New Directions in Economic Anthropology (Anthropology, Culture and Society)

130 Pages·1997·3.24 MB·English

by  Susana Narotzky

NEW DIRECTIONS
INE CONOMIC
AnthropolCougyl,t uarnedS ociety
ANTHROPOLOGY
SeriEedsi tors:
DrR ichaArd.W i lsoUnn,i versoifSt uys sex
ProfesTshoorm aHsy llaEnrdi ksUenni,v ersoifOt syl o
Womeifn Lae sCsoesrt :
FemaLAlbe o,uF roreEixgcagnhne a nPdh pipilniDee vpemleont
SYLVICAH ANTA NDC ATHYM cILWAINE
SUSANA NAROTZKY
EthralniNdcat iitoyn alism:
AwrhpooglilocP aesrpectives
THOMASH YLLANDE RIKSEN
SmaPlallc, eL sargIes sues:
AnI HrtodutcSoto ilcoa innaC du latAlun hrrtoopglyo
THOMASH YLLANDE RIKSEN
Anthooprgly,oD evpemleoaHHttd h Peo ste-mCm hoadglel en
KATYG ARDNERA ND DAVIDL EWIS
Powaenrid tD sig suises:
AHtohoporligclPa eserpctOiHPv oewse r
JOHN GLEDHILL
AnthprogoliocPaeslerp ctoinKv iensps hi
LADISLHAOVL Y
Anthrloopifgot yh See lf:
ThIedu iviiduCu ualltP uesrerpaclt ive
BRIANM ORRIS
HumaRguih tsC,u leta unCrdo utext
Pluto Press
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AnrtpohlooglPi ecraspectives
EditebdyR ICHARDW ILSON LONDON· CHICAGO,I L
AJ osAen tonsi6ol,o
Firpsubtl is1h99e7bd yP luPtroe ss
34A5r chywR aoaLdo,n dNo6n
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DeisgannsPd a teAnct1ts89 8.
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A catalroegcuoferot rdh bioso ikas v aiflraobml e
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NarotSzuknsyaa,,
Newd irecitnei coonnsoa mnitcho rloopgsya/nNSaaur otzky,
p.c m-. (Anthrocpluotluoargnesyd o, c iety)
Incliunddeesx .
ISNB 0-734-5017-75( hard)c over
1E.c onoamnitch ropIoS.le orgiye.s .
GN448.N13979 7
3036-.dc12 96-48054
CIP
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Typefsreodtmi bsykS tanDfToPrS de rcveMisi,tl oKne ynes
PrinitnGe rde Baritt ain
CONTENTS
AckHowledgemetzts IX
IHtrodHcBteiooynn:Ed c onomAinct hroyp olog 1
1 Production 8
Thee csoystem 8
Tecnholioclgpa rocesses 18
Accse srteos ources 25
Theq uesotf'i owno riknW' e stseorcni eties 35
2 DistributainodnE xchange 42
Foromfrs e ciparnordce idtiys tribution 42
Excahnge 52
Criculation 71
Markceltut uorrme a rkseyts tem? 86
3 Consumption 99
Definciosnnugpm tion 99
Thec nosumputniiotn 141
Whahta ppenst hwceino tshuimnp utniiotn? 192
Beyotnhdde o mteigscr obuopnu daries 183
Produwchiinclgnoe s uming 174
4 SociaRle production 185
Producantrdie opnr oduction 158
Socrieaplr oduction 196
�
," .;
/ .ConlcusioLno:c alCu lturaen dE conomicM odels 109
. ' T'h ec assteu ldoylcp: a roceisnts hceeos tn rsucotfi on
.
labocuparil/tr aelations 191
VB
VIll NewD irieMciltns o nEocAmlrilcoph oorylg
RWMeoodtkr.eeh �olpmfsaekp. nnmr aegoln lfayceonsaeltdr'i saa Ns bre aoiEwcnuac acdrnopl !inira IsoteCs a0malsr t·la gi t.aoimnos .n,as t I222O101n361
Riferences ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Idnex 224
242
Somyee aargsoR ,i chWairlds eodni,ot fo rts herisisue gsg,e tshtaetd
wriatb eo ookne conoamnitch ropTohleco hgayl.lw eanasgp ep ealing
I
becatuhsbeeo owka mse anttob eb otahni ntroduuncitvoerrys ity
levteelx tbaonoadkt hought-pwroorvakott k hisenc gh ollaervleyl
asw elIlht.a tsa kael no ntgi mfeom re t ow riatb eo otkh aIht o,p e,
comes tcotl hoiesn ei itnitaeln Ith iaovdneos n.me y b esantId a lone
amr esponfsotirhb rele es uMlatnspy.e ople, hhaovwmeea vdteehr i,s
book poosfstwieibntl hebo euitan wga orfei t.
Iw anttot hamnykf itresatc whheorc so ntriebaurotlnety do g ive
mea c erttauironnft hougMhetr:c eMdoelsl eJd.KaPl,.o steJrae na nd
FeutIra alyws.ao n ttot havnekrs yp ecsioamlueln yi veprrsoifteys sors
whow hercer uciinma yld evelopamsae nan ntt hropJoelsoguiss t:
Contrewrhaois n,t rodmuect eoed c onoamnitch ropRoalyongay ;
Rappw,h op ointtote hdse i gnifoiffc eamnicaneni ds tg ender issues
ina nthropWoillolgiyRa;om s ebewrhroiy n,t rodmuect eoad
particeunlrairclphyei rnsgp eocftt ihveMe a rxitsrta diitni on
anthropology .
