Nanutset chu'u Q'udi Gu: Before our Time and Now: An Ethnohistory of Lake Clark National Park

2007·12.3 MB·English

by  Gaul, Karen

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U.S.DepartmentofTheInterior
NationalParkService
LakeClark NationalPark&Preserve
240West5thAvenue,Suite236
Anchorage,Alaska99501
Asthenation'sprincipalconservationagency,theDepartmentoftheInteriorhasresponsibilityformostofournationally
ownedpubliclandsandnaturalandculturalresources. Thisincludesfosteringthewisestuseofourlandandwater
resources,protectingourfishandwildlife,preservingtheenvironmentalandculturalvaluesofournationalparksand
historicalplaces,and providingforenjoymentoflifethroughoutdoorrecreation.
TheCulturalResourceProgramsoftheNationalParkServicehaveresponsibilitiesthatincludestewardshipofhistoric
buildings,museumcollections,archeologicalsites,culturallandscapes,oralandwrittenhistories,andethnographic
resources.
Ourmissionistoidentify,evaluate,andpreservetheculturalresourcesoftheparkareasandtobringanunderstanding
oftheseresourcestothepublic.Congresshasmandatedthatwepreservetheseresourcesbecausetheyareimportant
componentsofournationalandpersonalidentity.
Research/ResourcesmanagementReportNPS/AR/CCR/2007-58
PublishedbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentoftheInterior
NationalParkService
LakeClarkNationalParkandPreserve
December2007
ISBN#978-0-9796432-3-1
FrontCoverKatherineConstantineatQeghnilenVillagein1930.PhotocourtesyofNickoliBalluta.GeorgeKoktelashSr.'sfishcampat
Nondalton.Salmondryingonrackforsmokedfish,2006.PhototakenbyJudyPutera.
AgafiaSimeonO'HaracutsfallfishatPileBayonlliamnalakein1952.HerhusbandTom
O'Haragathersfishintheskiff.PhotocourtesyofVantreaseandWilderfamilies.
NANUTSET ch'u Q'udi Gu
BEFORE OUR TIME AND NOW
AN ETHNOHISTORY OF LAKE CLARK NATIONAL PARK & PRESERVE
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SockeyesalmonstripsdryingonfishrackatEvanoff'sfishcamplocatedbelowNondalton.PhotobyJudy
TABLEQFCONTENTS
ExecutiveSummary vii
Acknowledgements ix
NoteonDena'inaLanguagePronunciationandSpelling ix
1. Introduction 01
LakeClarkNationalParkandPreserveandLocalResidents 01
SharedElementsofDena'inaCulture 02
AttachmenttoPlace:CulturalLandscapes 07
LivesBasedinSubsistence 08
ParksNatureandCulture:CulturalResourceManagementChallenges 11
Traditionalvs.Modern 13
PeopleandTheirEnvironment 15
MethodsandSources 16
2. TheLakeClarkEnvironment 21
LakeClark: QizhjehVena 21
FireandIce 21
HabitatsinWater,Shores,Skies,TreesandTundra 26
ChapterSummary 28
HistoricalOverviewoftheDena'inaPeopleintheLakeClarkandLakelliamnaArea 29
3. HistoricalOverview 31
Dena'inaOriginsandPrehistorybyAlanBoraas 31
FromPrehistorytoHistory:ContactwithOutsiders 41
RussianContact 42
ChurchandSchools 43
MiningandProspecting 47
CommercialFishing 47
EvolvingGovernment-to-GovernmentRelationships 49
ANCSAandANILCA 49
4. VillageProfiles 51
Dena'inaintheLakeClarkTriangle 52
ResidentZoneCommunities 53
Coastal:Tyonek,Kustatan,PollyCreek 53
Tyonek{Tubughna) 53
PollyCreek(TatinCh'iftant) 55
Kustatan(Qezdaghnen) 56
Northeast:LimeVillageandStonyRiver 57
UmeV\\\age(Hek'dichenHdakaq') 57
StonyRiver{K'qizaghetnuHdakaq') 58
Southwest:Kijik,TanalianPoint,PortAlsworth,OldNondaltonandNondalton,
Oldlliamnaandlliamna,PedroBay 60
Kijik(Qizhjeh) 60
PortAlsworthandTanalianPoint(Tanilen) 60
OldNondaltonandNondalton{Nundaltin) 62
Oldlliamna(Nuch'ak'dalitnuorCh'ak'dalitnu)andlliamna 64
Newhalen(NughilHdakaq') 66
PedroBay 67
PopulationShifts 68
5. LivesinMotion:Subsistence-basedCultureandEconomy 71
MobilePeople 71
TrailsandPasses 74
Water 77
SnowandIce 78
TheCulturalImportanceofAviationfortheDena'inaofQizhjeh Vena
(LakeClark)andNila Vena(Lakelliamna)byMichelleRavenmoon 80
MapsandPlaceNames 84
SubsistenceEconomy:NaturalandCulturalResources 85
SpringCamp 88
SummerFishCamp[ShanNuch'etdeh) 90
FallHunting{Tunch'edat)andFallFishing 92
fa\\tapping{NaqelitehCh'k'ezdlu) 96
WinterCamp(Huch'ghinu) 99
GatheringPlants 101
CraftingfromNaturalResources 105
SedentarismandCentralization 107
ReindeerinAlaska 109
LakeClarkAreaSubsistencePracticesbyDonaldG.Callaway Ill
SurveyResearch Ill
Demography 112
SubsistenceHarvestLevels 114
Income 117
RegulatedSubsistence 119
ContemporarySubsistence 120
SubsistenceSummary 121
6. FamilyandCommunityTies 125
Kinship 125
SocialOrganization 127
