National Academy of Sciences Colloquium, Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

111 Pages·1997·5.04 MB·English

by  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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ot frbee Charles D. Keeling
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k, av Tribute to Roger Revelle and his contribution to studies of carbon dioxide and climate change 8275–8279
booy h Walter H. Munk
er ma
papors Equilibration of the terrestrial water, nitrogen, and carbon cycles 8280–8283
riginal ohic errp PoteDnatviaild rSes. pSocnhsiemse ol,f Bso. iHl o. rBgraansiwc eclal,r baonnd tWo .g Jlo. bPaalr teonnvironmental change 8284–8291
he gra Susan E. Trumbore
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d froe tm GloTbaarl oa iTr-askeaah falsuhxi ,o Rf iCchOa2r:d A An. eFsetiemlya,t Re abya sFe.d W one imsse, aRsuikr eHm. eWntasn onfi nsekah–oafi,r D paCvOid2 Wdif. fCerheinpcmean, Stewart C. 8292–8299
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d fronot b DirePcett eorb Gse.r Bvarteiwone ro, fC tahteh eorcienaen Gico CyeOt,2 ainncdr eGaesren roetv Fisriiteedderich 8308–8313
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mper, The observed global warming record: What does it tell us? 8314–8320
coev T. M. L. Wigley, P. D. Jones, and S. C. B. Raper
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as battin Charles D. Keeling and Timothy P. Whorf
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hs Tree rings, carbon dioxide, and climatic change 8350–8353
e to tof thi Gordon C. Jacoby and Rosanne D. D'Arrigo
are truersion GeoEclhleenm Ris.t rMy .o Df cruofrfaelsl: Proxies of past ocean chemistry, ocean circulation, and climate 8354–8361
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na CLIMATE CHANGE AND CARBON DIOXIDE: AN INTRODUCTION 8273
nal; liation
origiublic Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
he s p Vol. 94, pp. 8273–8274, August 1997
e to tof thi CTholilso pqaupiuemr s Peravpeesr as an introduction to the following papers, which were presented at a colloquium entitled “Carbon Dioxide and
are truersion Climate Change,” organized by Charles D. Keeling, held November 13–15, 1995, at the National Academy of Sciences, Irvine, CA.
aks nt v Climate change and carbon dioxide: An introduction
e brehe pri
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ng files.Please u CScHrAipRpLEs SI nDs.t iKtuEtEioLnIN Gof Oceanography, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
ettid. © 1997 by The National Academy of Sciences 0027-8424/97/948273-2$2.00/0
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e original tdentally in ttchoee naitlrut Seroryiw n,t hcnhee oi tmwEhaeemrv tdeehadr w,oi atnnht e aeo agfrd alhopvibiasdtano ltr raisysgce,ea h.il neuF. mpoora pnmu bolaestitin oognfs ahhnuadmv etah nhea ihdni csthtroeera yas bintihlgie t iync,ot esnunspseieqtryui oeanrn cdtoe ss ac lwall eeor teoh feo rhn ulliymv iaonnfg elbonectieanrlg posr,ri s treoes g ehixoapnvlaeol im ts tiahgdene iE fiitac pratonhsc'sse ie.b nOlevv ifreoorrn thmhueem npata ntsost
om thn acci yearsO bneec iamuspeo rotafn tr ampiedalsyu rien corfe hausimnga nh aucmtiavnit yp iosp tuhlea triaotne ocfo uuptilleizda twiointh o fi necnreeragsyin. gT hpiesr r actaep hitaas eancceergleyr acteodn ssutrmikpitnigolny. iIns thite ppoassst ihbulen dtrheadt
not fre bee accelOernaeti nagsp heucmt oafn tahcisti vqiutyes htiaosn a rlerelaatdeys ctoa upsoesds igblloeb haullmy asnig nalitfeicraatnito nen ovfi rtohnem Eeanrtthal's c chlaimngaet,e ,o rw ihsi acbho ius te tsos ednot isaol?ly the summation of weather
k, av and its variability. Although climate clearly varies with latitude and elevation and with physical and ecological features, such as deserts and
booy h forests, it once was considered to be constant over time. We now know, however, that weather does vary on long time scales and,
er ma therefore, that climate is variable.