But many ostchieernt tesiaoscctfrhisiea,erl nsa ,dnc sdo llehaagvuee s,
tob et hankDeodl:oC rosm aJso,a n FArlibgeoGrlatelo,v Maanu,r ice
GodelMiaerrc,Gi oanld aErl,i zaHbaentdhm aNni,e vHeesr rero,
UbalMdaor tinezL oVueridMgeeasn, d ePza,zM orenIos,i doro
MorenPoa,bP laol enzRueeylnPaaa, s tJouraL,nu iPsi ntGoosn,z alo
Sanazlo,lft hegma vmeet hoep porttuodn eivteyml yot ph ougihnt s
seminaandrdis s cussions.
FinaIlw laynt,tot havnekr syp ectihaolfslreyi ewnhdohs a vree ad
ord iscupsasroetftds h beo oRko:b erBtloaJ tetsC,uo sn trGearvaisn,
Smitahn dI gnaTseir raIda amsa .l sdoe epilnyd ebttoRe idc hard
Wilswohnoh abse eanv erpya tiaenntdth oroeudgihat nowdri thout
IX
x NewD ireocntisiEn oc noAmnihrtcoo oplyg
whomt hbeo owko u.l d XIn.BSo o tht IehaS 'dn J. e Pfftr a'sst utg g. ness tIO
hMayvbf eea e.amgn JIr ol,ehsyAae,entl I t .pnot n BhrIreeou v,ani noosLd ftiu e hocfi mmna a Iy sm ,ap naur.Ms eecnrntcpset,d. e s
SaunNpdop aronmrhdata np pamsaneindsmsdV sat im nevoyyrit ahtnehabri,e nI eta gnhc hs aoa.tvnn heskse t aomalu nlrot.cf e INTRODUCTION:B EYOND ECONO MIC
ANTHROPOLOGY
Firaws otr,od fc a utTihoiinnss.o a tb oooknt hHei stooEfry c onomic
AnthropIotiln soo gatyne . xa hustpirvees enotfta htteih oeno retical
peprescttihvhaeatsv e abseseodncw iiattthhe e 'econoofsmt iucd'y field
withtihanec adedmiiscc iopfAl nitnher op(oflaovo rig eyw t hoens e
seOer t1i89z3C ;l amm1e89r51 ,89 7K;a hn and1 9L8lM1oo,bn eiroat
197R6o,s eb1e9r8rM8yo) ts.t heorlpe etriscpaewcibtleilc v leasr ified
alotnhgre o uhtoew,e ver.
Thibso oikn tetnobd eas oj urneIywt.a nttobs r icnlgot soew ria d er
pubtlhimeca icno ncdeepbtasat,nqe dus e stthihaoatnvb see erne levant
tot huen derstoafn dhiponewgo polreg atnhiesmes efoltrvh ees
produacntrdieo pnr odouftc htmeia otne groioaadlns sd e rvtihcaets
maklei pfosesi bIltaesi. im ts h reefifrostltopd ,r: o vtihdceeo ncaelp tu
toonlescs eatsrofy o llow tmh'oees cto noaofnm tihcr'o dpeoblaotgeys ;
secotnopd r,e sseonmotef t hedseeb attheistr;opd u,ft o rwmayr d
vieowfw hatthp er escehlnalte nagrieen's e conaonmtihcr'o pology.
Int hcihspa teI r wtirylt lod efine, tbhsreci oeopflftey h ,te e rm
'econoamnitch'r oiapniso ht la doseg vy elioanpc eadd edmiiscc ussions
durtihnlega f sityf etayTr hsiw.si b lefl o llboywa ena dt tetmonp atr row
thaer eoafd iusscstioo nc oan twehxetrl eol ca angdl ombaatle lr ia
proceasreseme bse didnhe ids tloc roinccasroelctr ieea latMioornes .
sepcifitchaselujl beyoc,ftt h biosow kib lepl r eseantsth deerd it voew ard
ana lll-uisnaicppvreo atcomh a telriifuaselt-,as pirnoicnegts hsreosu,g h
thues oeft hceo ncoef'sp otic arle proodnuT'ch.tre ie asobneihnign d
theem pahsoinss ocrieaplr odiutsch tiaicttoo nrn itbuttobe rsi dging
dulaissmusca hts h eob setweena nmmdia ccraropo p arcohmeast,e rial
ancdlu truaple rspeacntmdio,vr geees n e,rb aeltlwy'ee ecnonoamnyd'
'scoie'.It nyeddet,h edsuea lhiasvbmees c oamm eaj oorb sttaosc olcei al
scniteiusntdse'r nsgto afln idfie-supsrtoaciensisnegs .
