Neuroscience for addiction medicine : from prevention to rehabilitation : constructs and drugs

352 Pages·2016·8.83 MB·English

by  Ekhtiari

Serial Editor
Vincent Walsh
InstituteofCognitiveNeuroscience
UniversityCollegeLondon
17QueenSquare
LondonWC1N3ARUK
Editorial Board
MarkBear, Cambridge, USA.
Medicine& TranslationalNeuroscience
Hamed Ekhtiari, Tehran, Iran.
Addiction
Hajime Hirase, Wako, Japan.
NeuronalMicrocircuitry
Freda Miller, Toronto,Canada.
DevelopmentalNeurobiology
ShaneO’Mara, Dublin, Ireland.
Systems Neuroscience
SusanRossell, Swinburne, Australia.
Clinical Psychology&Neuropsychiatry
Nathalie Rouach, Paris, France.
Neuroglia
Barbara Sahakian,Cambridge, UK.
Cognition &Neuroethics
Bettina Studer,Dusseldorf,Germany.
Neurorehabilitation
Xiao-Jing Wang, New York, USA.
ComputationalNeuroscience
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Contributors
Mustafaal’Absi
University ofMinnesota School of Medicine,Duluth, MN,USA
Nelly Alia-Klein
Department ofPsychiatry, and Department ofNeuroscience, Icahn Schoolof
MedicineatMountSinai, NewYork, NY, USA
Barbara C.Banz
Department ofPsychiatry, YaleUniversity SchoolofMedicine, New Haven, CT,
USA
LuciaBederson
Department ofPsychology, New York University, NewYork,NY, USA
Wade Berrettini
Karl E RicklesProfessor ofPsychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior,
PerelmanSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA
WarrenK.Bickel
AddictionRecovery Research Center,VirginiaTechCarilion Research Institute,
Roanoke, VA, USA
Jean LudCadet
Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural
Research Program, NationalInstitutesof Health,Baltimore, MD,USA
Bader Chaarani
DepartmentofPsychiatry,VermontCenteronBehaviorandHealth,Universityof
Vermont, Burlington,VT, USA
Kelly E.Courtney
Department ofPsychology, University ofCalifornia,LosAngeles, CA, USA
W. Miles Cox
BangorUniversity, Bangor, UK
Anita Cservenka
Departments ofPsychiatry, OregonHealth&Science University, Portland, OR,
USA
Manoranjan S.D’Souza
DepartmentofBiomedicalandPharmaceuticalSciences,TheRaabeCollegeof
Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada,OH, USA
Scott Edwards
Department ofPhysiology,Alcohol and DrugAbuse Center ofExcellence,
Neuroscience CenterofExcellence,Louisiana State University Health Sciences
Center,New Orleans, LA,USA
v
vi Contributors
Hamed Ekhtiari
ResearchCenterforMolecularandCellularImaging;NeurocognitiveLaboratory,
IranianNationalCenter for AddictionStudies(INCAS); Translational
NeuroscienceProgram, Institute for CognitiveSciences Studies(ICSS),and
Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, ResearchCenter for MolecularandCellular
Imaging (RCMCI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Javad Salehi Fadardi
FerdowsiUniversityofMashhad;BangorUniversity,Bangor,UK,andAddiction
ResearchCentre,Mashhad University ofMedicalSciences, Mashhad,Iran
ShellyB. Flagel
DepartmentofPsychiatry,andMolecularandBehavioralNeuroscienceInstitute,
University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, MI,USA
John J. Foxe
Department ofPediatrics, and Department ofNeuroscience, Albert Einstein
College ofMedicine,Bronx, NY, USA
HughGaravan
Department ofPsychiatry, VermontCenter on Behavior and Health,and
DepartmentofPsychologicalScience,UniversityofVermont,Burlington,VT,USA
Ashley N.Gearhardt
Department ofPsychology, University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
RitaZ. Goldstein
Department ofPsychiatry, and Department ofNeuroscience,IcahnSchoolof
Medicineat Mount Sinai,NewYork, NY, USA
Colleen A.Hanlon
MedicalUniversity ofSouth Carolina, Charleston, SC,USA
Kelsey E.Hudson
DepartmentofPsychologicalScience,UniversityofVermont,Burlington,VT,USA
Andrine Lemieux
University ofMinnesota School ofMedicine,Duluth, MN, USA
Francesco Leri
Department ofPsychology, University ofGuelph,Guelph,ON, Canada
ScottJ. Moeller
Department ofPsychiatry, and Department ofNeuroscience,IcahnSchoolof
Medicineat Mount Sinai,NewYork, NY, USA
SeyedMohammad AhmadiSoleimani
NeurocognitiveLaboratory,Iranian NationalCenter for AddictionStudies
(INCAS),TehranUniversityofMedicalSciences,andDepartmentofPhysiology,
Faculty ofMedical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Azarkhsh Mokri