papors over Cthleim paatset hmasil ilniodne eyde avrasr.i ePdr opxryof oreucnodrldys, aasls eov rideveneacle dc lbimy aptriocx vya rreiacboirlditsy i nodni ctaimtineg s ac asluecsc oefs shiounn dorfe idcse taog ethso aunsda nwdasr mof “yineaterrsg. lLacoinagl”- teerrams
riginal he ohic errgrap wvcClaeeirmnaiattahubteriiylcri trTyceh icmmaonreadg kSsee ceswav lieaetn ssd s(dih1fifso)i.ccw uBu sleytsv etcidodo emrsneepccpeaea rnoritnafl tgyse i pgionanu sitfta i ccsNulainbamtttl iaveot aniccrai llaic mboRinaleditsteiye ti acoorhvncaehsn r wg Cdeieostch uat nhrdceaeictsl e ,m n(wNti hgoRihncCteh )sb m,e wi atoc ywra kubasseshe aondsp osb:to yccN ilaaeacatteucrd rewa lwelh riCeatthtlhii nmceglria mhtheuua mtmVicaaa nncr ih aaaabccntitilgivivetiy.it ti Tieoeshsn i.h s Da Ssvhheecoo arrattdl--tetteee-rtrreommd-
m typo climate or not. Better data and a better understanding of the causes of climatic variability are needed to decide this.
ed froe tom and lBanrdo asdulryf ascpeesa.k Oincge, acnliicm aantidc cahtmanogsep hise rciacu csierdc ublyat eioxnc,h taunrgbeusl eonft emneixrginyg, ,m pohmoteoncthuemm, iasntrdy ,c haenmd ircaadlisa btievtew tereann stfheer aatrme oaslpl hinerveo,l tvheed .o cTehaensse,
eatd s processes are mainly natural, but some, at least, are susceptible to human influence. Processes that involve the so-called greenhouse gases
es crd, an are prTohbeasbel yg rteheen mhoousts ec rgitaisceasl ,c manadinidlyat ecsa.rbon dioxide but including others such as methane, nitrous oxide, and halocarbons, enter the air
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sean such compensation is occurring is presently a matter of debate.
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ecwe affected by, its concentration in the atmosphere. These processes include its interactions with the chemically buffered carbonate system in
n rho seawater and with vegetation because of its vital role in photosynthesis. The sum of all processes affecting carbon on the Earth, and hence
eeg, controlling the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, is called the “carbon cycle.” We need to understand how the carbon cycle
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hm Although the pathways of carbon through the global carbon cycle are understood in general, knowledge of the actual rates of change
work c for o1f9 8th0e a fnldu x1e9s8 b9e htwase beene tnh ee sattimmoatsepdh (e2re) ,t ola inndc,l uadned 5o.c5e ±a n0 .i5s GletsCs a(tdhvoaunscaendd. mThileli aonnn muaelt raicn tthornosp oofg ceanribco cna)r bfroonm i nfopsusti lt of utehle c aotmmbouspsthioerne a bnedt w1.e6e ±n
al cifi 0.6 GtC from land-use change, yielding a total of 7.1 ± 1.1 GtC. Of this annual input, 3.3 ± 0.2 GtC remained in the atmosphere, and 3.8
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origig-sp Goft Cno wrtehreer nr ehmemoviespdh. eOrec efaonriecs tusp htaaks eb,e reenla etsetdim toa tceadr btoo naactceo buunftf feorrin pge,r ihsa tphso 0u.g5h ±t t0o. 5a cGcotCu.n Tt ahnen rueamlloyv faol rm aebcohuat nhiasmlf so fo ft hthe er ermemoavianli. nRge cgarrobwotnh,
the ofinesett 1.3 ±T 1h.5is GretCsi dpuearl yteeramr, aisr ec oumncmerotanilny. referred to as the “missing carbon sink.” It must be located and the uncertainty in the other individual
ntation her typ tweramrmsF iinungr tt hhfereor mgmloo irbneac,l r ace aafrsebineodgnb gcaryceckel nem hmoecuuhsstea nbgiesa mrsee dse umxcieasdtys icfw hthhanee rgeeexb tyteh nect l rioamft eahstue mo fca hunap nitmgakep eam cota foy cn a ittrhsbeeol nfc aadrlbitoeoxrn i dtcheye cb lcyea itrshb etoo no b cceey aacnslssee .g ssFloeobdra rleelxylia aambnlpdyl .em, awyi daeltseprr egaads
esed ot exchange with vegetation. Even less is known about such feedback mechanisms than is known about the missing carbon sinks.