2 NewD irieocintnEsc HoomAincrt ohopglyo 3
Itndruocotni
rbeeBleutanttfrt oiyte rih ltsnemeotudg at se t t aewrlrtiyf iot gaa hecl oatt rfr sle o iauvlgiiihnt nagi oin efdyhss e o ioawenc ta n ihnceafetotni huydetrn rloohted poea,owrl lte hitohdathge viaiseetse s t s Stota0. b r:lltc as!'a'1tl t l 0h fOewe nna dn(istP's.som la1at59new7yrh:iie2 sian9retl a3ee 'l;q Ds uaotil hrte1eo 79snu1m [saa91et 6 e:5mor3]efi1a a)nl s
aroer ganitsherdo usgohc iraell atiionan r se guallatrh ocuhgahn giwnagy . Thsid enfiitiroenm aiwnist hinm eaan s-ends/wantso-ns atisfacti
y'eeTach.roeF dsn ooorRmbm .ayy,ai' onn �hft' h(e r9c1oo7pn0eoocl)mahoonia nggtscoie h msnriteocsrp aomaatlunneoctddgthdh yh er'edbo eapfiftonoelpoir orvt goieiyffimrot fa nhftr eoyi c luys elm'onsgoa t.tt.u lCw ar1tv h 1 a' ,-i o ncfnsoho et hree i cmstostonc ro oaeramlfian iiecdcmsrt p oilcviia-icantttildhoytt ha e Jcl'nS oa y r nb e.dsd n,e lt rtrdsl.oaue O,fc mmp.n tvar s eno rddls/u'.aasc nd ut plpOlny,
onr esouraclel ocaatnidop nr odudcits tribauntdir oens otnst he ditsruitibona ndc onsumptoifmo ant ergioaolda sn ds ervlIc�ter se.s ents,
'acceptoaftn hceve i etwh atth el ogoifcs carciiostp ye ratoivveetr h e howevers,e velir nateresptoiinngts :t hfefi orcsuotsn, m 3�aYlnle� ds
wholrea ngoefe conompihce nome.nM ao'reover: san do lmcce ioanatss;tle ytca;onind tntd hhu,iei ir dtdeho,aatf tth h iieessd c oonneio nmaa ynsam. p s rt.lo totcun.hetla alsls' tsdu s e sa tna dm s
wthhietl hesme ia gtioneaftdirl hifie emcc eaonnnoscoiftiesms ho eey ence t onoln iioientmrs hye teg r aaarnsadsbo eaafwcds htf iaieiictcoit uhns r s e , threefosroe csitarlulwcyat yuM.o rreedov ePro,l anaynidh, ifso llowers
compoasnetddh eorrieefnt he quraetlliiaotpnysws hohific h ttrhaeniossneas c t poiendtt ot hfea ct itn�ho a�-tm ar�tki ntegrastoecdi etthieeec so,n omy
creeaxtper,e ssa,n mdso udsi(tfY91a.7i 0n: 4) ise mbdedeid no thesrO Clmaslt ltutalnOdcn asn nobte a nalyassead
Thivsi eowf tshceo paen dm ethoodfe conomainct hropotleongyn ed seGproaadterele itaealrkm e.os v emr osto ft hes ubst.a.n ,tp lrvolpsotssl talnOdn s
'fonnahlaibsse te'cn r iticoints heegd r ountdhsai tta ppltiheeso retical redefitnheesmw ithai!yi na rxifsrta mewoTrhke.e conomiysd efined
critedreivae lofpreodmt hea nalyosfci asp itsaolciiset(t siceasr ocfi ty theans a s erioefss o ciraell atpiroensseb nott ihn a s pecidfoimca ionf
resouracletse,rn aatlilvoec aptrioocne smsaersg,i untaill miottyi vation) activ-ittiheaostf t hep roductdiiosnt,r ibauntdic oonn sumption of
toa lslo cieatliolev setr h weo rlpda,sa tn dp res.eA nltthougrhet liaoipnss h matergioaold -sa nda sa ' partiacsupleaocrft haulmla na ctivtihtaite s
betweeinn dividauraehl isg hligahstt ehdes ignifaiscpaenoctft t he don otb elonignt hemseltvote hsa dto maibnu tt hef unctioonfi ng
economtyoa nthropoltohgeissaetrs ce,o nceiivnea d ' transactionalw'h icihn voltvheees x chanagnedu seo fm aterial (g91o7o:d41s0'4) .
mode( Bla1u89 2T)h.eb aspirco bloefmt hipse rspecitsti hvaseto cial InG odeliveire'wsi, t tihses ocisatlr uctoufar s eo cietthye', l ogic
relatairopene sr ceiavsae nde xacgnheof s oci'avla luoeras,l' t ernativelyo,f i tsso ciraell atitohne's r'e,a lisoaftt hieso onc ianlelcye ssary ends',
asa ttriboufet xecsh anagcet bse,i ntgh ereftorreea taes'd u tiltiot ies' 'the bfeutntcetri oonfai lnslgo cisatlr uctkuirnessh,pi opl,i trieclsi,g ion,
bem aximisiendt hes amef ramewoorfks carcaintdy alternativeet ct.h'a ste tmsa terial a'nndet ehdems e'a nosf ' satisfaicnat ion'
allocaatsai noyno therre source. concrestoec igarlo unTdh.e h istorciocnadli tioofen mse rgenocfae
Anothveire wo fw hate conomainct hropolsohgoiusfltodsc uosn particsuolcaicrao ln teaxrten ote xpliciinttleyg rianth eidst heory,
iss uggesbtye� do lan(y91i5 7an)dh ifso llowTehresyp. r opotsweo howeve(rK haann dL lobe1r8a9 :12 9.S9 o)ciraell atbieocnosm teh e
distimnecatn inogfst hec onceopft' economOyn'e.i st he' formal' centorfee conomainca lywsiitsh aic no nteoxfst o ciraelp roduction.
meaniwnhgi cihsa t heoorfyr atioancatlii onnv olvcihnogi bceet ween
Itfh wahti icpsh r odudciesdt,r ibcuotnesdu dmaeenpdde ndsn aoetn u rthe
alternautsieovsfe s carrcees our(cFeisr tdhe'fisn itiFoonr)t .h em,
anodn t hheei raorfcn heyei dnass ocitehteeync, o noamcitcii vosir tgya nically
howevetrh,im se anicnagno nlbye a ppliinea ds ociwehteyr teh mea rket, titeod otthhepe orl irteilciaglci,uo lutfsuma,ri alalyc, t itvhicatotim epso se
mechaniisstm h ed ominamneta nosf a llocaltainndlg,a bouarn d witihtt h ceo ntoeflne iti fsnt hsaotc iaentdyw htioic gthi vtehsme a terial
good.Ts her e(aoslru btsitcvaoenn)ce opfet c onomsyh oubledm eaningful meaonfsr e aloin(s.Ga otdie1l79i41e4:r7 )
fora nys ociewthya,t evietrfs o nno fa lloca(toirdo ins tribuitsi.o n)
Howevearl,t houignGh o deliveire'awsl slo rotfss ocisatlr uctures
Accordinigntl hye',s ubstasnetnitsvheee ' econcoamnby ed efinaesd:
--,. mighhta vae n' economaiscp'e ctth,ee conomsyh oubleda nalysed
ani nstitutiinotnearlbaiecsttewideom anen n anedn vtihreo tnhmaetn t
startfirnogtm h es ociraell atoibotnasi niintn hgep ropeercloyn omic
provais duesst parionveidos fmia otnem reiaafnlorst hsea atcitsoiffwo ann ts.
domoafip rHo ductdiiosnt,r ibauntdci oonns umpt(i1o7n941 :5 1).
