Table Of ContentOBSERVING LAND FROM SPACE:
SCIENCE, CUSTOMERS AND TECHNOLOGY
ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH
VOLUME 4
Editor-in-Chief
Martin Beniston, Institute of Geography, University of Fribourg, Perolles,
Switzerland
Editorial Advisory Board
B. Allen-Diaz, Department ESPM-Ecosystem Sciences, University of California,
Berkeley, CA, US.A.
R.S. Bradley, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA,
US.A.
W. Cramer, Department of Global Change and Natural Systems, Potsdam Institute for
Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.
H.F. Diaz, NOAAlERUCDC, Boulder, CO, US.A.
S. Erkman, Institute for Communication and Analysis of Science and Technology -
ICAST, Geneva, Switzerland.
M. Lal, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi,
India.
M.M. Verstraete, Space Applications Institute, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA),
Italy.
The titles in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
OBSERVING LAND FROM SPACE:
SCIENCE, CUSTOMERS AND
TECHNOLOGY
Edited by
Michel M. Verstraete
Space Applications Institute,
Ispra, Italy
Massimo Menenti
Laboratoire des Sciences de I' Image,
de I' Informatique et de la Teledetection,
Universite Louis Pasteur,
lllkirch, France
and
Jo uni Peltoniemi
Finnish Geodetic Institute,
Masala, Finland
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Michel M Verstraete and Massimo Menenti
1 Welcome address
Kalevi Hemila 3
2 Activities of the European Commission in Earth Observation: Part ofa
common European strategy
Alan Cross 7
3 The CEO initiatives to collect and analyze user requirements for
Earth Observation
Jean Verdebout 15
4 National strategy for developing Earth Observation applications in Finland
Kari Tilli 29
5 Operationalization of Earth Observation: Its prospects and requirements
John S. MacDonald 35
6 Remote sensing of forest fires
Emilio Chuvieco 47
7 Using current and future remote sensing systems in natural hazards management
Jesus San Miguel-Ayanz, Michel M Verstraete, Bernard Pinty,
Jean Meyer-Roux and Guido Schmuck 53
8 Examples of the use of satellite data in numerical weather prediction models
Joel Noilhan, E. Bazile, J -L. Champeaux and D. Giard 61
9 The contribution of remote sensing technologies and algorithms to land surface
processes studies
Bernard Pinty and Michel M Verstraete 71
10 Exploitation and evaluation of retrieval algorithms for geostationary satellite data
processing: Current and future systems
Yves Govaerts 77
11 The role of remote sensing in land surface experiments within BARC
and ISLSCP
Anne Jochum, Pavel Kabat and Ronald Hutjes 91
VI
12 Earth Observation demands for improved water resources management
Wim G. Bastiaanssen and C. J. Perry 105
13 A biophysical process-based estimate of global land surface evaporation
using satellite and ancillary data
Bhaskar Choudhury 119
14 Remote sensing of land cover and land cover change
Barry K. Wyatt 127
15 Land-cover categories versus biophysical attributes to monitor land-cover
change by remote sensing
Eric Lambin 13 7
16 A new approach to characterize global land surfaces: Preliminary results from
AVHRRdata
Nadine Gobron, Bernard Pinty and Michel M Verstraete 143
17 Remote sensing requirements to support forest inventories
Erkki Tomppo 151
18 Some research and applications in the CSIRO (Australia) Earth Observation
Centre on scene brightness due to BRDF
David L. Jupp 161
19 Remote sensing of albedo using the BRDF in relation to land surface properties
Wolfgang Lucht, Crystal Schaaf, Alan Strahler and Robert E. d'Entremont 175
20 Experimental study of statistical characteristics of plant canopy radiation regime
Madis Sulev and Juhan Ross 187
21 Light scattering models and reflectance measurements in remote sensing of snow
Risto Kuittinen 201
22 Ray optics approximation for random clusters of Gaussian spheres
Karri Muinonen 209
23 Backscattering of light by snow: Field measurements
Jukka Piironen, Karri Muinonen, S. Keranen, H. Karttunen and Jouni Peltoniemi 219
24 Australian sites for the validation of satellite retrievals of the radiative properties of
land surfaces
Jan F. Grant, A. J. Prata, G. Rondeaux and M D. Steven 229
Vll
25 Instruments and methods for the ground-level reference measurement of solar
radiation, albedo and net radiation
Madis Suiev, Juhan Ross and Enn-Miirt Maasik 243
26 The NASA Earth System Science program in 21st century
Ghassem Asrar 257
27 ESA's plans and strategy for optical remote sensing of terrestrial surfaces
in the next decade
Michael Rast 269
28 Early results from ADEOS and future Earth Observation missions
Tamotsu Igarashi 279
29 VEGETATION: An Earth Observation system to monitor the biosphere
Gilbert Saint 291
30 Hyperspectral imager survey and developments for scientific and operational
land processes monitoring applications
Bernd P. Kunkel, J. Harms, U. Kummer, E. Schmidt, Umberto del Bello,
B. Harnisch and Roland Meynart 303
31 Summary and conclusions
Michel M Verstraete and Massimo Menenti 329
Appendix
List of participants 333
PREFACE
M. Verstraete (1) and M. Menenti (2,3)
(I) Space Applications Institute, Ispra, Italy, (2) The Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land,
Soil and Water Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands and (3) Universite Louis Pasteur,
Illkirch, France.