Clinical Department,IranianNationalCenter for Addiction Studies(INCAS),
Tehran University ofMedicalSciences, Tehran, Iran
Contributors vii
John Monterosso
Neuroscience GraduateProgram; Department ofPsychology, and Brain and
Creativity Institute,University ofSouthern California, LosAngeles, CA, USA
JonathanD. Morrow
Department ofPsychiatry, University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Bonnie J. Nagel
Departments ofPsychiatry, and Behavioral Neuroscience,Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Padideh Nasseri
NeurocognitiveLaboratory, Iranian National Center for AddictionStudies
(INCAS),TehranUniversityofMedicalSciences,andTranslationalNeuroscience
Program, Institutefor Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS),Tehran, Iran
Marc N. Potenza
DepartmentofPsychiatry;DepartmentofNeurobiology,ChildStudyCenter,and
CASAColumbia,andConnecticutMentalHealthCenter,YaleUniversitySchoolof
Medicine, NewHaven,CT, USA
AlexandraPotter
Department ofPsychiatry, Vermont Center on Behaviorand Health, and
DepartmentofPsychologicalScience,UniversityofVermont,Burlington,VT,USA
Amanda J. Quisenberry
AddictionRecovery Research Center,VirginiaTechCarilion Research Institute,
Roanoke, VA, USA
Arash Rahmani
IranianNationalCenter for Addiction Studies, Tehran University ofMedical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Lara A. Ray
Department ofPsychology, University ofCalifornia,LosAngeles, CA, USA
Erica M. Schulte
Department ofPsychology, University ofMichigan,Ann Arbor, MI,USA
Sarah E.Snider
AddictionRecovery Research Center,VirginiaTechCarilion Research Institute,
Roanoke, VA, USA
Philip A.Spechler
Department ofPsychiatry, Vermont Center on Behaviorand Health, and
DepartmentofPsychologicalScience,UniversityofVermont,Burlington,VT,USA
JeffreyS. Stein
AddictionRecovery Research Center,VirginiaTechCarilion Research Institute,
Roanoke, VA, USA
Jane R.Taylor
Department ofPsychiatry, YaleUniversity, New Haven, CT, USA
viii Contributors
MaryM. Torregrossa
Department ofPsychiatry, University ofPittsburgh, Pittsburgh,PA,USA
YvonneH.C. Yau
Department ofNeurologyand Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute,
McGill University, and Montreal Neurological Institute,3801 Rue University,
Montre´al,QC, Canada
Fatemeh Yavari
NeurocognitiveLaboratory,Iranian NationalCenter for AddictionStudies
(INCAS), Tehran University ofMedicalSciences, Tehran, Iran
SarahW. Yip
Department ofPsychiatry, YaleUniversity School of Medicine,New Haven,CT,
USA
SonjaYokum
Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
YanZhou
TheLaboratoryoftheBiologyofAddictiveDiseases,TheRockefellerUniversity,
New York, NY, USA
Preface: Neuroscience for Addiction
Medicine: From Prevention to
Rehabilitation
It isestimated thatatotal of246 millionpeople, i.e., over 5%ofthe world’s adult
population,haveusedanillicitdrugduringthelastyear.Meanwhile,morethan10%
of these drug users are suffering from drug use disorders and the number of drug-
related deaths is estimated to be over 187,000 annually (UN Office of Drugs and
Crime, 2015).Adding disordersrelated tothenonpharmacologicorbehavioralad-
dictionssuchaspathologicalgambling,Internetandgamingaddictions,overeating
and obesity, and compulsive sexual behaviors to the drug addictions comprises a
groupofbraindisordersthatcontributeasoneofthemajorchallengesforhumankind
inthe current millennium.
Addiction medicine has been regarded as a stand-alone specialty among other
medical professions in several countries; however, there are still serious concerns
regardingtheavailabilityandeffectivenessofinterventionsinawiderangefrompre-
vention to rehabilitation in addiction medicine. Accumulating pathophysiological
evidencesfor“AddictionasaBrainDisorder”duringlast20yearsisextendingex-
pectations from neuroscience to contribute more seriously in the routine clinical
practices during prevention, assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation of addictive
disorders.Neurosciencehasmadetremendousprogresstowardunderstandingbasic
neuralprocesses;however,thereisstillalotofprogressneededtobemadeinuti-
lizingneuroscienceapproachesinclinicalmedicineingeneralandaddictionmedi-
cine inparticular.