4 NewD irieocitltnEsc toloAmHirtcoho pglyo Ittrlocdtuiotl 5
CritioqfGu oedse lviieerw' s( KaLhlno b1ae9nrd8aA 1 s;a1 d79 4) (te r mde' modoer'so f'r mosfp' r oductthiawoetnr a)er tic.iu nla a ted
chlaavpieom iehndjt estisdthnse oao vrytottepa u rrktiaoe nlbnat l wcoeic mtoshThu ih nascetp o .pan rccohcrF.oei ntriidsettiti s,o ns Pcountsec iptrm'leosyt c,hifq eaoru lme asttwi(iatowoshnihn a'sae t , t rthceheodaerpmil elff,re hexmin,ost dt Ieo�S rsrOf ioCr�c)Is.a e ty
ofp roducotfai neo xni sstoiicanslgt ructthwuear yie n,w h ipcrhe sento fpr odcutiroent aainan� teod?n m�osd �iti�np catforh �goamstmhge Ir
'bulneodsfr elatiroenlstahopti aepos snt'e h san sop laicnhe it sh eory.c ontiintouyrw, h etthheeraI rrt lCuIlmapnltoIlnese dsc aean lc�yoo mn,
Secotnhdec,ir ri tuinqdueer alp irnoebscl oenmc erannitnhgr opoloigtneyr deenpdeannmtdu tuatrlalonyrs mfipnagto hfs ocriperaold uc.t IOn
morgee nrealtlhyia:stt , h aes sumpotfti houenn iverreslaelvo afn ce AsIw iblrli epfloyi nt otuhtde e lbaawtateeserm ,b edmd ebadr oader
somcea tegsourcaihs'e esc moyn'o',k ins'hpiopl'i',tri iegcli'sto 'hn,a t �hilopshiocaarlg ument dealing waintcdho nacbrsettrea ct models
h�aeb ecobmoeu nded domainsa coafd esdmtiiuscidc nyie p.ol f etahtleii oefss ociaentwdyi ,tt hh ien rtafecbee twetehaneb starnadc t
ThIlse atdos a tshseu mptth'ia otan dfiiseotlfsid on ccaitca tliw vhiitcyh thceo cnrete.
cabne c arvoeuodtf t hteo taolfsi otcyri ealla teixoiansnstd's bcea n Twoa speocftt hFser enMcahr xidsetbsa't esb ehs ihgohullidg hted
studiinie sdo la(tKiaoahnnnL dl ob1e98r1:a3 0l9a)tt,eo br er elated hereO.n t hoen eh anIdw anttos trtehsesii nrc retahseionrge tical
tot hoet hceart egionar' isetsr uc'tourrgeoadrn'' is,cy 's tewmaayt.i c'�r eoucpcatwiiotsnho crieaplr odourtc hteio o'nfml oatwisoo fsn o'c ial
�neo� t hpee reninsisaiulnea sn thropiosul noqguiyeo sntatbhley otasliO.tn ti heoet hhearn tdh,pe r obloeftm h inkiiHtn hageb r satct
dIscuasbsoItuOhtnse t aotftu hsce a tegtohrsaiotec ssi cailie shntatsv e contcehr iestosroicrcieaaalll ciotniteistn obu eei,snm yo piniaonn ,
forgeidnt h'e· ooufra scea demic cdoembpaattrooee t dha 'ces or mmon­ unreesdmo eltvhodoilsosgTuihceefa.sa l c inawtitiahob ns tmroadcetl s
sencsaet'e gtohraite estn hceoyuo nrtt ote hrre e lailv reedl atpiso nshiisd irleyrc etlattoAe l'dt husrseeardo'ifsnM ga r(xA lth1u69s9s,e r
ftorhmtauht.le m ayuotsefIttx Oh pfnelor Tamhieelonr an. cse rttsih ;tai mitsiGq ,gou ahdepte p leariaseepir lrav aa'ri ts(as Admso axdi cap1lr79 o4Bd;ual nci'tbS1ia 69ors9 ti)inras aus s ceottt(ru xfieurrdcaec tl ofuinsasnhtei cwobthneie torawnem eas oeg dn�eseo on ff
19.47:�42)w hereea csho ciiecsto yn ceaisav nea du tonosmyosutse m producatnmideo anon fs prodwuhcitcciahob nned efinaersde l?naSt I
settImtngse eadnshd e nce oregcaonniosamitcinicvgi i natm ya nner ofp rodounc.to irIdnte oer x iisntt h ceO Hctrhesett reu,c rteuqrUeI res
unreltaoot tehsdeo rc ileotgiTeihsci'ispss . a rtilycr uellaebrveacnatu se as uperstorfpu ocltiuatrnieidc d aelo lorgeilcaatBliu otbn esc.a use
aWsa ller(s91t7e41i,89n0 F)r,a (n91k6 7W)o,l( f9182a)no dt hhear�vs therseel atairoen sd eneemceedts ost haCerM yl cerxeitseto efn cteh e
showtnh,le o goifc uamcuclatthiaootrn i giinnEa utoerpdae n sde t stcrtuutrheea ylh saov teob ea ccoufnorit nte hdae b stmroadceTtlh .e re
fortthh oer ganiosfea ctooinmoinac tc iviitnsi peescw iafiyrcse ached itsh eanno pposbiettiwotenhe aenb starnadc ctto hnec erxeptree ssed
dirleyoc rit nditrlayelo clv etrhw eo ralndpd r oounfdltyr aonrsmfed int hbea se/supermosdteralun cdit ntu hrneee eodfa na bstract
wh�aevesroi caslt rucotreu croenso smyisct meimgshh ta veex isted prefidneitoifaoc no ncoef'tp htee c onoamsi acau'nt onoimnosutsa nce
prevIoaunsdl yw hatevemri grhhetal voaebt tiaoinbnsee tedwe n (olre voefal n)sy o csitarlu cture.
