Ocular Disease: Mechanisms and Management

701 Pages·2010·50.65 MB·English

by  Leonard A Levin MD PhD

Commissioning Editor: Russell Gabbedy
Development Editor: Ben Davie
Editorial Assistant: Kirsten Lowson
Project Manager: Srikumar Narayanan
Design: Charles Gray
Illustration Manager: Bruce Hogarth
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Marketing Managers (UK/USA): Richard Jones / Radha Mawrie
Ocular Disease: Mechanisms
and Management
Leonard A. Levin, md, phd daniel m. Albert, md, ms
Canada Research Chair of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences RRF Emmett A. Humble Distinguished Director of
University of Montreal the UW Eye Research Institute
Montreal, Quebec, Canada F.A. Davis Professor, Department of Ophthalmology
Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Visual Sciences
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Madison, WI, USA University of Wisconsin-Madison
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI, USA
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SAUNDERS an imprint of Elsevier Inc
© 2010, Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.
The chapter entitled 44. Optic Atrophy is in the public domain.
First published 2010
The right of Leonard A. Levin and Daniel M. Albert to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may
be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department: phone: [phone] (US) or ([phone] (UK); fax: [phone]; e-mail:
[email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier website at http://www.elsevier.com/permissions.
13 digit ISBN: 978-0-7020-2983-7
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Notice
Medical knowledge is constantly changing. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our
knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product
information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of admin-
istration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine dosages
and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the Publisher nor the author assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to
persons or property arising from this publication.
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Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
List of Contributors
Anthony P Adamis MD Sally S Atherton PhD Audrey M Bernstein PhD
Adjunct Professor Regents Professor and Chair Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Division of Ophthalmology and Department of Cellular Biology Department of Ophthalmology
Visual Sciences and Anatomy Mount Sinai School of Medicine
University of Illinois College of Medicine Medical College of Georgia New York, NY, USA
Bronxville, NY, USA Augusta, GA, USA
Pooja Bhat MD
Grazyna Adamus PhD Tin Aung MBBS MMed(Ophth) Fellow
Professor of Ophthalmology and FRCS(Ed) FRCOphth Massachusetts Eye Research &
Graduate Neuroscience Senior Consultant and Head Surgery Institute
Ocular Immunology Laboratory Glaucoma Service Cambridge, MA, USA
Casey Eye Institute Singapore National Eye Centre,
Department of Ophthalmology Deputy Director, Singapore Eye Douglas Borchman PhD
Oregon Health and Science University Research Institute, Professor
Portland, OR, USA Associate Professor Department of Ophthalmology and
National University of Singapore Visual Sciences
Daniel M Albert MD MS Singapore Kentucky Lions Eye Center
Emmett A Humble Distinguished Director University of Louisville
Eye Research Institute, Rebecca S Bahn MD Louisville, KY, USA
Professor and Chair Emeritus, Professor of Medicine
F A Davis Professor, Division of Endocrinology Stephen Brocchini
Lorenz E Zimmerman Professor Mayo Clinic Professor of Chemical Pharmaceutics
Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Rochester, MN, USA Department of Pharmaceutics
School of Medicine and Public Health The School of Pharmacy
Clinical Sciences Center David Sander Bardenstein MD University of London
University of Wisconsin Professor London, UK
Madison, WI, USA Departments of Ophthamology and Visual
Sciences, and Pathology Claude Burgoyne MD
Ann-Christin Albertsmeyer Can Med Case Western Reserve University School Research Director
Research Assistant (Predoctoral) of Medicine Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory
Department of Ophthalmology Cleveland, OH, USA Devers Eye Institute
Schepens Eye Research Institute Portland, OR, USA
Boston, MA, USA Neal P Barney MD
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Michelle Trager Cabrera MD
Nishani Amerasinghe BSc MBBS MRCOphth Department of Ophthalmology and Clinical Associate