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na CLIMATE CHANGE AND CARBON DIOXIDE: AN INTRODUCTION 8274
nal; liation
origiublic the illustrious career of the late Roger Revelle, a long-time NAS member and contributor to many NRC activities. The paper by Walter
he s p Munk that follows presents a detailed description of Revelle's career.
e to tof thi impreMssyio cno notfa cotns ew oitfh tRheo ggerre Rate vfiegluler,e sa ltihno puogsht -lWesos rilndt imWaatre ItIh asnc iWenaclete. rR Moguenrk 'bs,e lsipeavnende tdh nate asrcliye nfocue r sdheocualdde sb,e a nndo tl eofnt loyn umseef uanl, ibnudte laiblsloe
aks are trunt version keknnnjeoowwyI althe bhidlmaegs;e h btwehe aeimttnh a saianc sgit earmneinatuietsc dtphs l a efnsrah esieonudutreeolrd mfe os brtae sim n hp eteo htlsoeds ighbilanloev b.eh a Ritlga ochkga eerrnber ogpbnaaer rgcdtay incna ln hetdh,i s iws sc hhcaoiorluelelel odmrq aaubskie ui anma gcl lhohoeniwmg aehi dlssyt u tbssotiju gefdcnotyi lfiilinnoc gwaw n chtta ihcrceobhino rRtn ro ioibwngu enttrhi olteeon aoosd ckisen k a siennees vn. te hDirneau tler qoirnuethgesset ttrth hfefrio eoyrlu edgsaschr.isoe utnhtt aihftii csI
e brehe pri coaurre emr.e mHoe rwieos uoldf hhiamve w een jhoayveed naettveenrdthinegle, sasn dtr iwede twoo luivlde huapv eto b heinse fsittaendd farrodms bhyis s wteiasddfoamst lays amddarneys soifn gu si mdipdo drtuarnint gto hpiisc sli fient iam me.a Wnniethr boontlhy
ag te useful and enjoyable.
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settied. sopcieraitn so,f tethrries sotrfifaelr ipnlgan itss aton da dsvoailnsc, ea nkdn oawtmleodsgpeh esroe tfhuantc tailoln p ieno pgleen ewrailll ahsa va en eac reastsiaornya lf obuansdisa tfioonr dfoera leinxgp lowriitnhg etnhvei rfoirnsmt tewntoa lt oppriocbsl. eTmhse,
peert especially those that mankind may have created. This mission is consistent with Revelle's optimistic belief that the human race, given the
ys
ginal tally in odpop soor tzuenailtoyu tshlyro aungdh uennsleiglfhistehnlym, eanst ,R wogilel rn daitdu.rally serve its own best interests, and that people able to contribute to this enlightenment will
orient Special thanks are owed to the committee that assisted me in planning this colloquium and in handling the review process: Peter
e d Brewer, Ellen Druffel, Edward Frieman, Robert Knox, Walter Munk, Taro Takahashi, and Karl Turekian.
m thacci In addition to funding from the NAS, the colloquium was supported by five federal agencies: the National Science Foundation, the
on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Office of Naval Research, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the National
not fre bee tAheer Nonaatiuotnicasl aSncdie nScpea cFeo Aunddmatiinoinst,r wathioon p. lTayhee dp ala knenyin cgo ocordminmaittitnege rmoleem. Wbeer sa lasroe tghraantekf uthl ef oNra tthioisn aslu Rppeoserta racnhd Ctoo uNneciill 'sA Ondceerasne nS,t ufodriemse Brloya ordf
k, av (OSB) and its staff, who helped us to make this colloquium a success, especially Ed Urban of the NRC for assistance in very many aspects
oh
boy of the preparation for the meeting and this volume of papers. Roger Revelle's significant positive influence on the NRC and OSB over
er ma many years was demonstrated by the NRC staff's enthusiasm for and dedication to this enterprise.
