Table Of ContentOn the Frontlines
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On the Frontlines
Gender, War, and the Post-Confl ict Process
Fionnuala Ní Aoláin
Dina Francesca Haynes
Naomi Cahn
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ní Aoláin, Fionnuala, 1967-
On the frontlines : gender, war, and the post-confl ict process / Fionnuala Ní Aoláin,
Dina Francesca Haynes, Naomi Cahn.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-539664-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-19-539665-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Women and war. 2. Women and peace. 3. Women—Violence against.
4. Sex discrimination against women. 5. Women’s rights.
6. Postwar reconstruction. I. Haynes, Dina Francesca. II. Cahn, Naomi R. III. Title.
JZ6405.W66N5 2012
305.42—dc22 2011016419
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
For my mother, Catherine, my sisters, Caitriona and Neasa, and my daughter, Noa
–FNíA
For my grandmother Lillian, who became a pilot in the National Guard at the age
of 19 when the United States entered World War II, and for my daughter, Isabella
Francesca
–DFH
For my daughters, my father who left Germany in 1939, my mother who planted a
Victory Garden, and my husband who inspires me with his post-confl ict work
–NC
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 3
Key Th reads and Th emes 7
Gender Centrality 1 0
Relevant International Norms 15
PART ONE : Confl ict and Its Dynamics
Chapter 1. Before, During, and After Confl ict: Th e Connections for
Women 2 7
Mapping the Status of Women Prior to Confl ict 28
Some Relevant Measures 31
Gender, Law, and Social Capital 3 4
A Practical Assessment of the Before and After 36
Chapter 2. Gender and the Forms and Experiences of Confl ict 40
Women as Political and Military Actors 4 2
Violence, Women, and Victimization 45
Masculinities and Confl ict 49
Conclusion 55
PART TWO : Toward Peace
Chapter 3. Th e Signifi cance of Security: Realizing Peace 59
Is Gender Central to Security? 61
Security Reform and Transition 6 2
Critique of Mainstream Approaches to the Concept of Post-Confl ict
Security 66
Is Security the Same for Men and Women? 67
Security Reform Meets Pervasive Violence and Discrimination 70
A New Paradigm of Gendered Security 74
Conclusion 79
Chapter 4. E ngendering International Intervention 81
International Interventions 83
Types and Phases of Post-Confl ict Intervention and Th eir Potential
Gender Impact 8 5
Th e Actors 8 9
Toward Gender-Positive Intervention 9 5
Capturing and Retaining Gender Equity Achieved During War 101
Conclusion 102
Chapter 5. P eacekeeping 1 05
Parameters and Status of Peacekeeping Missions 106
Identifying the Peacekeepers 108
Masculinities of Peacekeeping 109
Positive and Negative Lessons Learned from Peacekeeping
Missions 112
Positives and Negatives of Employment and Economic
Stimulus 113
Positives and Negatives Associated with Gender-Cultural
Interactions 1 14
Sexual Violence and Peacekeeping Missions 115
What Would Gender-Positive Peacekeeping Encompass? 117
Legal Accountability 118
Training for Peacekeepers 122
Codes of Conduct 125
Added Gender Roles in Peacekeeping 1 27
Conclusion 129
Chapter 6. D isarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
Programs 1 31
DDR Programs: What Happens? 1 32
Th e Power of Gender and DDR 1 33
Deconstructing DDR Programs 1 36
Reconstructing DDR Programs 138
Special Accommodations for Women and Girls 142
Attention to Masculinities 1 44
Th e Ways Forward 148
Conclusion 150
Chapter 7. International and Local Criminal Accountability for Gendered
Violence 1 52
Sex-Based Violence and Accountability in International Law 1 53
Th e Legal Journey to Codify Gendered Crimes in Armed
Confl icts 1 56
Evidentiary Rules and Sexual Violence 164
Other Accountability Mechanisms—Restorative Justice and Other
Practices 1 68
Conclusion 172
[ viii ] Contents
Chapter 8. Remedies 1 75
Truth Processes 1 76
Th e Gendered Dimensions of Truth Recovery 179
How Can Truth Recovery Mechanisms Centralize Gender? 1 85
Reparations 186
Lustration, Vetting, and Gender 1 92
Conclusion 195
Chapter 9. Law Reform, Constitutional Design, and Gender 1 97
Gender and the Rule of Law in Post-Confl ict Societies 199
Constitutional Transformation and Post-Confl ict Processes 2 04
Process: Peace Agreements as Constitutional Documents 205
Peace Agreements, Constitutions, and Customary Law 210
Gendered Dimensions of Constitution Drafting in Implementation
Agreements 212
Constitutional Gender Centrality—Substance and Export 2 15
Reproductive Rights 2 19
Conclusion 222
PART THREE : Reconstruction and Development
Chapter 10. Gender and Governance 2 29
Post-Confl ict Governance 2 31
Th e Gendered Components of Post-Confl ict Governance
Programs 2 32
Institution Building 2 41
Governance Confl ated with Economic Reconstruction
and Democratization 2 44
Gendering Governance 2 49
Conclusion 253
Chapter 11. D evelopment Infrastructure: Economics, Health,
and Education 2 54
Th e Diff ering Directions of Post-Confl ict and Development
Fields 256
Gender Centrality in Development 259
Social Services Justice as the Integration of Post-Confl ict
Processes and Development 2 62
Long-Term Development 2 67
Conclusion 271
Notes 273
Index 347
Contents [ ix ]