Leadership 127
GenderandDivisionofLabor 128
ChildRearing 130
BeliefSystems 131
ThePowerofSukdu 133
Post-contactandBeliefSystems 135
7. LanguageandIdentity 137
Dena'inaIdentity 138
LanguageRevitalization 140
InstitutionalSupport 142
dentity.SubsistenceandtheLand 145
CulturalChange 146
8. MultipleUses,MultipleMeanings 149
LayersofCulturalSignificance 149
TourisminthePark 152
PotentialforUserConflict 153
CompatibleandCompetingIdeasandUses 155
ManagementImplications 156
9. AssessmentandRecommendationsforFurtherResearch 159
Recommendations 159
CurrentResearch 160
FurtherStudy 161
BuildingRelationships 163
Bibliography 165
LISTOF FIGURES
Figure1. MapoflandstatusinLakeClarkNationalParkandPreserve 03
Figure2. MapoflanguagesanddialectsintheLakeClarkarea 04
Figure3. MapofglaciationsintheLakeClarkarea 22
Figure4. PossiblemovementsintoDena'inaterritory 31
Figure5. Athabascanstreamstems 36
Figure6A. PrehistoricculturesinsouthcentralAlaska, 1000BCtoAD 1000 38
Figure6B. WorkingattheWeir 39
Figure7. Mapofvillages 51
Figure8. Combinedtrailsandpassesmap 75
Figure9. Dena'inaseasonalround 87
Figure10. NumberofhouseholdsinLakeClarkcommunitiesovertime 112
Figure11. PopulationofLakeClarkaffiliatedcommunitiesovertime 113
Figure12. PercentNativeethnicityofLakeClarkaffiliatedcommunities,2004 113
Figure13. Totalsubsistenceharvest(lbs.) 1990vs.2004 114
Figure14. Percapitasubsistenceharvestsovertime 115
Figure15. Averagehouseholdearnedandtotalincome 118
Figure16. Mapoftenfederalsubsistenceregions 120
Figure17. Mapshowinglandstatusandwildernessdesignations 151
LISTOF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photo 1.VotiveRock 05
Photo2.HeadoflliamnaBay 09
Photo3.Pressurecracksintheice 23
Photo4.lliamnaLake 25
Photo5. Cassiopetetragona(whitearcticmountainheather) 27
Photo6.Pedicularislangsdorfii(lousewort) 27
Photo7.ButlerGreer,hunter,withhidesandtrophyantlers 42
Photo8.HannahBreeceandresidentsofNondalton 44
Photo9. HowardandNormaBowmanatBowman'scamp 45
Photo10. BillHillandPeteTrefonpanningforgold 46
Photo11. LimeVillage 58
Photo12. KatieTrefonandPeteTrefonplayingmusicatTanalianPoint 61
Photo13. Alexan,EdithandNikolaiBalluta in 1932atOldNondalton 63
Photo14. Charlie,MaryandFredRoehlJr.acrosstheriverfromOldlliamna 65
Photo15. TeelaquanaTrailWestofCollegeCreek 72
Photo16. MarieandDanielStandiferSr 76
Photo17. NatashaZackaricefishingfortrout 79
Photo18. Airplanetoy:RussMerrill'sTravelAiratOldlliamna, 1927 81
Photo19. SkiplanetakingoffatSeversen'sRoadhouse 82
Photo20. Airplanecarving,Fossfamily 83
Photo21. Salmondrying,historicalphoto 85
Photo22. MaryDelkittiewithwhitefishatIgiugig, 1982 89
Photo23. Brightsalmondrying,contemporaryphoto 89
Photo24. CleaningfishatNondaltonFishCamp 90
Photo25. MaryAnnTrefonandKatie 91
Photo26. JackKinney'sfishcamp 92
Photo27. FishcampatOldlliamnavillage 93
Photo28. Birchbarkisusedtosmokesalmon atTyonekfishcamp 94
Photo29. Blackbear 95
Photo30. CharlieRoehlwithfoxfursatSeversen'sRoadhouse 97
Photo31. Groundsquirrelsnares 98
Photo32. Betty,LindaandHildaCusmawithbeaver 100
Photo33. Blueberries{Vacciniumuliginosum) 101
Photo34. Crowberries{Empetrumnigrum) 102
Photo35. HelenDickofLimeVillageharvestsbirchbark 104
Photo36. RutabagasfromgardenatTanalianPoint, 1915 105
Photo37. PaulCusmaholdingHildaCusma, 1946 130
Photo38. NickoliBallutaandLizBallutaatNondaltonCultureCamp,2004 137
Photo39. MaryHobsonatthe2003Dena'inaLanguageInstitute 140
Photo40. ParticipantsintheDena'inaLanguageInstitute,2005 141
Photo41. NickoliBallutawithdentaliumanddrumatculturecamp,2004 142
Photo42. MaryDelkittieandMarilynBallutaweavingbirchbarkbaskets 142
Photo43. NickoliBallutaandJamesKariatmicrophone 144
Photo44. GabrielTrefonwithDallsheepatGladiatorBasin 154
Photo45. HelenDicksharesdriedsalmonwithMichelleRavenmoon 162
Photo46. RainbowagainstTelaquanaMountain 163
Photo47. RoseHedlundcuttingsealatlliamnaLake 164
LISTOFTABLES
Table1.PopulationsofResidentZoneCommunitiesin 1990and2000 68
Table2.ADF&Gsubsistenceharvestassessmentsbycommunity, 1973-2006 Ill
Table3.PercentNativeethnicityofLakeClarkaffiliatedcommunities 114
Table4.Changesinresourcetypedependency 116
Table5.Changesinresourceamountsandproportionofresourcetypes 117
Table6.Averagehouseholdandcommunityearnedandtotalincome 118
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