The European Network for the development of Advanced Models to
interpret Optical Remote Sensing data over terrestrial environments
(ENAMORS) is a consortium of academic and research institutions involved
in methodological research and in applications of remote sensing techniques
for Earth Observation. It was supported initially through a Concerted Action
from the Environment and Climate Research and Technology Development
Program in the 4th Framework Program of the European Commission. Its
activities include the organization of international scientific conferences, the
first of which took place in Tuusula, Finland, from September 17 to 19,
1997. This book contains the proceedings of that conference and effectively
summarizes the discussions and conclusions reached by the participants.
The title of this meeting was 'Optical Remote Sensing of Terrestrial
Surfaces: New Sensors, Advanced Algorithms, and the Opportunity for
Novel Applications'. It aimed at assembling representatives from the policy
maker, remote sensing research and end-user communities, as well as from
national and international space agencies and aerospace industries. Together,
they discussed the need for R&D support, as well as the contents and
priorities of such a program in this economic sector during the period
covered by the 5th Framework Program (1999--2002). Information on this
conference as well as on other activities of the ENAMORS network are
available on the World Wide Web (http://www . enamors. org I).
Over 50 participants from 14 countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sri Lanka,
M.M. Verstraete et al. (eds.), Observing Landfrom Space: Science, Customers and Technology, 1-2.
© 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2
Sweden, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, and United States of America)
participated in the meeting and discussions. A list of participants is enclosed
in the Appendix. Their participation in this endeavor is testimony of their
confidence and expectations in the European Commission to play an
important role in Earth Observation activities in the future. The conference
was organized around five sessions, whose contents are reflected in the
various parts of this book.
The papers included in this book provide a useful overview of the state of
the art in the interpretation of Earth Observation data acquired in space, for a
range of thematic applications. They discuss some of the policy implications
of recent research and technological advances, as well as the degree to which
existing and future instruments and methods address specific user needs.
They certainly reflect the broad range of issues that were addressed during
that meeting, and provide food for thought on the opportunities and
challenges before us in the coming years.
Chapter 1
WELCOME ADDRESS
K. Hemila
Minister ofA griculture and Forestry, Helsinki, Finland.
Dear participants in the ENAMORS-workshop,
The topic of your meeting is optical remote sensing and its development
and exploitation for the observing, inventorying and monitoring of changes
taking place on terrestrial surfaces, This is an important topic, because most
human activities--starting from food and raw materials production and
ending in processing the waste produced by society--take place on the
terrestrial surface. Up-to-date information concerning these matters forms
the basis for systematic decision making on both the national and the
international levels.
On the European scale of things, Finland is territorially a relatively large
country. Because our country is also sparsely populated, favorable
conditions exist for using remote sensing to inventory our natural resources
and monitor the state of our environment. Therefore the development of
remote sensing has been viewed in Finland as the most important field of
development of space technology. Remote sensing is being developed in
three areas:
• Finland as a member of the European Space Agency participates in its
Earth Observation program,
• Finland as a member of the European Union participates in its
Environment and Climate Program, collaborates with its Joint Research
Center and carries out operative remote sensing in agriculture, and
• Finland develops its national remote sensing capability.
The present meeting is a part of our collaboration with the European
Union.
3
M.M. Verstraete et al. (etis.), Observing Land from Space: Science, Customers and Technology, 3-5.
© 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
