Nondestructive Testing for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage: A Practical Guide and New Perspectives

247 Pages·2019·19.22 MB·English

by  Giovanni Leucci

Giovanni Leucci
Nondestructive
Testing
for Archaeology
and Cultural
Heritage
A Practical Guide and New Perspectives
Nondestructive Testing for Archaeology
and Cultural Heritage
Giovanni Leucci
Nondestructive Testing
for Archaeology and Cultural
Heritage
A Practical Guide and New Perspectives
123
GiovanniLeucci
Institute for Archaeological
andMonumentalHeritage
National Research Council
Lecce,Italy
ISBN978-3-030-01898-6 ISBN978-3-030-01899-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01899-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018958488
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019
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Cover illustration: The roman amphitheatre of Catania: Reconstructive hypothesis with the various
entrances to the monument. The research undertaken by IBAM-CNR between 2014 and 2015 aimed
towardsobtainingathree-dimensionalreconstructionofthemonumentbycombiningdiversemethods
(virtual archaeology, digital archaeology, NDT integrated technologies) of data acquisition and
processing. This made it possible to acquire important data for the creation of an exact reproduction
of the parts of the monument that are still hidden and provide a faithful reconstruction of the entire
architectural structure. The virtual reconstruction was performed by the Information Technologies
Laboratory (ITLab) of the IBAM-CNR (itlab.ibam.cnr.it) (with kind permission of Arch Francesco
GabellonescientificdirectorofITLab_IBAM-CNR).
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Preface
Inthefieldofarchaeologicalresearchandtherestorationofmonumentalheritages,
the importance of nondestructive testing (NDT) survey techniques has already
become widely acknowledged.
Theabilitytogaugetheextentofarchaeologicaldeposits,ortoassessartefacts’
stateofpreservationwithoutresortingtodisruptiveactivities,isextremelyusefulin
terms ofbetterunderstandinga given siteandapproachingit inatargeted manner,
for example, concerning both excavation and restoration operations. Accordingly,
the purpose of this volume is to provide a general introduction to the most
important NDT techniques for geophysical and micro-geophysical exploration
methods, and to highlight their applications to archaeology and monumental her-
itage. The book covers the physical principles, methodologies, interpretational
procedures, and fields of application of the various survey methods. Moreover, it
introducesnewinstrumentationandalgorithmsfordataacquisitionandprocessing,
makingitausefulguideespeciallyfornewcomerstothefield,sinceextensivemath
skills aren’t required for a general understanding of NDT methods.
Whilewritingthebookforsuchabroadpotentialaudience,problemsinevitably
arose concerning the appropriate level of mathematical treatment. The physical
basisofthemethodsdiscussedisahighlymathematicalsubject;assuch,itrequired
moreattentioninordertoshowthatnogreatmathematicalexpertiseisnecessaryfor
a broad understanding of NDT surveying.
That being said, in order to grasp the more advanced data processing and
interpretation methodologies in depth, some level of mathematical ability is
nonetheless required.
The approach usedin this bookemploysthe simplestpossible mathematics and
reduces mathematical analysis to very straightforward cases. However, users
employing this approach to NDT methods should also be familiar with the more
advanced techniques for analysing and interpreting NDT data, as they can greatly
increase the amount of useful information obtained from the data. Therefore the
approachusedinthebookwillenablethereadertoassessthescopeandimportance
of the advanced techniques of analysis without entering into the details of their
implementation.
v
vi Preface
Examples are taken from measurement campaigns at sites of significant histor-
ical archaeological importance, both at the national and international level. By
exploring these examples, the reader will come to understand how to design and
perform an NDT survey. Guidance is provided on choosing the most suitable
methodforagiventypeofproblem,andonfindingthetypeofdataacquisitionand
processing that will deliver the best possible results.
In turn, the book describes the most innovative data acquisition and processing
systems, which allow rapid reconnaissance of subterranean layers, and produce
highly detailed evidence, even in very challenging cases.
Itishopedthatthebookwillofferavaluableguideforstudentsofarchaeology,
geophysics, architecture, and the engineering disciplines, as well as for specialists
seeking to increase their expertise in this fantastic discipline.
Lecce, Italy Giovanni Leucci
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank Dr. Lara De Giorgi for her invaluable collaboration
during data acquisition, as well as the experts on the Pompeii Sustainable
PreservationProject’sinternationalcommittee.Lastly,theauthorwishestoexpress
his heartfelt thanks to Professor Jeroen Poblom, Director of the Belgian archaeo-
logical mission in Sagalassos, for the opportunity to perform geophysical mea-
surements, and for his valued support during the surveys.
vii