Specialist Registrar Visual Sciences Department of Opthalmology
Southampton Eye Unit University of Wisconsin School of Medicine Duke University
Southampton University Hospitals Madison, WI, USA Durham, NC, USA
NHS Trust
Southampton, UK David C Beebe PhD FARVO Richard J Cenedella
The Janet and Bernard Becker Professor of Professor
Michael G Anderson PhD Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Biochemistry
Assistant Professor of Molecular Physiology Professor of Cell Biology and Physiology A T Still University of Health Sciences,
and Biophysics Department of Ophthalmology and Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine
Department of Molecular Physiology Visual Sciences Kirksville, MO, USA
and Biophysics Washington University
University of Iowa St Louis, MO, USA Jin-Hong Chang PhD
Iowa City, IA, USA Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Adrienne Berman MD Department of Opthalmology and
Clinical Assistant Professor Visual Sciences
Department of Ophthalmology and University of Illinois at Chicago
Visual Sciences Chicago, IL, USA
University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary
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Chicago, IL, USA
List of Contributors
Aimee Chappelow MD Annegret Hella Dahlmann-Noor Joseph L Demer MD PhD
Cole Eye Institute Dr med PhD FRCOphth FRCS(Ed) DipMedEd The Leonard Apt Professor of
The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Senior Clinical Research Associate Ophthalmology,
Cleveland, OH, USA Ocular Biology and Therapeutics Professor of Neurology
UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Jules Stein Eye Institute
Anuj Chauhan PhD London, UK David Geffen School of Medicine
Associate Professor and Director of University of California, Los Angeles
the Graduate Programs Reza Dana MD MPH MSc Los Angeles, CA, USA
Department of Chemical Engineering Professor and Director of Cornea Service
University of Florida Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary Suzanne M Dintzis MD PhD
Gainesville, FL, USA Harvard Medical School Assistant Professor
Boston, MA, USA Department of Pathology
Abbot F Clark PhD University of Washington School of
Professor of Cell Biology and Anatomy Helen Danesh-Meyer MBChB FRANZCO Medicine
and Director Sir William & Lady Stevenson Associate Seattle, WA, USA
North Texas Eye Research Institute Professor of Ophthalmology
University of North Texas Health Department of Ophthalmology J Crawford Downs PhD
Science Center University of Auckland Associate Scientist and Research Director
Fort Worth, TX, USA Auckland, New Zealand Ocular Biomechanics Laboratory
Devers Eye Institute
Ellen B Cook PhD Julie T Daniels BSc(Hons) PhD Portland, OR, USA
Associate Scientist Reader in Stem Cell Biology and
Department of Medicine Transplantation Henry Edelhauser PhD
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Ferst Professor and Director of
and Public Health London, UK Ophthalmology Research
Madison, WI, USA Department of Ophthalmology
Darlene A Dartt PhD Emory University Eye Center
Zélia M Corrêa MD PhD Senior Scientist, Harold F. Johnson Atlanta, GA, USA
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Research Scholar
Department of Ophthalmology Schepens Eye Research Institute, David Ellenberg MD
University of Cincinnati College Associate Professor Research Fellow
of Medicine Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology and
Cincinnati, OH, USA Schepens Eye Research Institute Visual Sciences
Boston, MA, USA University of Illinois at Chicago
Scott Cousins MD Chicago, IL, USA
The Robert Machemer Professor of Mohammad H Dastjerdi MD
Ophthalmology and Immunology, Postdoctoral Fellow Victor Elner MD PhD
Vice Chair for Research Schepens Eye Research Institute The Ravitz Foundation Professor of
Department of Ophthalmology Boston, MA, USA Ophthlamology and Visual Sciences
Duke University School of Medicine Professor, Department of Pathology
Durham, NC, USA Nigel W Daw PhD Kellogg Eye Center
Professor Emeritus of Ophthalmology and University of Michigan
Gerald Cox MD PhD FACMG Visual Science Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Staff Physician in Genetics, Children’s Departments of Ophthalmology and
Hospital Boston Visual Science Steven K Fisher PhD
Instructor of Pediatrics, Harvard University of Yale Professor, Molecular Cellular and
Medical School New Haven, CT, USA Developmental Biology
Vice President of Clinical Research Neuroscience Research Institute
Genzyme Corporation Daniel G Dawson MD University of California, Santa Barbara
Cambridge, MA, USA Visiting Assistant Professor of Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Ophthalmology