reilvaetdliys tpionlciottr gi reosu ps. Them odeplo sbeesof rehaas nedot fp redefisnoceridea lla tions
OthFe�re nMca�hi satnt hropohlaovgei smbtoesrep enr eoccupied( encoomipco,l itical, ideoalsco ocgneipctaouljba)el ca ttnhsda, t appear
byt hree alItthIyem poafoc fWt e stcearpni teacloinsotim nin eosn ­ thuasc hiitte hvreee si ficoaftio'oclna lains'deb do'u nrdeegdi�'oe nvse ls,
c(aMepiiltslao1alc89sii2sse tot7t[uh 5i1xrR]e9 oe;sucyi 9go 7h1lT ;oen ariynr1a dna6l9 e9 oT)lch.ooe nviipirarei lowts c h easts esii nnaat s notc)tteTa.ywshl heii'siclehshe i vasertsleo(us rAb'ils ctelahq1yluub6,9 seu9 ns1nt:ee2t 9 cr-er 3Asi)llsa.tyar hu,tu laisacnstdee rd
int� ese sfoorcmiaatli( otnhisasc t,o nchriestteo rreiaclasilet vieersa)l hifsol lwoerhso,w evaelrfs,leo st t rotnhgnele ye tdot ranstcheinsd ,
�od�eo fp rodu(cttihoaantb sitssrt,ar cutct toutraeladir ateri teisc)u latefdar mgenattitohnr otuhgeehm phaosn'i rse prodouftc htteito oanl'i ty
m ah Ierarwcahyti:hc ceaa lp italoifps tr odmuodcsetu iboonr dinate(sBl airb1 a6998:22-238,9 I)d .o nwoitst hoe ntmeorr dee elpyh ere
thneo n-pictaamloidsets . inot tAhlet heursidsaenb aIw tiejl.ul ps oti tnoit ti sn fleuncienM arxist
oafT hulmetao aimrtnyh eorqeuteiscwtahilio acnrh o rseev oalrvoeudtn hsdet atus anrtohploogoynt hoen eh and thirteosxue cgshs itvheeloyr etical
oft hdei stsiconicatol rlgya nlieis-fesdu stparionciensgs ese mphasoinas b stsrtarcutcw thuircaehrst e h etnr eaatsoe bdj seo;c nt
7
NewD itreicoinnEsc no omAitcrl otoophlgy
6 Itnrdouction
tohf'oe ot vhheearrnd pdea,tr eardbmoyinx tnoihancrt-aoieliuocltignoysdh'n, ieo o nfatms hifteuca (n nidcdaeemsroe olnlotega ilc p19ra8ole2cs,:s 5a(e4ndcest) ra h tsiaihsnvo deua/ rlloedbsrs eo iu snftdo�aersnr)tcsa hetspa�a o atokro pdetflt hacAecos eW.n .o c lrfe te
politeitc)cai .lna, l clo ncrheitset ofroircmaalt (iAolntsh usser hassh owinnE uroeap ntdhP ee oWIptlheHIo suttow ryem, u stth mk
17941:21-1,32401-)A.n df,o lloBwainnaIgwj iipl rlo ptohsaet : b(1o9htg8) l2 obaanlldlo yc ailwfle wy a_ nt tou nderswthaa�ntad p peanleld
overt hweo lr,dw em ustth ihnikosi rtlcalWyo.ls fa oyfsh IbSo otkh at:
modepsr oodfu acrtieim opnet nreaabtl elt ehvoeefs l i mapblsett iroaTnchse.
procoef'ts rsau beas cttriisosin m'u ltaanp erooucosef'lscysco rneitoionsf'a t hopteods e litnhegeae tneep rraolca ewtso sri knm ercaanntcdia ltpeai list
thdee finiotfsi poench iifisct olraofiwmc soa tli (oBlajlni1.a7 9 7:9) Id�tev u�lelo :Saptms,iewt onhuntidbsa liy tttee hh deee t hhtsniiaosmmfteloeo l aronaiwdtnal htnIeehs1ifr grfo . oep nMcotyt lhvms oei.l g e.c0i fw rs ot­s.
ThuIsa ,mm orien terienhs itgehdl isgohctriieanplgr odutchtei on, ep roceasntsdhe esi r ihesif sfteocrtiiscn ta hslee, n osbfheu i ts taosar ny
movemetnhtr owuhgihca ch o ncrheitset osroiccriaealal ls iettthyse anatliycaaclc to unofd etvheel opomfme antte nraeIllO antmso,1v l1g
condiftoiirotc nsos n tiannucdio tnyt tariannss forwmiatthtiihonen s siumlatneoyou nst lhlee voeftl h een comsplsaIy1sgs taenomdn t hffi1ec ro-
limoifatd so minlaongti c. lev(e91l8.2 :23)
Upt ot hpiosi Inh ta vber iperfelsye tnhmteae iddn e batthesasht a ped Andt hiiwssh aItt h i'nekc onoamnitch'r oposlhoogudilesdat ls with
thfei eolfed c onoamnitch roptohlfeoo grym:a list/substanitnti hvceios ntc rcdeaetsbteeah ste ey (stcSu.md iyt1 h89 33:44-7).