Thebasicideaofabooktoprovidethecurrentstatusofthefieldofneuroscience
of addiction with particular emphasis on potential applications in a clinical setting
was jumped outduring meetings in the 2nd Basic and ClinicalNeuroscience Con-
gressinOctober2013inTehranwithProfessorVincentWalsh,theProgressinBrain
Research,PBR,EditorinChief.We,MartinandHamed,startedtoworktogetherfor
aproposaltothePBRadvisoryboardtocompileavolumeofreviewsinJune2014in
theLaureateInstituteforBrainResearch,Tulsa,OK.Afterreceivingthegreenlights
fromthePBRoffice,theinvitationswentouttotheseniorscholarsinthefieldfrom
October2014.Wereceivedoverwhelmingpositivefeedbacksfromover120contrib-
utorsfrom90institutesin14countriesthatendedupwith36chaptersintwovolumes
inOctober2015.During this1 year ofintensive efforts, allthe chapters were peer
reviewedandrevisedaccordinglytomeethigh-qualitystandardsofthePBRandour
vision for the whole concept of the volumes. The first volume, PBR Vol. 223, is
mainlyfocusedonthebasicneurocognitiveconstructscontributingtopathophysio-
logicalbasisofpharmacologicalandbehavioraladdictions,andthesecondvolume,
PBRVol.224,depictsthecontributionofneurosciencemethodsandinterventionsin
the future ofclinical practices in addiction medicine.
xix
xx Preface: Neuroscience for addiction medicine
The goal of these two volumes is to provide readers with insights into current
gaps and possible directions of research that would address impactful questions.
Thefundamentalquestionthatisaddressedinthesevolumesis“howcanneurosci-
encebeusedtomakearealdifferenceinaddictionmedicine”?Tothatend,weasked
the contributorsto:
(1) review the recentliteraturewith a time horizon ofapproximately 5–10years,
(2) identifycurrentgapsinourknowledgethatcontributetothelimitedimpactof
the area of research toclinical practice, and
(3) provideaperspectivewherethefieldisheadingandhowimpactfulquestionscan
be addressedto change the practice of addiction medicine.
Weenvisionthatbothneuroscientistsandclinicalinvestigatorswillbetheprimary
audienceofthesetwovolumes.Moreover,thecommoninterestoftheseindividuals
willbetheapplicationofneuroscienceapproachesinstudiestoassessortreatindi-
vidualswithaddictivedisorders.WethinkthatthesePBRvolumeswillprovidethe
audienceswithmostrecentevidencesfromdifferentdisciplinesinbrainstudieson
thewiderangeofaddictivedisordersinanintegrativewaytoward“Neurosciencefor
AddictionMedicine:FromPreventiontoRehabilitation.”Thehopeisthattheinfor-
mationprovidedintheseriesofchaptersinthesetwovolumeswilltriggernewre-
searchesthatwillhelptoconnectbasicneurosciencetoclinicaladdictionmedicine.
TheEditors
Hamed Ekhtiari,MD,
IranianNational Centerfor AddictionStudies
Martin Paulus,MD,
Laureate Institutefor Brain Research
REFERENCE
UNOfficeofDrugsandCrime,2015.WorldDrugReport2015.UnitedNationPublication,
Vienna.
CHAPTER
1
Neuroscience of resilience
and vulnerability for
addiction medicine:
From genes to behavior
Jonathan D. Morrow*,1,ShellyB. Flagel*,†
*DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA
†MolecularandBehavioralNeuroscienceInstitute,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA
1Correspondingauthor:Tel.:[phone];Fax:[phone],
e-mailaddress:[email protected]
Abstract
Addictionisacomplexbehavioraldisorderarisingfromroughlyequalcontributionsofgenetic
and environmental factors. Behavioral traits such as novelty-seeking, impulsivity, and cue-
reactivityhavebeenassociatedwithvulnerabilitytoaddiction.Thesetraits,atleastinpart,
arisefromindividualvariationinfunctionalneuralsystems,suchasincreasedstriataldopa-
minergicactivityanddecreasedprefrontalcorticalcontroloversubcorticalemotionalandmo-
tivationalresponses.Withafewexceptions,geneticstudieshavelargelyfailedtoconsistently
identifyspecificallelesthataffectaddictionliability.Thismaybeduetothemultifactorial
natureofaddiction,withdifferentgenesbecomingmoresignificantincertainenvironments
or in certain subsets of the population. Epigenetic mechanisms may also be an important
sourceofrisk.Adolescenceisaparticularlycriticaltimeperiodinthedevelopmentofaddic-
tion,andenvironmentalfactorsatthisstageoflifecanhavealargeinfluenceonwhetherinher-
itedriskfactorsareactuallytranslatedintoaddictivebehaviors.Knowledgeofhowindividual
differencesaffectaddictionliabilityatthelevelofgenes,neuralsystems,behavioraltraits,and
sociodevelopmentaltrajectoriescanhelptoinformandimproveclinicalpractice.