Scott Adam Croes MS PhD Emory University Eye Center Robert Folberg MD
Professor of Human Anatomy Atlanta, GA, USA Dean, Oakland University William
and Physiology Beaumont School of Medicine,
Department of Biology Alejandra de Alba Campomanes Professor of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology,
Shasta College MD MPH and Ophthalmology
Redding, CA, USA Director of Pediatric Ophthalmology Oakland University William Beaumont
San Francisco General Hospital School of Medicine
Karl G Csaky MD PhD San Francisco, CA, USA Rochester, MI, USA
Associate Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
Duke University
Durham, NC, USA
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List of Contributors
C Stephen Foster MD FACS FACR Lynn K Gordon MD PhD Vinay Gutti MD
Founder and President, Ocular Immunology Associate Professor Ophthalmology Private Practice
and Uveitis Foundation, Jules Stein Eye Institute Cornea, External Disease and
Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology UCLA School of Medicine Refractive Surgery
Harvard Medical School, Los Angeles, CA, USA La Mirada Eye and Laser Center
Founder and President La Mirada, CA, USA
Massachusetts Eye Research and Irene Gottlob MD
Surgery Institution Professor of Ophthalmology John R Guy MD
Cambridge, MA, USA Department of Cardiovascular Sciences Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Ophthalmology Group Miami, FL, USA
Gary N Foulks MD FACS University of Leicester
The Arthur and Virginia Keeney Professor Leicester Royal Infirmary J William Harbour MD
of Ophthalmology and Vision Science Leicester, UK The Paul A Cibis Distinguished Professor
Division of Ophthalmology of Ophthalmology
University of Louisville School of Medicine John D Gottsch MD Department of Ophthalmology and
Louisville, KY, USA The Margaret C Mosher Professor of Visual Sciences
Ophthalmology Washington University School of Medicine
Frederick T Fraunfelder MD Johns Hopkins School of Medicine St Louis, MO, USA
Professor of Ophthalmology Wilmer Eye Institute
Casey Eye Institute Baltimore, MD, USA Mary Elizabeth Hartnett MD
Portland, OR, USA Professor of Ophthalmology
Frank M Graziano MD PhD Department of Ophthalmology
Frederick W Fraunfelder MD Professor of Medicine University of North Carolina
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Medicine Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Casey Eye Institute University of Wisconsin School of Medicine
Portland, OR, USA and Public Health Sohan S Hayreh MD MS PhD DSc FRCS(Edin)
Madison, WI, USA FRCS(Eng) FRCOphth(Hon)
Anne Fulton MD Professor Emeritus of Ophthalmology
Senior Associate in Ophthalmology Hans E Grossniklaus MD MBA Department of Ophthalmology & Director
Department of Ophthalmology Professor of Medicine Ocular Vascular Clinic
Children’s Hospital Boston Emory Eye Center University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Boston, MA, USA Emory University School of Medicine Iowa City, IA, USA
Atlanta, GA, USA
Ronald Gaster MD Susan Heimer PhD
Professor of Ophthalmology Deborah Grzybowski PhD Postdoctoral Research Fellow
Department of Opthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology and Schepens Eye Research Institute and
University of California Biomedical Engineering Department of Ophthalmology
Irvine, CA, USA The Ohio State University Harvard Medical School
College of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
Stylianos Georgoulas MD Columbus, OH, USA
Ocular Repair and Regeneration Robert Hess DSc
Biology Unit Clyde Guidry PhD Professor and Director of Research
UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology
London, UK Department of Ophthalmology McGill University
University of Alabama School of Medicine Montreal, QC, Canada
Michael S Gilmore PhD Birmingham, AB, USA
The C L Schepens Professor of Nancy M Holekamp MD
Ophthalmology Neeru Gupta MD PhD FRCSC DABO Partner, Barnes Retina Institute,
Harvard Medical School, Professor of Ophthalmology and Vision Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology
Senior Scientist Sciences, Laboratory Medicine and Department of Ophthalmology and
Schepens Eye Research Institute Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Visual Sciences
Boston, MA, USA Director Washington University School of Medicine
Glaucoma & Nerve Protection Unit St Louis, MO, USA
Ilene K Gipson PhD Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing
Senior Scientist and Professor of Knowledge Institute Suber S Huang MD MBA
Ophthalmology St Michael’s Hospital The Philip F. and Elizabeth G. Searle