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Principles of Mathematics Used in NDT Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Initial Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 NDT Geophysical Data Digitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 A Few Definitions to Remember . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 Nondestructive Testing Technologies for Cultural Heritage:
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1 NDT Methods in Cultural Built Heritage and Archaeology:
State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 NDT Geophysical Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.1 The Ground-Penetrating Radar Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.2 The Electrical-Resistivity Active Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.3 The Induced-Polarization Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.4 The Self-potential Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2.5 Seismic Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4 NDT Geophysical Instrumentation and Data Acquisition
and Processing Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.1 GPR Instrumentation Enhancement: Reconfigurable
Stepped-Frequency Georadar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2 The GPR Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.2.1 The GPR Frequency of Antenna and Depth
of Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.2 The GPR Frequency of Antenna and Resolution . . . . . . . . 84
4.2.3 The Sampling Interval of Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2.4 The Two-Way Time Window Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
ix
x Contents
4.2.5 Sampling Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.6 Sample Spatial Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.7 Survey Profiles Spacing and Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.3 GPR Data Processing Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.4 GPR Data Visualization: Time Slices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.5 GPR Data Visualization: Amplitude ISO-Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.6 Electrical-Resistivity Tomography Field Measurements. . . . . . . . . 96
4.6.1 ERT Survey-Instrument Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.6.2 Choice of the Best Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.6.3 ERT Survey Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.6.4 ERT Data Inversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.7 Induced-Polarization Data Acquisition and Inversion . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.8 Self-potential Data Acquisition and Inversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.9 Seismic Sonic and Ultrasonic Data Acquisition
and Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5 NDT Geophysical Data Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.1 GPR Data Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.2 ERT Data Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.3 IP Data Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.4 SP Data Interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.5 Interpretation of Seismic and Ultrasonic Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6 Site Application: The Archaeological Site of Pompeii (Italy). . . . . . . 169
6.1 Site History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.2 Site Natural Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.3 NDT Geophysical Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.3.1 Area 1: GPR, ERT and SP Data Interpretation . . . . . . . . . 175
6.3.2 Area 2: GPR, ERT and SP Data Interpretation . . . . . . . . . 177
6.3.3 Area 3: GPR, ERT, and SP Data Interpretation . . . . . . . . . 179
6.3.4 The NDT Geophysical Survey of Tomb D . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.3.5 2D ERT Data Analysis and Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6.3.6 ERT Data Analysis and Interpretation of the Wall
of the Studied Tomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.3.7 Seismic Tomography Data Analysis and Interpretation
of the Wall of the Studied Tomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.3.8 2D GPR Data Analysis and Interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.3.9 3D GPR Data Analysis and Interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.4 GPR Data Acquisition and Analysis on the Columns . . . . . . . . . . 191
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Contents xi
7 Site Application: The Archaeological Site of Sagalassos
(Turkey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.1 Site Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.2 NDT Geophysical Data Acquisition, Processing
and Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7.2.1 Area 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.3 The Roman Bath Stability Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.3.1 Zone 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.3.2 Zone 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.3.3 Analysis of the Probability of Long-Term Collapse . . . . . . 210
7.4 Area 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
8 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Appendix: MATLAB Codes for NDT Geophysical Data Analysis.. .... 221
Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 239