papors 21.. INnatetirognoavle Rrnemseeanrtcahl CPaonuenlc oiln ( C19li9m6a) tNe aCtuhraanlg Ce l(i1m9a9t6e) Vina rCialibmilaittye oCnh aDnegcea d1e9-9to5-:C Tehnet uSrcyie Tnicmee o Sf cCalliemsa (tNe aCtihoannagl eA, ceaddse. mHyo uPgrhetsosn, ,W J.a Tsh.,i nMgetoirna, FDiClh)o., L. G.,
riginal ohic errp Callander, B. A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A. & Maskell, K. (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York), p. 17.
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na TRIBUTE TO ROGER REVELLE AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO STUDIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND CLIMATE CHANGE 8275
nal; liation
origiublic Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
he s p Vol. 94, pp. 8275–8279, August 1997
e to tof thi CTholilso pqaupiuemr w Paasp eprresented at a colloquium entitled “Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change,” organized by Charles D. Keeling, held
are truersion November 13–15, 1995, at the National Academy of Sciences, Irvine, CA.
aks nt v Tribute to Roger Revelle and his contribution to studies of carbon
e brehe pri dioxide and climate change
ag te
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ng files.Please u WInsAtLitTuEtRe Hof. GMeUoNpKhysics and Planetary Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0225
ettid. © 1997 by The National Academy of Sciences 0027-8424/97/948275-5$2.00/0
se
peert PNAS is available online at http://www.pnas.org.
ys
e original tdentally in oIannvsdetr iat Iut hltfieeier uosCttf ea cTnlaieafmocnhrte nn jituoaonl obiSogocryrr d.ig peRrpraolsdag enIe ndirsn. Rt Tittehuhveteei oNlslnteaa vonwafda laO srR dc3e e0tsa oeynoreovla gewrr.s aa Rposohl dagy,ne w (rES iiIktnOhmv )tia htienend Cr tamhunerek r s etouonfm t c iMmnosmeetrrteue orca;ftl oof1ron9 rg(3 l eo9ovn,n ega r afystni en 1rec0 xce0po aemrberiopvmlloieesltuhninteti gdot o nmb sym yo t efhja ueasn uUiprorenro i cpvyueeerlralrsreei rtnay,t t s aot hfi2n e-C mtCahmlaeifl iowbfroaanrltinlea iri)ass,
om thn acci dwroouplpde dn oint tfoa lal cinotmo pthaess c boomxp warittmh 3en6t cs.o Rmopgaertrm weanst su, pe aaclhl nciogrhret sdpoogngdeidnlgy t ofu as s1i0n°g swegitmh ethnet icnu crurernret nmt detierer cutinotnil., Tath eb rteroakufbalset wtiams et,h atht eth ree lbeaalsles
ot frbee was functioning. This is my earliest memory of Roger.
ne
ok, hav Scripps and the War Years
boy
er ma After taking up geology at Pomona College under the legendary teacher Alfred “Woody” Woodford, followed by a graduate year at
papors UBontitvoemrs iStya mofp Cleasl Cifoorllneicat eadt Bine rtkheel ePya,c Rifoicg eOrc ceaamn eb yto t Shec rCipaprsn eing i1e9 o3n1 Ittos sSteuvdeyn dthe eCpr-useisae m,” uadnsd. Bstya y1e9d3 o6n h ea sh aand icnosmtrpulcettoerd ( Fhiisg .t h1e)s. iDs,u “rMinagr hinise
riginal he ohic errgrap tyOheceae rba oAantmof gtBbereiran rpakg he yoyleef aw yPr, a easRat rnotlhag Heme raGe rmdbe.ooaprr rhaiyendsdi cEsatlall yeInned sCt iitlnua rttekh ,ei n aN Bgarevaryng defonnr,i e7Nc eoy reowafra sEy. ,.H hWee .wr eSatcsur riinnpespdtsr utaomn Sde cnErtialplle pinsn . BoRr.o gSgacnerriiz pwipnesgn, tta hofetn e Ora cfwftiihcvoee m onf a tvNhaeal vSdaculr tiRyp ep6ss em aInorcsnhttih.t usI ntbi oe1nf9o 4or6ef
m typo he was officer in charge during Operation Crossroads of the geophysical measurements taken during the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll.