Keywords
Addiction, Individual differences, Cue-reactivity, Impulsivity, Dopamine, Neural circuits,
Genetics
There is considerable variability in the likelihood of developing addiction upon
exposuretodrugsofabuse.Thisisevidencedbythefactthatover90%ofAmericans
have used alcohol, but only 8–12% ever meet criteria for alcohol dependence
(Anthony et al., 1994). Determining what factors render certain individuals more
3
ProgressinBrainResearch,Volume223,ISSN0079-6123,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.09.004
©2016ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
4 CHAPTER 1 Neuroscience of resilience and vulnerability
susceptibletoaddictionhasprovendifficulttodiscernbecauseofthearrayofvari-
ablesinvolved.Overthepastfewdecades,wehavelearnedthatthereisacomplex
interplayofgenesandenvironmentthatgoverntheneurobiologicalandbehavioral
processesrelevanttoaddiction.However,thereare,unquestionably,multiplealgo-
rithmsbywhichthesefactorsmaybecombinedtoalteraddictionliability.Belowwe
willbrieflyreviewfindingsfrombothhumanandanimalstudiesthathighlightsome
of the behavioral, neural, and genetic variables believed to contribute to addiction
liability.
1 BEHAVIORAL TRAITS
Despitetheoft-repeatedadagethat“thereisnoaddictivepersonality,”thereisaclear
association between addiction and certain personality traits. For example, clinical
studies have found that the trait known as neuroticism or negative emotionality is
associatedwithsubstanceusedisordersaswellasdepressiveandanxietydisorders
(Kotov et al., 2010; Terracciano et al., 2008). The mechanisms underlying this as-
sociationarenotwell-characterized,butarethoughttoincludeincreasedstresssen-
sitivity(Erscheetal.,2012).Anotherpersonalitytraitassociatedwithaddictionisthe
“externalizing”phenotype,characterizedbynovelty-andsensation-seekingbehav-
ior,hypersensitivitytorewards,andinsensitivitytopunishment (Dick etal.,2013;
Hicksetal.,2013;Pingaultetal.,2013).Evidencefromanimalmodelssuggeststhat
the sensation-seeking trait may specifically increase the propensity to initiate and
continue drug use, as opposed to predisposing toward compulsive use that would
meet criteria for substance dependence (Belin et al., 2008; Deroche-Gamonet
etal.,2004;Piazzaetal.,1989),andsomehumanstudieshavesubstantiatedthisfind-
ing(Erscheetal.,2013).Traitimpulsivity,otherwiseknownasdisinhibitionorlack
of constraint,has perhaps the strongestevidence for an associationwith addiction.
In the animal literature, the transition to compulsive drug use can be predicted by
measures of impulsivity (Belin et al., 2008; Dalley et al., 2007); specifically the
inabilitytowithholdaprepotentresponse(e.g.,5-choiceserialreactiontimetask).
Similar tasks have been used with human subjects in the laboratory to assess
disinhibitionorlackofconstraint—and,inagreementwiththerodentstudies,these
studieshavelargelyshownevidenceforanassociationbetweentraitimpulsivityand
addiction (for review, see Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2008). Another addiction-related
traitis“cue-reactivity”;perhapsnotsurprisingly,asrelapseismostoftentriggered
by cues (e.g., people, places, paraphernalia) in the environment that have been
previouslyassociatedwiththedrug-takingexperience.Indeed,bothhumanstudies
and animal models suggest that individuals for whom the cue attains incentive
motivationalvalueorincentivesaliencearetheindividualsmostlikelytoexhibitre-
lapse(e.g.,seeCarterandTiffany,1999;Janesetal.,2010;Rohsenowetal.,1990;
SaundersandRobinson,2010,2011).Thesedifferentpersonalitytraitshavenotonly
been associated with different phases of addiction but also with different types of
drugsofabuse.Forexample,cocaineaddictstendtobemoreimpulsivethanheroin