antdh dee bawtiet hMianr xist anthrIow pioflloloc ogunyts .h e Now Whatt,h einst, h fer amewIop rrko pofsoterh 'iesc onomic'
basic tihdafetoa rtsmh ceo ntienxw th icmhy o wnt heoreticaanlto hproloOgynt? h oen hea nd,r etjheeco tfti hioedn oe faas eparate
perspeicestm ibveed ded. eocnomliecv oerbl o undreedg ioofen c onosmoiccri ealla toi,ro ns
Iw anttob riepflrye stewncotu rroefnt thso utghhwatit bl elm ore activsietetimoesm s ea fi rasntnd e cessstaeOrpny.t hoet hhearn: Id:
fuldleyaw litti hnC hap4t.Teh rfe icrusrtr ent centthwreo ersk arofueniedtil su setfoun la rrtohwse c oopfet h'ee conotmoti hcSe'O CIal
ofE.PT.h ompsaonnRd . W illiwahmods e velaoc peerdts atirna nd relaitnivoonlisv nte hpder oducatnrideo pnr odoucfmt aitoelnri i'fa.el ,
ofM arx'asnG dr amstchio'usgT hhteesim.rp haosnhi usm aenx periencet hrotuhgoehr ganiinsteedr aocfht uimoaann nsd naAtnudlr�,se tI.,,
anadg enpcoyi tnott shm ea teroifca olnistcyi otuots hnieem spso,r tancew oulwda ntto p ufto rwtahriedd etah aftoh ru mapno pulatlOns
ofc ultaunrodef t hpee rsoennavli ronimnte hnceto nstrauncdt ionm aterreilaalt ionbset hceaonrneosttei pcaarlaltyte hdec iufrlr toumr al
transforomfta htesi oocni al rtehlamatat kileoi nfuses -tsaininge xpreswshiiocinhnts, u ranr,me a terpiraoldluyac needdm bodied.
procepsossessi ble. Ip roptohseetn,ot, a kase o mewphaarta dorxoiutcthaewal it sl tla rt
Thes ecocnudr rdeenawtli stt hht ee nsbieotnw leoecnaa nlgd l obal witthh' ec laasnsailcdy'it viicos fit ohenec onopmriocc iensttsoh e
mateprrioacle Isnst ehsri.es s pietsc hto ublynd o wb ec letahraa t distmionmcetn otfsp roducdtiisotnr,i abnudet xicohna nagned,
capitaloifas ctc ulmouglhiaacrts ei aocnth hefeda rtchoersnotef tr hse counmsptiaonndw, i leln di nt hael l-encomfipealosdfss oicniga l
worlHdo.w i,nt hsiesv ecreanlt ulroinpegrs o ciehtsa sts,r ansformerde opdrucnt.Ai teo veproyi Inw ti plrle stehcneot n ceapnitdss s ues that
thoen goiloncgaa nlrd e giloongasilhc osu bletd h mea iinn teorfe st haevb eeand dreis'nse ecdo noamnitch ropaonlIdwo igtlyrl'ty os how
presen'te-cdoanyo amnitch'r opForloomg yp.te hrissp etchtei ve how thoer igsienlafl- ecnactleogsboerrdei daeoksw ann gdi vwea y
dispaubtoewu hte tehxecrh arneglea itinaow nosr ldcwoindte(e Fxrta nk toon ea onthiencr o ncrheitset osroicpciraaollc esses.
Wallerstein orp roductioni nar l eolcaatli ons
1697; 17941,89 0)
cont(eLxatc laua rteh kee tyo c onceptu'acltaiapsliiiansngmd '
1791)
thuass sertthdieen ggr oefpe e netroaftt hiceoa np itlaolgiiinsctat o
socfioarlm atsieoenmt,som en ow vaa iann d caesxueirsctiisce .
Moreocvaepri,t alisotfp rroedluacmttiiigoofhnnits en xdp reisns ion
multiple codnrcarwtentoc e a pfiaotcracmlus m ulbautdtii offne rent
frotmh' ec lasfsriwecaeag llea' b oruerl a(tGiooond maanRdne dclift
Production 9
arteeh l inwkh icrhe laltievbsie nign agnstd,h eoscec iunrac ertain,
prdeitcabwlaeyT .h em ethodolforgaimceawilots r hkao tfa s ytse,m
wheerc leadrilsyt ingeuliesmheaanrbrteles el aitnwe hdai tms e antto
1 PRODUCTION beaf unicotnitnogt aTlhieut nyd.e rliydieitnashg att,o i ltestfehltef,
tentdosw aerqdu iliablrtihuomnu,osg tht aetqiuci liIbtr ium.
system
folwlosfr omt htihsta htse p ecaideaispn tt hsee c sotsteyoem n vironmental
chanbgreosu agbhotbu ytt heeff ective enetrhgryo tueigxmhce h anges
antdh uen prediccattaabslt-erd oipshceosn t-itnhucaiattbn ie efsa ll
ansyy stAedmpa.t attoti hocenh angeinnvgi rolnemaetdnoasrt enewed
Thicsh apwtieblrel g biynp resewnhtaiitnos gf ttehno uogfha tst he unsteaqbuliel iTbrrainusmf.o rimtsah tupisao ronfte cosysItites m s.
mositn escampaatbealrnyiod ab lj ecptaiorvftte hp er oducptrioocne ss:r elgrah,uo wevbeerc,a tuhseeeff ecotfe sl emenetxacrhya ngbees can
theen vironTmheean rtg.u mweindltel v eelvoepn tiunatalco lr yi tiqued escrainbqdeu da,n tivtaartiiatvtheie ormneasoyt f h ehna vper edictable
oft hnea iavhei stnoortiicooafan'l sg ivneant'ue rnavli ronIm ewnitl.l
resiunlt thosev erall syasstseumm.p stThihooeubnslested h ouogfh t
suppionrstt tehapede rspetchtatithve een vironimsae lnwtta hyes
atsh meo smta teripaolloiefas nat pipcr otaoec cho noamnitch ropology.
