New Strategies Combating Bacterial Infection

314 Pages·2008·4.21 MB·English

New Strategies Combating
Bacterial Infection
Edited by
Iqbal Ahmad and Farrukh Aqil
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New Strategies Combating
Bacterial Infection
Edited by
Iqbal Ahmad and Farrukh Aqil
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ISBN:978-3-527-32206-0
V
Contents
Preface XIII
List of Contributors XV
1 MolecularMechanismsofAntibioticResistance:TheNeedfor
NovelAntimicrobialTherapies 1
JohnW.Dale-SkinnerandBoyanB.Bonev
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 MolecularMechanismsofResistance 4
1.3 b-Lactams 6
1.4 Glycopeptides 15
1.5 Lantibiotics 19
1.6 Aminoglycosides 20
1.7 Macrolides 27
1.8 Tetracyclines 32
1.9 Fluoroquinolones 37
1.10 Conclusions 40
References 41
2 NovelApproachestoCombatDrug-ResistantBacteria 47
IqbalAhmad,MaryamZahin,FarrukhAqil,MohdSajjadAhmadKhan,
andShamimAhmad
2.1 Introduction 47
2.2 ApproachestoAntibacterialDrugDiscoveryandCombating
theProblemofDrugResistance 49
2.2.1 SearchforNewAntibioticsfromMicrobialSources 50
2.2.1.1 ConventionalCulturingMethods 51
2.2.1.2 NovelCulturingEnvironments 51
2.2.1.3 HeterologousDNA-BasedApproaches 52
2.2.1.4 MetagenomicsandMolecularEngineering 52
2.2.2 RoleofGenomicsinNewAntibacterialDrugDiscovery 53
2.2.3 AntimicrobialPeptidesasNewAnti-InfectiveDrugs 54
2.3 CombinationDrugTherapy 55
NewStrategiesCombatingBacterialInfection.EditedbyIqbalAhmadandFarrukhAqil
Copyright(cid:1)2009WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-32206-0
VI Contents
2.4 StrategiestoTargetMechanismsofDrugResistance 56
2.4.1 BacterialEffluxSystemsandEffluxPumpInhibition 56
2.5 QuorumSensingInhibition:ANovelAnti-InfectiveDrugTarget 58
2.5.1 Anti-QSCompoundEffectsInVitro 60
2.5.2 EfficacyofQS-InhibitoryCompoundsinAnimalInfectionModels 63
2.6 PhageTherapy:AnAlternativeTherapy 63
2.7 AntibioticUsePolicy:PracticalManagementoftheProblem
ofAntibioticResistance 64
2.8 Conclusions 65
References 66
3 PromisingCurrentDrugCandidatesinClinicalTrialsandNatural
ProductsAgainstMultidrug-ResistantTuberculosis 71
MarcusViníciusandNoradeSouza
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 CurrentMDR-TBTreatment 72
3.3 CurrentDrugsinDevelopmentAgainstMDR-TB 73
3.3.1 Fluoroquinolones(GatifloxacinandMoxifloxacin) 75
3.3.1.1 FluoroquinolonesagainstMDR-TB 75
3.3.1.2 Gatifloxacin 76
3.3.1.3 Moxifloxacin 77
3.3.2 PA-824 78
3.3.3 DiarylquinolineTMC207 79
3.3.4 Nitroimidazo-OxazoleOPC-67683 79
3.3.5 SQ-109 80
3.3.6 PyrroleLL-3858 80
3.4 NaturalProductsAgainstMDR-TB 81
3.4.1 Fungi 81
3.4.1.1 Thiolactomycin 81
3.4.1.2 PacidamycinFamily 82
3.4.1.3 Capuramycin 83
3.4.1.4 Caprazamycin 83
3.4.2 Plants 83
3.4.2.1 Calanolide 83
3.4.2.2 Diospyrin 84
3.4.3 MarineNaturalProducts 85
3.4.3.1 Aerothionin 85
3.5 FuturePerspectivesAgainstMDR-TB 85
References 86
4 Non-antibiotics–AnAlternativeforMicrobialResistance:
ScopeandHope 89
DebprasadChattopadhyay,SoumenKumarDas,ArupRanjanPatra,
andSujitKumarBhattacharya
4.1 Introduction 89
Contents VII
4.2 HistoricalDevelopment:Non-antibioticswithAntimicrobial
Potential 90
4.3 PsychotherapeuticsasNon-antibiotics 92
