Neil D. Jespersen BARRON'S AP Chemistry Barron's Educational Series 2014

1744 Pages·2014·52.607 MB·English

by  Neil D. Jespersen

Now Available!
Go to barronsbooks.com/AP/chem/ to take a free sample AP
Chemistry test, complete with answer explanations and automated
scoring.
*This online test was created for devices that support Adobe Flash
Player. To access the test on an Apple iPad or iPhone you will need
to install a web browser that supports Flash (check the iTunes App
Store for free options).

About the Author
Neil D. Jespersen is an active member of the Department of
Chemistry at St. John’s University (Queens, New York). He earned
his B.S. degree with special attainments in chemistry at Washington
and Lee University (Lexington, Virginia) and his Ph.D. at
Pennsylvania State University (University Park, Pennsylvania). He
specializes in analytical chemistry research and has mentored more
than 100 undergraduate research students and 25 graduate
students. Dr. Jespersen teaches graduate and undergraduate
courses in instrumental analysis and quantitative chemical analysis.
He also teaches general chemistry on a regular basis and
coordinates the general chemistry laboratory program. Dr. Jespersen
is a fellow of the American Chemical Society and currently serves as
a councilor from the New York section. He is also the faculty advisor
to the ACS Student Chapter at St. John’s University.
© Copyright 2014, 2012, 2010, 2007 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
Previous editions © Copyright 2003, 1999, 1995 by Barron’s Educational Series,
Inc., under
the title How to Prepare for the AP Chemistry Advanced Placement Examination
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or
by any means without the written permission of the copyright owner.
All inquiries should be addressed to:
Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
250 Wireless Boulevard
Hauppauge, New York 11788
www.barronseduc.com
eISBN: 978-1-4380-9264-5
CONTENTS
Barron’s Essential 5
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Important Facts About the Advanced Placement Examination in
Chemistry
Test Content and Distribution
Format of the Examination
Chemical Calculations
Calculator Policy
Scoring of the Examination
How to Use This Review Book
Organizing Your Review
What to Expect of the AP Chemistry Examination
How to Maximize Your Score
Final Preparations for the Exam
Diagnostic Tests
Diagnostic Test 1
Diagnostic Test 2
Diagnostic Test 3
PART ONE: STRUCTURE OF MATTER
1 Structure of the Atom
A Review of Important Discoveries About the Atom
Atomic Structure
The Bohr Model of the Atom
Electronic Configurations
Practice Exercises
2 The Periodic Table
The Modern Periodic Table
Periodic Properties of the Elements
Practice Exercises
3 Nuclear Chemistry
Radioactivity
Nuclear Reactions and Equations
Natural Radioactive Isotopes
Artificial Radioactive Isotopes—Transmutation
Rate of Radioactive Decay
Practice Exercises
PART TWO: CHEMICAL BONDING
4 Ionic Compounds, Formulas, and Reactions
Chemical Formulas
Chemical Reactions and Equations
Bonding
Practice Exercises
5 Covalent Compounds, Formulas, and
Structure
Covalent Molecules
Lewis Structures of Molecules
Molecular Geometry
Molecular Polarity
Covalent Bond Formation
Practice Exercises
6 Stoichiometry
Conversion Calculations Using the Dimensional Analysis
Method
Chemical Equalities and Relationships
The Conversion Sequence
Percent Composition
Empirical Formulas
Molecular Formulas
Other Stoichiometric Equations
Practice Exercises
PART THREE: STATES OF MATTER
7 Gases
The Gas Laws
Ideal Gas Law
Standard Temperature and Pressure
Molar Mass, Density, and Molar Volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Average Kinetic Energies and Velocities
Real Gases
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Experiments Involving Gases
Practice Exercises
8 Liquids and Solids
Comparison of Liquids and Solids to Gases
Intermolecular Forces
Physical Properties of Liquids
Solids
Phase Changes
Practice Exercises
9 Solutions
Introduction and Definitions
Solubility and the Solution Process
Aqueous Solutions
Concentrations of Solutions
Effect of Temperature on Solubility
Effect of Pressure on Solubility
Practice Exercises
PART FOUR: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
10 Chemical Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Expression
Manipulating the Equilibrium Expression
Determining the Value of the Equilibrium Constant
Using the Equilibrium Expression
Equilibrium Calculations
Special Equilibrium Constants
Le Châtelier’s Principle
Practice Exercises
11 Kinetics
Reaction Rates
Factors That Affect Reaction Rates
Applications of Selected Rate Laws
Theory of Reaction Rates
Reaction Mechanisms
Practice Exercises
12 Thermodynamics
Essential Definitions
Types of Energy
Measurement of Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Gibbs Free-Energy, ΔG°
Practice Exercises
PART FIVE: CHEMICAL REACTIONS