Department of Ophthalmology Toronto, ON, Canada Professor of Ophthalmology,
Schepens Eye Research Institute Vice-Chair, Department of Ophthalmology
Boston, MA, USA David H Gutmann MD PhD & Visual Sciences
The Donald O Schnuck Family Professor Case Western Reserve University School
Michaël J A Girard PhD Department of Neurology, of Medicine,
Ocular Biomechanics Laboratory Director, Neurofibromatosis Center Director, Center for Retina and
Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health System Washington University School of Medicine Macular Disease
Portland, OR, USA St Louis, MO, USA University Hospitals Eye Institute
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Cleveland, OH, USA
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List of Contributors
Sudha K Iyengar PhD Peng Tee Khaw PhD FRCP FRCS FRCOphth Leonard A Levin MD PhD
Professor FIBiol FRCPath FMedSci Canada Research Chair of Ophthalmology
Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics Professor of Ocular Healing and Glaucoma and Visual Sciences
and Department of Ophthalmology and Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Department of Ophthalmology
Case Western Reserve University Director of Research and Development, University of Montreal,
Cleveland, OH, USA Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Professor, Department of Ophthalmology
Foundation Trust, and Visual Sciences
Allen T Jackson Director, National Institute for Health University of Wisconsin
Massachusetts Eye Research and Biomedical Research Centre, Madison, WI, USA
Surgery Institute Programme Director, Eyes & Vision, UCL
Harvard Medical School Partners Academic Health Science Centre Geoffrey P Lewis PhD
Cambridge, MA, USA London, UK Research Biologist, Neurobiology
Neuroscience Research Institute
L Alan Johnson MD Alice S Kim MD University of California, Santa Barbara
Private Practice Division of Ophthalmology Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Sierra Eye Associates Maimonides Medical Center
Reno, NV, USA Brooklyn, NY, USA Zhuqing Li MD PhD
Staff Scientist
Peter F Kador PhD Henry Klassen MD PhD Laboratory of Immunology
Professor Assistant Professor National Eye Institute
Departments of Ophthalmology and Department of Ophthalmology National Institutes of Health
Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California, Irvine, Bethesda, MD, USA
University of Nebraska Medical Center School of Medicine
Omaha, NE, USA Orange, CA, USA Amy Lin MD
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Alon Kahana MD PhD Paul Knepper MD PhD Department of Ophthalmology
Full Member, University of Michigan Research Scientist Loyola University
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago Maywood, IL, USA
Attending Surgeon, C S Mott Department of Opthalmology &
Children’s Hospital, Visual Science Robert A Linsenmeier PhD
Assistant Professor Chicago, IL, USA Professor of Biomedical Engineering,
Department of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology & Physiology, and
Visual Sciences Jane F Koretz PhD Ophthalmology
Kellogg Eye Center Professor of Biophysics Biomedical Engineering Department
University of Michigan Biochemistry and Biophysics Program Northwestern University
Ann Arbor, MI, USA Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Evanston, IL, USA
Science Center
Randy Kardon MD PhD Troy, NY, USA Robert Listernick MD
Professor and Director of Professor of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of
Neuro-ophthalmology, Mirunalini Kumaradas MD Opth(SL) Medicine, Northwestern University,
Pomerantz Family Chair in Ophthalmology, FRCS (UK) Attending Physician
Director for Iowa City VA Center for Lecturer Division of General Academic Pediatrics
Prevention and Treatment of Vision Loss Faculty of Medicine Children’s Memorial Hospital
Department of Ophthalmology and University of Colombo Chicago, IL, USA
Visual Sciences Colombo, Sri Lanka
University of Iowa and Department of Martin Lubow MD
Veterans Affairs Jonathan H Lass MD Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Iowa City, IA, USA The Charles I Thomas Professor and Department of Ophthalmology
Chairman The Ohio State University Eye and
Maria Cristina Kenney MD PhD Department of Ophthalmology and Ear Institute
Professor of Ophthalmology Visual Sciences Columbus, OH, USA
The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute Case Western Reserve University,
Orange, CA, USA Director, University Hospitals Eye Institute Andrew Maniotis PhD
Cleveland, OH, USA Visiting Associate Professor of
Timothy Scott Kern PhD Bioengineering
