Table Of ContentNature-based Tourism in Peripheral Areas
ASPECTS OF TOURISM
Series Editors:Professor Chris Cooper,University of Queensland, Australia
Dr C. Michael Hall,University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Dr Dallen Timothy,Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
Aspects of Tourismis an innovative, multifaceted series which will comprise
authoritative reference handbooks on global tourism regions, research volumes, texts
and monographs. It is designed to provide readers with the latest thinking on tourism
world-wide and in so doing will push back the frontiers of tourism knowledge. The
series will also introduce a new generation of international tourism authors, writing
on leading edge topics. The volumes will be readable and user-friendly, providing
accessible sources for further research. The list will be underpinned by an annual
authoritative tourism research volume. Books in the series will be commissioned that
probe the relationship between tourism and cognate subject areas such as strategy,
development, retailing, sport and environmental studies. The publisher and series
editors welcome proposals from writers with projects on these topics.
Other Books in the Series
Marine Ecotourism: Issues and Experiences
Brian Garrod and Julie C. Wilson (eds)
Classic Reviews in Tourism
Chris Cooper (ed.)
Progressing Tourism Research
Bill Faulkner, edited by Liz Fredline, Leo Jago and Chris Cooper
Managing Educational Tourism
Brent W. Ritchie
Recreational Tourism: Demand and Impacts
Chris Ryan
Coastal Mass Tourism: Diversification and Sustainable Development in Southern
Europe
Bill Bramwell (ed.)
Sport Tourism Development
Thomas Hinch and James Higham
Sport Tourism: Interrelationships, Impact and Issues
Brent Ritchie and Daryl Adair (eds)
Tourism, Mobility and Second Homes
C. Michael Hall and Dieter Müller
Strategic Management for Tourism Communities: Bridging the Gaps
Peter E. Murphy and Ann E. Murphy
Oceania: A Tourism Handbook
Chris Cooper and C. Michael Hall (eds)
Tourism Marketing: A Collaborative Approach
Alan Fyall and Brian Garrod
Music and Tourism: On the Road Again
Chris Gibson and John Connell
Tourism Development: Issues for a Vulnerable Industry
Julio Aramberri and Richard Butler (eds)
For more details of these or any other of our publications, please contact:
Channel View Publications, Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall,
Victoria Road, Clevedon, BS21 7HH, England
http://www.channelviewpublications.com
ASPECTS OF TOURISM 21
Series Editors: Chris Cooper (University of Queensland, Australia),
C. Michael Hall (University of Otago, New Zealand)
and Dallen Timothy (Arizona State University, USA)
Nature-based Tourism
in Peripheral Areas
Development or Disaster?
Edited by
C. Michael Hall and Stephen Boyd
CHANNEL VIEW PUBLICATIONS
Clevedon • Buffalo • Toronto
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Nature-based Tourism in Peripheral Areas: Development or Disaster?
Edited by C. Michael Hall and Stephen Boyd.
Aspects of Tourism: 21
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Ecotourism. I. Hall, Colin Michael. II. Boyd, Stephen W. III. Series.
G156.5.E26N28 2005
338.4'791–dc22 2004016905
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 1-874541-001-7 (hbk)
ISBN 1-874541-000-9 (pbk)
Channel View Publications
An imprint of Multilingual Matters Ltd
UK: Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon BS21 7HH.
USA: 2250 Military Road, Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA.
Canada: 5201 Dufferin Street, North York, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T8.
Copyright © 2005 C. Michael Hall and Stephen Boyd and the authors of individual
chapters.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any
means without permission in writing from the publisher.
Typeset by Florence Production Ltd.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by the Cromwell Press.