ed froe tom Nefofencet so of ft hraed piaatritoicni paanndt sto w qiulle setvioern sf oorfg detis tphoissa el xopfe artioenmciec. wFaosrt ems aanty s eyae a(1rs),. R[Roegveerl lceo cnotrnitbruibteudte tdo toth teh eu nrdeperosrtta innd irnegf. o1f a tsh Ce heanivrmiroannm oef ntthael
eatd s National Academy of Sciences Panel on Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (BEAR).] I suspect that Roger's participation for so many
es crd, an years, from 1958 to 1981, in the Pugwash Disarmament Conferences can be traced to the Bikini bomb tests.
m XML file retaine sardinAefst efrr ommo rCe athliafonr 4n0ia y weaartse rass (aF liogc. a2l) .m Tahriins ei nsvtaotlivoend, STthcherei pc Spocsm rIminpsiptsisst iuDotniiorinnegc ht aoodfr stahwgirope evde stsoe lusn. dSecrrtiapkpes a D pirroegcrtoamr H toa rsatludd Sy vthered druispa pwpaesa raannxcieo uosf
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mper, Sverdrup's support for me as successor is also based upon the fact that I am practically the only person available who has had
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n rho least in part, re-oriented toward work on the high seas rather than the inshore and laboratory type of research which is being
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as atti Sverdrup's statement “regardless of the capacity in which you return” was a reference to a developing opposition to Roger as the next
work hc form devireercyttohri.n gO npei leS curpip posn phrios fedsessokr” caonmd p“lawinaes dt ot heaat sRilyo gdeirv ewrtaesd .t”o oA ugnaitnid yR otog ebr ea gtrruesetde d( 3w),i trhe faedrrminingi sttor ahtiiosn o (w3n), “noobtviniogu tsh aatn dh en u“mjuestr oluest
al cifi weaknesses, such as a tendency to procrastinate, to take on too many obligations, not to delegate authority, to be high-handed.”
ne The outcome was that Carl Eckart was appointed director of Scripps in 1948, and Roger was appointed associate director with the
origig-sp expectation to succeed Eckart in a few years. It wasn't that easy! A 1950 letter to University of California President Robert Sproul (4),
the ofinesett signeWd bey u mndoerres tthanand hthaalft tthhee Simcrpiprpesss fiaocnu hltays, sbteaetens :gained in some quarters that opposition is vanishing at Scripps Institution to Dr.
n p Revelle as a candidate for Director. We assure you that whereas we have a high regard and friendship for him, we feel as strongly
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na TRIBUTE TO ROGER REVELLE AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO STUDIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND CLIMATE CHANGE 8276
nal; liation
origiublic colleagues tried to core and dredge the Tonga Trench, the instruments came up battered and bent, and empty. If there were any sediments,
he s p they were sparse and thin. The observations could best be explained if the rocky sea floor was disappearing into the Earth along the axis of
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not fre bee FIG. 1. Roger Revelle as an instructor at Scripps (circa 1936). Photo by Eugene LaFond. [Reproduced with the permission
k, av of the SIO Archives, UCSD.]
