist, and relatively few references discuss any of these methods in
detail. This then presents an opportunity to address these issues by describing established
optical experiments in the same volume as more recently developed temporally and spatially
resolved methods. More specifically, we aim to describe these techniques in enough detail for
researchers with different levels of experience to build and/or use a working setup, acquire
data on both simple and complex materials, and analyze and interpret these data to obtain
insight into fundamental material properties with minimal reliance on other sources.
To accomplish this, we solicited contributions from experts who have pioneered these tech-
niques and extensively applied them to characterize complex materials in their own labora-
tories. Although we have attempted to include the most widely known optical techniques for
characterizing materials, this book is not meant to be exhaustive; several important methods
have undoubtedly been left out, either inadvertently or due to space limitations. In addition,
although our intention is to describe each of these techniques in extensive detail as mentioned
ix