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Contents
611
7
8
9
1011
1
2
3111 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
4 List of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
5
6 Part 1: Introduction
7 1 Nature-based Tourism in Peripheral Areas: Introduction
8 C. Michael Hall and Stephen Boyd 3
9
20111 Part 2: Nature-based Tourism in Alpine, Forest and
1 Sub-polar Environments
2 2 Ecotourism and Regional Transformation in Northwestern
3 Ontario
4 Margaret Johnston and Robert Payne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5 3 Tourism in the Northern Wildernesses: Wilderness
6 Discourses and the Development of Nature-based Tourism
7 in Northern Finland
8 Jarkko Saarinen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9 4 Mountain Scenic Flights: A Low Risk, Low Impact Ecotourism
30111 Experience within South Island, New Zealand
1 Nicholas J. Westwood and Stephen Boyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2 5 Regional Contrasts in Ecotourism in Australian Rainforests:
3 A Comparative Study of Queensland and Victoria
4 Warwick Frost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5 6 Mountain Resorts in Summer: Defining the Image
6 Roslyn Russell, Philippa Thomas and Elizabeeth Fredline . . . . . . . . . 75
7 7 Time–Space Use Among Cross-country Skiers in Abisko
8 (Sweden) and Vercors (France)
9 Ludovic Dupuis and Dieter K. Müller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
40111 8 The Importance of Health as a Factor in Achieving
1 Sustainability in a High Altitude Destination of a Less
2 Developed Country: A Case Study of Sagarmatha
3 National Park, Nepal
441111 Ghazali Musa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
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vi Nature-based Tourism in Peripheral Areas
9 Second Home Tourism in the Swedish Mountain Range
Dieter K. Müller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Part 3: Island, Coastal and Marine Environments
10 Maximizing Economic Returns from Consumptive Wildlife
Tourism in Peripheral Areas: White-tailed Deer Hunting
on Stewart Island/Rakiura, New Zealand
Brent Lovelock and Kevin Robinson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
11 The Economic Benefits of an Ecotourism Project in a
Regional Economy: A Case Study of Namuamua Inland
Tour, Namosi, Fiji Islands
Filipo Tokalau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
12 Growth of Beach Fale Tourism in Samoa: The High Value
of Low-cost Tourism
Regina Scheyvens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
13 Doing it Right the First Time? Ecotourism on the Wild
Coast of South Africa
Dorothy Queiros and G.D.H. (Deon) Wilson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
14 Penguins as Sights, Penguins as Site: The Problematics of
Contestation
Eric J. Shelton and Hildegard Lübcke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
15 Dolphins, Whales and Ecotourism in New Zealand: What
Are the Impacts and How Should the Industry be Managed?
Mark Orams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
16 The State of the Scenic Cruise Industry in Doubtful Sound
in Relation to a Key Natural Resource: Bottlenose Dolphins
David Lusseau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Part 4: Nature-based Tourism in Peripheral Areas:
A Tool for Regional Development?
17 Ecotourism/Egotourism and Development
Brian Wheeller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
18 Nature-based Tourism in Peripheral Areas: Making
Peripheral Destinations Competitive
Stephen Boyd and C. Michael Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
vi
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Acknowledgements
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3111 The University of Otago at Dunedin, in the South Island of New Zealand,
4 is the world’s southernmost university. It should therefore perhaps be
5 of no great surprise that the study of tourism in peripheral regions is
6 one of the major research foci of the Department of Tourism based at
7 the university. Peripheral areas, by virtue of the level of their economic
8 development and their distance from national and international eco-
9 nomic cores, tend to have a high level of dependence on resource-based
20111 industries. Traditionally these have tended to be potentially renewable
1 natural resources such as timber and fisheries, and agriculture, as well
2 as non-renewable resources such as minerals. More recently, the natural
3 resources of the periphery, and their relative lack of economic develop-
4 ment and landscape change have come to serve as the basis for the
5 development of tourism as a means of economic development and,
6 in some cases, as a means of alternative development that may serve to
7 conserve the natural resource base while extracting use value from it.