4.4 SedativesandTranquilizersasNon-antibiotics 100
4.5 AntihistaminicsasNon-antibiotics 101
4.6 InvitroandInvivoAntimicrobialPotentialofNon-antibiotics 101
4.6.1 AntiviralActivityofNon-antibiotics 103
4.6.2 AntibacterialActivityofNon-antibiotics 104
4.6.3 ActivityAgainstDiarrheagenicBacteria 106
4.6.4 ActivityAgainstMycobacteria 107
4.6.5 ActivityAgainstProtozoa 109
4.7 SingleandCombinedActivityAgainstBacteria 109
4.8 Synergismand‘ReversalofResistance’:ASpecialSynergy 111
4.8.1 ClinicalSynergism 113
4.8.2 ReversalofResistance 113
4.9 MechanismofActionofNon-antibiotics 115
4.10 Conclusions 117
References 118
5 UseofNaturalProductstoCombatMultidrug-ResistantBacteria 127
ChristineM.Slover,LarryH.Danziger,BolanleA.Adeniyi,
andGailB.Mahady
5.1 Introduction 127
5.1.1 Penicillin-ResistantMicroorganisms 128
5.1.2 Multidrug-ResistantMicroorganisms 128
5.2 NaturalProductDevelopment 129
5.2.1 NaturalProductsasMedicines 129
5.2.2 UseofNaturalMedicinesWorldwide 130
5.2.3 NaturalProductsasAntimicrobialAgents 130
5.3 MRSA 131
5.3.1 NaturalProductsforMRSA:InVitroData 131
5.3.2 NaturalProductsforMRSA:ClinicalData 132
5.4 NaturalProductsforMDRMicroorganisms 133
References 134
6 WestAfricanPlantsandRelatedPhytocompounds
withAnti-Multidrug-ResistanceActivity 137
KonéMamidouWitabounaandKamanziAtindehouKagoyire
6.1 Introduction 138
6.2 MDRBacteriainWestAfrica 139
6.2.1 Staphylococci 139
6.2.2 Enterobacteria 139
6.2.3 Pneumococci(S.pneumoniae) 140
6.2.4 Pseudomonas 140
6.2.5 Mycobacteria 140
VIII Contents
6.3 PlantsUsedinBacterialDiseaseTreatmentinWestAfrica 140
6.4 WestAfricanMedicinalPlantswithActivityagainstMDRBacteria 146
6.5 Metabolites Isolated from West African Medicinal Plants Effective on
MDR Bacteria 149
6.5.1 B.madagascariensis(Caesalpiniaceae)syn:Swartzia
madagascariensis 150
6.5.2 E.senegalensisandE.vogelii(Fabaceae) 151
6.5.3 Erythrophleumivorense(Caesalpiniaceae) 151
6.5.4 Garciniakola(Clusiaceae) 151
6.5.5 Harunganamadagascariensis(Hypericaceae) 153
6.5.6 O.gratissimumandOcimuncanum(Lamiaceae) 154
6.5.7 M.balsamina(Cucurbitaceae) 157
6.5.8 M.lucida(Rubiaceae) 158
6.5.9 P.umbellata(Piperaceae) 158
6.5.10 S.mombin(Anacardiaceae) 158
6.5.11 OtherPlantSpecies 158
6.6 Conclusions 160
References 161
7 EssentialOilsandNewAntimicrobialStrategies 165
SabulalBabyandVarugheseGeorge
7.1 Introduction:EssentialOils 165
7.2 BiosyntheticOrigin 167
7.3 ExtractionofEssentialOils 168
7.3.1 SteamDistillation 168
7.3.2 Hydrodistillation 169
7.3.3 EnfleurageTechnique 169
7.3.4 SupercriticalFluidExtraction 169
7.3.5 MicrowaveExtraction 169
7.3.6 HeadspaceSamplingTechniques 170
7.4 StorageofEssentialOils 171
7.5 ChemicalAnalysisofEssentialOils 171
7.5.1 ChromatographicTechniquesinEssentialOilAnalysis 171
7.5.1.1 TLC/HPTLC 172
7.5.1.2 GLC 172
7.5.1.3 GC-MS 173
7.5.2 SpectroscopicTechniques 174
7.6 PhysicalParameters 175
7.6.1 SpecificGravity 175
7.6.2 RefractiveIndex 175
7.6.3 SpecificRotation 176
7.7 OlfactoryEvaluation 177
7.8 EssentialOilsasAntimicrobials 177
7.9 AntimicrobialActivity:ModeofAction 178
7.10 AntimicrobialAssays 190
Contents IX
7.10.1 DiscDiffusionAssay 190