Professor of Medicine David Lederer MD Division of Science and Engineering
Department of Medicine Fellow University of Illinois at Chicago
Division of Clinical and Molecular Department of Ophthalmology Chicago, IL, USA
Endocrinology Duke University
Center for Diabetes Research Durham, NC, USA Pascale Massin MD PhD
Case Western Reserve University Professor of Ophthalmology
Cleveland, OH, USA Mark Lesk MSc MD FRCS(C) CM DABO Ophthalmology Department
Director of Vision Health Research Lariboisiere Hospital
University of Montreal Paris, France
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Montreal, QC, Canada
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List of Contributors
Katie Matatall BS Robert Nickells BSc PhD Jonathan T Pribila MD, PhD
Department of Ophthalmology & Professor of Ophthalmology and Pediatric Ophthalmology and Adult
Visual Sciences Visual Sciences Strabismus Fellow
Washington University School of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Ophthalmology
St Louis, MO, USA Visual Sciences University of Minnesota
University of Wisconsin Minneapolis, MN, USA
Russell L McCally PhD Madison, WI, USA
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Frank A Proudlock PhD
The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Robert B Nussenblatt MD MPH Lecturer in Ophthalmology
Medical Institutions Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology Group
Principal Professional Staff Cancer Center University of Leicester
Applied Physics Laboratory University of Illinois Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building
Johns Hopkins University Chicago, IL, USA Leicester Royal Infirmary
Laurel, MD, USA Leicester, UK
Joan M O’Brien MD
Stephen D McLeod MD Professor of Ophthalmology and Pediatrics Xiaoping Qi MD
Professor of Ophthalmology Comprehensive Cancer Center Associate Scientist of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology University of California San Francisco College of Medicine
University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA University of Florida
San Francisco, CA, USA Gainesville, FL, USA
Daniel T Organisciak PhD
Muhammad Memon MD Professor of Biochemistry and Narsing A Rao MD
Visiting Academic Molecular Biology, Professor of Ophthalmology and Pathology,
Department of Neuroscience Director, Petticrew Research Laboratory Keck School of Medicine, University of
Imperial College London Department of Biochemistry and Southern California,
London, UK Molecular Biology Director of Experimental Ophthalmic
Boonshoft School of Medicine Pathology and Ocular Inflammations
Joan W Miller MD Wright State University Doheny Eye Institute
The Henry Willard Williams Professor of Dayton, OH, USA Los Angeles, CA, USA
Ophthalmology and Chair, Harvard
Medical School, Michel Paques MD PhD Robert Ritch MD
Chief, Department of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology, New York
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Clinical Investigation Center Medical College, Valhalla, NY,
Boston, MA, USA XV-XX Hospital and University of Paris VI The Shelley and Steven Einhorn
Paris, France Distinguished Chair in Ophthalmology,
Austin K Mircheff PhD Chief, Glaucoma Services
Professor of Physiology & Biophysics and Heather R Pelzel BSc Surgeon Director
Professor of Ophthalmology Research Assistant New York Eye and Ear Infirmary
Department of Physiology & Biophysics Department of Ophthalmology and New York, NY, USA
Keck School of Medicine Visual Sciences
University of Southern California University of Wisconsin Joseph F Rizzo III
Los Angeles, CA, USA Madison, WI, USA Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Jay Neitz PhD Shamira Perera MBBS BSc FRCOphth Harvard Medical School
The Bishop Professor Research Fellow, Singapore Eye Boston, MA, USA
Department of Ophthalmology Research Institute,
University of Washington Consultant Michael D Roberts PhD
Seattle, WA, USA Glaucoma Service Post Doctoral Research Fellow
Singapore National Eye Centre Ocular Biomechanics Laboratory
Maureen Neitz PhD Singapore Devers Eye Institute
The Ray H Hill Professor Portland, OR, USA
Department of Ophthalmology Eric A Pierce MD PhD
University of Washington Associate Professor of Ophthalmology James T Rosenbaum MD
Seattle, WA, USA F M Kirby Center for Molecular Professor of Ophthalmology, Medicine and
Ophthalmology Cell Biology
Christine C Nelson MD FACS University of Pennsylvania School of The Edward E Rosenbaum Professor of
Professor of Ophthalmology and Surgery Medicine Inflammation Research
Kellog Eye Center Philadelphia, PA, USA Oregon Health & Science University