prodoufsc otc hiiaslt oprrioccaelss siemsic.lr iatrwi iqbluelpe r esented
A Iitbs o tahu seful psotiaannrtadt m ientgh odoldoegviiWcceaew l.i ll
fo'rt echnotlhovege yrm'ya, t emreidaila tion between humans and
seient hfeo llocwhianpght oewri, nf actthc,eo nttehxcatot n strains
theeinrv ironTmheeln atts.wt os ectoifto hncesh apwtieflrol c ouns
anidas c tuepdo bny h umabne inignts h esiera rfcoahrl iveliish ood
social trheaeltfa ftdeiicofftne sr enatrioau'tnpidro ond ucHteiroen '.
socainadhl i stoorniewc,ha elr ceu ltaunrdma alt erfioarlcae rse
alsIw oi ltlrt yos hofwo,e rx amptlheag,te nder-dliivniksoeifdo ns a
entanignald eida lepcrtoiccoeafcsl os n tinturoaunss formation.
laboaurre nnaottu Trhaecl h.a pteern dww iitalhl l o ndgi scussion
Frotmh hiusm aenc olpoegrys petchteitnvh,eee n, v ironcmaenn t
abotuhtce o ncaenptdth ree alitieisnc oonft'ewmoprsokor'ca ireyt ies.
bed efiansae s dp awchee rheu maann odt hsepre cpioepsu'l ations
Thiwsi lblr iunsug n hesitIah toipntego,tl hyce,o nclutshiatothn e
exchaenngeer Fgoyhr.u mantsh,ei xsc habnegceo maem sa ttoefr
bounded orfe'gpiroonds uhcotugiliodvwn ea'y t oam orwei de-ranging
harnesrseisnogu Wrhcaeitsus .n dersa'tsso poadac n'edr' e soumrucsets '
framework.
ber elattohe mUda plolp ulatthiaiotsns ,so ,c ial -parsdo icsetssiensc t
froamn oyt hsepre cpioepsu'l a-tiitfoh enecs o loagpipcraoliat sco h
THEE COSYSTEM bem eaninignef cuoln oamnitch ropology.
Forhu man popsuplaaitcsnie oo stno ms u cahg iven objective
Spacreeo;sl lprpocuaeltsi;o ns matefraiacasatll iveexdp eriGeenocger.a pbhaircrcaialebn re sc ome
pasto hfc ommunicwaittiho nut shoeef c erttaeicnh nological
Econoamcitci avriteth ioesse awrhdeii rcehtc otweadtr hsdea tisfactkinoonw leAd rgievf.eo rer,x ampmlieg,eh itt bheea rni soloabtsitnagc le
ofm a�erinaele ds in humaTnh ippseo rpsulpaeptcriteoisnvusep. p oseosra w aterewnaayb ltirnagn sopvoelrrot n dgi staAn ccheasoi.fn
theeX Istoefagn icve'e nna tcuornatlae'nex ntv,i ronwmheenhrtue,m an mountiasnio nttsh sea mseo rofto bstfaocarlh eu masno citehtayt
groudpwse lwlh,ic ihts h etrobe e a ctuepdo ann fdr owmh icthh ey mastaevrisa tteicohnn aisqf uooern ste h daote nso tD.i stainnafc lea t
caenx trwahcaittns e edfeoadrl iviTnhgee. n vironimnte unrwtni ll countrdye peonndt sh mee anosft ransportateitoTcn.h ea vailable,
resptoohn udm aanc tion triggering feienod nbea ck mraetseplcro oinnassetsr oiafcsf tpfiaefoccontehrsi u nmgag nr oupsb emr uesltat toe d
w�yo ra n�oetrt hdei ffesrpeencttih esasht a ard ee fisnpeadFc reo.m tehk nowleadnagdve a iloafbt ielcihtnyo( ltohigasmyt,a tearritaelf acts
t�hsp erspehcutmIaavnresme a intlrye aatsjeu odsn tse p eciinetse ractindrgei vfreodmh umainn telFloeercc to)n.oa mnitch roptohleorgeyf,o re,
WItoht her isnps epcaaicneetds h rotuigmhEe x.c hanogfe ense rgy sapecc annboedt e vooifhd u mainn teraction.
8
NewD irieocintnEsc noomAincto hopgrlyo Prdoutcion 11
10
Somethsiinmgih laaprp teonrs seo cue:ars r esoeui rnsco otn eu ntil Theroerfwee m usatc cofuonvrta riaitnfi eornt rialtaiemtsoy n g
iitks n otuobm eo nbey ah umagnr ouFpoe.rx am,pt lhmeee reex iscet endfiefretns ociebtuiatel ssw oi tthhisena mseo ci,de etpyendoinn g
ofs ommei neirnta hlie n habrietaeoldfma h umagnr oduop enso t dierfefntlai cacteosf so orde souTrhciess .m weesa hnosu elxdp lore
makieat r esouFricriestp.tsr , e smeuncsbetek nowsne,c ointudss, e fulp oliictlia ss.iu neo srdteoru ndersmtuacnh'd e colovgairciaalt'i on.