8 However, almost paradoxically, the relative lack of development and
9 accessibility seems to attract tourists and, in many cases, only serves as
30111 an economic and political stimulant for the provision of infrastructure,
1 access and more people. Thereby potentially damaging the very resources
2 that attracted visitors in the first place. Nature-based tourism therefore,
3 from some perspectives, can potentially be disastrous in as much as it
4 offers development.
5 The purpose of this book is not to romanticise nature, tourism or the
6 people who live in the periphery. Rather this edited book represents an
7 opportunity to bring together a number of case studies and reviews that
8 highlight some of the difficulties of managing nature-based tourism
9 resources and the desire for economic development in an increas-
40111 ingly competitive world for both people and capital. The chapters have
1 been developed either in conjunction with the research and extension
2 activities of the research team at the University of Otago and its part-
3 ners, or have been especially invited for this volume. Nevertheless, the
441111 New Zealand component remains significant in an international setting
vii
viii Nature-based Tourism in Peripheral Areas
because, rightly or wrongly, New Zealand is often seen as an inter-
national benchmark for best practice, with respect to many aspects of
the management of nature-based tourism in peripheral areas (e.g. see
Lusseau, Chapter 16, this volume). However, the problems that New
Zealand faces, particularly with respect to the management and regula-
tion of tourism activities are clearly to be found in other jurisdictions.
The studies in the book also provide a basis for examining and comparing
nature-based tourism in different environments as well as in countries
and locations in the developed and less-developed world. Such studies
are extremely useful, as they highlight not only previously poorly recog-
nised, yet critical, aspects of tourism in peripheral areas, such as health
(see Musa, Chapter 8, this volume) but also the interplay of tourism with
other development concerns, such as education (see Schreyens, Chapter
12, this volume). Moreover a central message of this volume, is that
nature-based tourism and tourism development, needs to be located not
just within the context of the success or otherwise of tourism, but, far
more importantly, within the wider regional development context and
broader economic, social, political and environmental concerns. From
such a perspective, it then becomes readily apparent that, in some cases,
the best form of tourism development may well be no tourism at all.
The editors would like to thank all the authors for their contribution as
well as the assistance of other members of the Department of Tourism
at the University of Otago: Anna Carr, David Duval, James Higham,
Donna Keen, Brent Lovelock, Eric Shelton and Hazel Tucker. A special
thanks for administrative assistance also goes to Frances Cadogan and
Melinda Elliott, as well as Monica Gilmour. Other acknowledgements
are due to Nick Cave, Hoodoo Gurus, Joe Jackson, Jethro Tull, Rufus
Wainwright and Melissa Williams who assisted enormously in the final
editing stages and Jody Cowper, for her invaluable support, as well as
all the staff at Channel View.
Dunedin
January 2004
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Contributors
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3111 Stephen Boyd, Department of Tourism, University of Otago, Dunedin,
4 New Zealand.
5
Ludovic Dupuis, Department of Social and Economic Geography and
6
Spatial Modeling Center, Umeå University, Kiruna, Sweden.
7
8 Elizabeth Fredline, Research Development Unit, RMIT Business, RMIT
9 University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
20111
Warwick Frost, Department of Management, Monash University,
1
Berwick, Victoria, Australia.
2
3 C. Michael Hall, Department of Tourism, University of Otago, Dunedin,
4 New Zealand.
5
Margaret Johnston, School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism,
6
Lakehead University Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
7
8 Brent Lovelock, Department of Tourism, University of Otago, Dunedin,
9 New Zealand.
30111
Hildegard Lübcke, Nature Guides Otago, 6a Elliffe Place, Dunedin, New
1
Zealand.
2
3 David Lusseau, Lighthouse Field Station, University of Aberdeen,
4 Cromarty, Scotland.
5
Dieter K. Müller, Department of Social and Economic Geography, Umeå
6
University, Umeå, Sweden.
7
8 Ghazali Musa, Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University Malay,
9 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
40111
Mark Orams, Coastal–Marine Research Group, Massey University at
1
Albany, Albany, New Zealand.
2
3 Robert Payne, School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism,
441111 Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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