7.10.2 BrothandAgarDilutionMethods:DeterminationofMIC 191
7.11 OtherApplicationsofEssentialOils 194
7.12 ToxicityofEssentialOils 195
7.13 ScopeforFutureResearch 195
References 197
8 ApplicationofPlantExtractsandProductsinVeterinaryInfections 205
JacobusN.EloffandLindyJ.McGaw
8.1 Introduction 206
8.2 VeterinaryInfectiousDiseasesandtheirSignificance 207
8.2.1 ProtozoalDiseases 208
8.2.2 ViralDiseases 208
8.2.3 RickettsialandChlamydialDiseases 209
8.2.4 BacterialandFungalDiseases 209
8.2.5 HelminthParasites 210
8.2.6 TicksasVectorsofInfectiousDiseases 210
8.3 PlantsasSourcesofAntimicrobialCompounds 211
8.3.1 TraditionalEthnoveterinaryMedicine 211
8.3.2 EvaluationofEthnoveterinaryPlantsforEfficacyAgainst
InfectiousDiseases 212
8.4 AntibioticResistanceandtheImpactofAntibioticFeedAdditives 217
8.5 PlantsasReplacementsforAntibioticFeedAdditives 219
8.6 Conclusions 222
References 223
9 Honey:AntimicrobialActionsandRoleinDiseaseManagement 229
PeterMolan
9.1 Introduction 230
9.1.1 History 230
9.2 NatureoftheAntimicrobialActivityofHoney 231
9.2.1 HighOsmolarity 231
9.2.2 Acidity 232
9.2.3 HydrogenPeroxide 233
9.2.4 AdditionalAntibacterialFactors 236
9.2.5 ManukaHoney 236
9.3 SpectrumandPotencyoftheAntimicrobialActivityofHoney 238
9.4 OtherActions 243
9.5 ClinicalUsesofHoneyasanAntimicrobialAgent 244
9.6 ClinicalEvidenceforEffectivenessofHoneyonInfectedWounds 245
9.7 ResistantBacteria 247
9.8 BenefitsApartfromControlofInfectioninTopicalTreatment
withHoney 248
9.9 FutureDirections 248
References 249
X Contents
10 Honey:BiologicalCharacteristicsandPotentialRolein
DiseaseManagement 255
MohammedShahid
10.1 Introduction 255
10.1.1 NatureofHoney 255
10.1.2 MedicinalHistoryofHoney 256
10.2 BiologicalCharacteristicsofHoney 257
10.2.1 IngredientsofHoney 257
10.2.1.1 EnzymesinHoney 258
10.2.1.2 AntibioticsinHoney 259
10.3 AntibacterialPotentialofHoney 260
10.3.1 OsmoticEffectofHoney 260
10.3.2 AcidityofHoney 260
10.3.3 HydrogenPeroxideEffectofHoney 262
10.3.4 ActivityDuetothePresenceofNonperoxideCompounds 262
10.4 PotentialUseofHoneyasanAntibacterialAgent 263
10.4.1 UseofHoneyinWoundManagement 263
10.4.2 UseofHoneyinPepticUlcers 264
10.4.3 UseofHoneyinGastroenteritis 265
10.4.4 UseofHoneyinDermatophytoses 265
10.4.5 RoleofHoneyinDiabetes 266
10.4.6 RoleofHoneyinDiabeticFootUlcers 266
10.4.7 RoleofHoneyinOphthalmology 267
10.4.8 HoneyintheTreatmentofViralDiseases 267
10.4.9 UseofHoneyinMastitisinDairyAnimals 268
10.5 UseofHoneyagainstMultidrugResistance 268
10.6 Conclusions 269
References 269
11 Probiotics:BenefitsinHumanHealthandBacterial
DiseaseManagement 275
MaríaCarmenColladoandYolandaSanz
11.1 GutMicrobiota 275
11.1.1 FunctionsoftheIntestinalMicrobiota 276
11.1.2 DevelopmentoftheGutMicrobiota 278
11.1.3 FactorsInfluencingtheCompositionoftheGutMicrobiota 278
11.2 Probiotics,IntestinalMicrobiotaandHostHealth 280
11.2.1 ProbioticConceptandSelectionCriteria 280
11.2.1.1 StrainandSpecieIdentification 281
11.2.1.2 FunctionalCharacterization 281
11.2.1.3 SafetyConsiderations 283
11.2.1.4 FunctionalInVitroandInVivoStudiesUsingAnimals
andHumans 283
11.2.1.5 HealthClaims 284
11.2.2 ProbioticBenefitsonHumanHealth 284