MoreoavneIr m,p oratsapnoetfch tu mapno pulaittsih oganrtso wth
aspe.cchtousrm alnim fuesb teu nderstthoiotrdhdm,e,e ansh atron ess
nugbhetc onscicoounstlriyons l elveedr aWle m wuasbytes a.ir nn Und
thaissp meucstb ted iscovaenfrdoe udr tthhse,o coiragla niosfa tion
thcaotn tmrioglrh etf neoortn ltyop ractrseirtciiegcnbs tu t taotl hsoos e
socimeutsypt e rmtihtee x ploiotfat thireoe ns ouArlcolef t. h ese
conditmiaoynn osbt e p resseinmtu ltainenao uhsulmgyar no up.e n1ilacripnogp ulagtrioownAt mho.n tgh orsees trpiocptuilnagt ion
Moreupvreorb,at bhleyyn owbties l hla hroemdo genetohursoluyg hougrotw thp,r ololnagcetdpa etriioaonfd tesea rcb hi rstehet mob eaf airly
thger oaunptd h dei fferaecnctetosri sea ls ouwricelexlsp rpeoslsi ticcaolm momne thTowdo.f actsoeretsmoc ontrtiodb euctree faesretdi lity
anedc onodmiifcf erOennt choeet sh.he arn adl,t horuegsho uarrcee sd uring ltahlceot waretarit ooinHo:ats to b odwye igahnttd h per esence
locaitnes dp aacnedw oultdh eresfeoertmeo b ea scritbote hde oft hheo rmone prOotlharecerts itnrmeie.ct thioivndecs l duedlea ying
humapno pulaitnihoanbsaip tairntgis cpualtcaherii, nss o gte nerallmya rriaaggfeeo wro menr;i tuparlolhyi biinttienrgc douurrisneg
soF.o erx ampwleec ,o uclodn sitdhemera niyn stainnwc heisc h prolopnegreidio ndfsa;n (teiscpiedfceei maaillnlefy a ntainwcdai rdfea)r e.
Westienrnd usstorciiahelat vieeex sp lorietseodul rocceaistnT e hdi rld Practeincheasn cfienrgti inlciltnuyud ter ithiaobniaatilsm iantg
Worlcdo untOrniceaesg .a tienc,h nolkongoiwclaealdn rgdee l atiolnosw ertihnaegg o ef m enarschhoer;t elnaicntgao trsi uopnp reists ing
bet:e",enh ur.nans �oietidewse,l liindn igf fesrpeancbteu sat lwaysa ltogtehtrhoeturhg uehs oef f oosdu bstoirtw uettne usr seianrgl;y
mobIalnedm teracmtuIsbvtee t ,a kiennt aoc couDnetm.a nodns marraigafego ewr o men; cfeorrotmfmas ai rnr isaugcaehsm onogamy
resouarncde ss ttrhelesi sm ioftnai cntgoo far nes n vironmmuesntt (aosp posteopd o lygwyhniyci)hn crtehacesh ea nocfei sn tercourse
therebfeao prper oaacsahc eodm plpeoxl ietciocnaolpm riocc ess.o ccruridnugr itnhfgee rpteirlieoo fod v ulactyicolEnem sp.h aosni s
Humangsee tn erfgryor me sou-roctehsse pre cainedms a teriaplr ololnagcetdpa etriioionnmd asn syo cimeatyi eaasil amsit on creasing
elemeinnst psa -cbeu htu maanlssp or oduecnee ragnymd i ghbet thceh anocfse usr voifbv aablii nee nsv ironwmheensrtuesb stfiotoudt e
themseslovuegashf tta esrr e soubryoc tehshe urm anTsh.ec ontrol iousfn avaiolrsa cbalrec e.
human liaosbn ooeuft r hm ea ifno ricnte hsoe r ganiosfsa otciioent iesH.u mapno pulatthieornne,ss ,p toone dn vironfmaecnttsoaurlcs h
Ani mporatsapnoetcft t he ec olopgeircsaple ictsth iienv ef luencaess caorrcb eo untriefsuolub rucntee svi enar n ' objemcetcihvaen'i cal
o�s paacnerd e souornhc uemsa pnpo ualtiAo pnosp.u lactahinao vne wa.yW em ustth iinntk e romfasp oloipftpo iuacltsi wohniscw hit lalk e
dIffe�arteoensf�t o wtohr d eclaisan r ee souflt tha ev ailaobfi liitnyta oc cotuhnsett rucotfpu orweei rn fluenfceirntgmi olribtiyd,i ty,
res�oeusmr cae rtlaomc atOinto hnoe.n hea npdo,p ulagtrioownt h mortamliigtrya,et xiporne,ds isffienrgea nctciteaosll so craels ources
mayt nggteherex pansaih ounm agonrf o iunptn oe ighboaurreiansg a ntdh ceo ntorfso pla ce.
wherne soubrecceosm e scamricgeehn.tc rTohiaincstsh oo moet her
groueps'tsa bllioscahatenidwdo i nrl els iuncl otn flict.i afH owever,
humagnr oiusspe vecroenlsyt rbaygi enoegrda pbhaircrapiloe prusl,a tioEnng eyirp rultlotuhtqepus uettiif;pM rIo ducectloiovglvii actlavyus:e.
growmtIhg ht tolt eeacdh nolcohgainicgnoae rl d teohr arnleoscsa l eOCIlcvO amliue
buhti thuenrattot ariensaobu(lrCeca ernse1 i79r0oO) n.t he ohtahnedr
thaev ai:rl aobfci elritnauitnr itriesoonuaarlfc feefsce tmsafl eer tiliHtuymane cologyt oes xepeltkahsire ne lationsr ebseotuawrnecdee sn
A certraamto IffO aitnb odwye igmhutsb tea ttaiinon reddte ogr e :t populantsii naog ivsepna Tcheer.e laitesix opnr eisnts eerdom fes n ergy
reguolvaur.l� n ac ty1clTehsiw.si ldle pennodot n loynt hgee nerale xchansg.Te hea mouonfte nertghya th umaa gnr ouspp enidns
amouonHto omdt akea lbosunott h per opoorHtiaottnoo thneurt rientssu bsisatnedon tcheae crt iviisbt aileasn cedt haaegm aoiunonsftt
int hdei et. energy ofbotsrau ibnseidsat neodnt chseeo rc piuarlp oTsheihssa. s