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paper boors may t1o9g6e1th,W Serict,rh Si phcpirnsip dhpsasigd uh ant ,fN otharetvu yen vabitidegelgyne cdre it dhw ananos tta hplall tat hyoe fa rC el eofaosdtra ip nRrgoi ccraola.leim. Sintigl lt,h Ie t hdioncktr oinfe t hoef p1l9a5te0 st eacst othneic gs.r eAant de rwa hoefn t,h 1e0 I nysetaitrus tliaotne.r ,W thhee pnu Rzzolgee wr laesf tp iunt
riginal m the ohic errypograp (IInGstYitEu).tv iIoennn 1sat9sa 5fhf6e t ohl eehd eb atehdce at hmeexe Ip GlcohYraa iptrirmoonga nroa fmo tf h otenh ePA aItcmGifYoics ,pP hRaenoregicle rCo nwa rabOsoGc naer caDetneiivonoegxh riofadouperhs aeysne. dvT ethoraa slt t aysreatam trhsee i ymne epaarr,so umCrehomatirnelegns ts th Daeta vMInidtae urKnnaea etLiloionnaga a l njGodie nAoepndht atyrhsceitc icSaalc .rY iApenpadsr
ed froe tom tshuacth i sti wmhey s ewriee sa raer eh efreew 4 a0n yde faarrs blaettewr.e Kene ealnidn gw corretdhi ttsh eHira rwrye iWghetx ilne rg oanldd. Roger Revelle for insisting on the continuity of the measurements;
eatd s In 1957, Roger and Hans Suess demonstrated that carbon dioxide had increased in the air as a result of the consumption of fossil fuels,
es crd, an iSnc iae fnacme oAusd vairstiocrlye pCuobmlimshiettde ein PTaenlleuls o(n5 ).E Rnovgireorn'sm inetnetraels tP ionl lCutOio2n w uans dtoer e nRgoaggeer 'hs isl eaatdteenrtsihoinp fpour bthlies hreesdt othf eh ifsi rlsifte a. uInth 1o9r6it5a,t itvhee Prerpeosirdt etnhta'st
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d fronot b hacaadd sepmenicts 2, 0to% t hoef 1h9is9 0tism, we kheeenp ginlogb caul rcrleimnta wtei tchh tahneg eis sinuveos.lved industry and government on an international scale. He once estimated that he
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ov In 1957 Roger and I were among a group that called themselves the American Miscellaneous Society (AMSOC). AMSOC promoted
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been reng, how aseenvde ainmtttueeamnltlpsy t i fntaotiol ed tdrhi bell e bcthaasruoasluetg iohnf tpwhoaeot ero rcW e4aa,0ns0h f0iln omgotr od nien emtpoa, ntdhaeegm eEmoanerstnthtr' asbt uimnt gale ntdhtl ees o. fmeAae s tiyebesital irtosyf lfoa tGfe “ru datoyd nathlaumep siecu cIpscoleassnistdfiou snl uiOncgccee.”sa snTf uDhlilrsyi l MldinrOgilH lPeOdro LgthErra ompur.ogjhe c2t0 (0F img. o3f)
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work c for The U.S. ocean program was then firmly in the hands of three men: Maurice Ewing, Columbus Iselin, and Roger Revelle. There has
al cifi not been a comparable ocean leadership since those days.*
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ntatioher ty and tRoo gtheer epnujbolyiecd tahnro iungtehr nhaitsio nwaolr rke pfuotra ttihoen aNs aoticoenaanlo gAracpadheemr iyn tohfe S19ci5e0nsc ebsu t abse caa mscei ebnectete rs kpnookwesnm taon t hwe igthre abtreora sdc ikenntoiwficle cdogme mouf ntihtye
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na TRIBUTE TO ROGER REVELLE AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO STUDIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND CLIMATE CHANGE 8277
nal; liation
origiublic University of California, which foresaw the need to establish two new campuses in southern California.
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m thacci FIG. 2. Gulf of California Expedition, 1939. (Left to Right) Erik Moberg, Roger Revelle, Seaman Andrew Boffinger,
on Richard Fleming (with binoculars), Machinist Bob MacDonald, George Hale, Lee Haines, Engineer Walter Robinson,
ot frbee Martin Johnson, and Loye H. Miller. [Reproduced with the permission of the SIO Archives, UCSD.]
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k, av Roger had in mind a major university in the manner of The John Hopkins University or the University of Chicago, with a heavy
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boy concentration of graduate students. The plan ran into opposition by a 1956 University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) review
er ma committee, which proposed that UCSD should be permitted to offer only lower division undergraduate courses at first, and only after a
papors lUatCeLr Are vwieaws sttoil la da dt euapcpheerr 'ds icvoisllieogne c.ourses, but not a graduate program. We pointed out that Scripps had been granting Ph.D. degrees when
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work c for FIG. 3. MOHOLE project, aboard the CUSS I off Guadalupe Island in 1961. (Left to Right) John Steinbeck, Josh Tracey,
al cifi Unidentified, William Riedel, Roger Revelle, Walter Munk, Gustav Arrhenius, and Willard Bascom, examining specimen.
origing-spe Photograph by Fritz Goro, Life Magazine (© Time Inc.).
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