University of Michigan Portland, OR, USA
Ann Arbor, MI, USA Jean Pournaras MD
Research Fellow Barry Rouse PhD DSc
Service d’ophtalmologie Distinguished Professor
Hôpital Lariboisière Department of Pathobiology
Paris, France University of Tennessee
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Knoxville, TN, USA
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List of Contributors
Daniel R Saban PhD Genevieve Aleta Secker PhD BSc Arun N E Sundaram MBBS FRCPC
Postdoctoral Fellow in Ophthalmology Post-Doctoral Fellow Fellow, Division of Neurology and Vision
Division of Ophthalmology SA Pathology Sciences Research Program, University of
Schepens Eye Research Institute Centre for Cancer Biology Toronto,
Boston, MA, USA Department of Haematology Consultant
Adelaide, SA, Australia Neuro-ophthalmology Center
Alfredo A Sadun MD PhD University Health Network
Thornton Professor of Ophthalmology Srilakshmi M Sharma MRCP MRCOphth Toronto, ON, Canada
and Neurosurgery Uveitis Fellow
Department of Ophthalmology Bristol Eye Hospital Janet S Sunness MD
USC Keck School of Medicine University of Bristol NHS Trust Medical Director
Los Angeles, CA, USA Bristol, UK Richard E Hoover Rehabilitation Services
for Low Vision and Blindness
Abbas K Samadi PhD James A Sharpe MD FRCPC Greater Baltimore Medical Center
Assistant Professor of Surgery and Professor of Neurology, Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Biochemistry Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and
Department of Biochemistry Otolaryngology, University of Toronto, Nathan T Tagg MD
University of Kansas Medical Center Director Neurologist and Neuro-ophthalmologist
Kansas City, KS, USA Neuro-ophthalmology Center Walter Reed Army Medical Center
University Health Network National Naval Medical Center
Pranita Sarangi BVSc&AH PhD Toronto, ON, Canada Bethesda, MD, USA
Postdoctoral Research Associate
David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology Heather Sheardown BEng PhD Daniela Toffoli MD
and Immunology Professor Ophthalmology Resident, PGY-5
University of Rochester Medical Center Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Ophthalmology
Rochester, NY, USA School of Biomedical Engineering Université de Montréal
McMaster University Montréal, QC, Canada
Andrew P Schachat MD Hamilton, ON, Canada
Professor of Ophthalmology, Lerner College Cynthia A Toth MD
of Medicine Alex Shortt MD PhD MRCOphth Professor of Ophthalmology and
Vice Chairman Clinical Lecturer in Ophthalmic Biomedical Engineering
Cole Eye Institute Translational Research Department of Biomedical Engineering
Cleveland Clinic Foundation Biomedical Research Centre for Duke University
Cleveland, OH, USA Ophthalmology Durham, NC, USA
Moorfields Eye Hospital
Joel E Schechter PhD London, UK Elias I Traboulsi MD
Professor of Cell and Neurobiology Professor of Ophthalmology
Keck School of Medicine Ying-Bo Shui MD PhD Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
University of Southern California Senior Scientist Case University
Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Ophthalmology and The Cole Eye Institute
Visual Sciences Cleveland, OH, USA
A Reagan Schiefer MD Washington University in St Louis
Trainee in Endocrinology St Louis, MO, USA James C Tsai MD
Division of Endocrinology The Robert R Young Professor and
Mayo Clinic Ian Sigal PhD Chairman
Rochester, MN, USA Research Associate Department of Ophthalmology and
Devers Eye Institute Visual Science
Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt ProfDr Ocular Biomechanics Laboratory Yale University School of Medicine,
Professor Portland, OR, USA Chief of Ophthalmology, Yale-New
Department of Ophthalmology Haven Hospital
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg James L Stahl PhD Yale Eye Center
Erlangen, Germany Associate Scientist New Haven, CT, USA
Department of Medicine
Ingo Schmack MD University of Wisconsin School of Medicine Budd Tucker PhD
Attending Physician and Public Health Investigator
University of Bochum Madison, WI, USA Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard
Bochum, Germany Roger F Steinert MD Medical School
Professor and Chair of Ophthalmology, Boston, MA, USA
Leopold Schmetterer PhD Professor of Biomedical Engineering,
Professor Director, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute
Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and University of California Irvine
Biomedical Engineering and Physics Irvine, CA, USA
Medical University of Vienna
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Vienna, Austria
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