Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy

318 Pages·2014·23.842 MB·English

by  Yun Hang Hu, Uwe Burghaus, Shizhang Qiao

Nanotechnology for Sustainable
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In Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy; Hu, Y., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2013.
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In Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy; Hu, Y., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2013.
1140
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
Nanotechnology for Sustainable
Energy
Yun Hang Hu, Editor
1 Michigan Technology University
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bs.acs.or3-1140.f Uwe Burghaus, Editor
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3 | htt021/b Fargo, North Dakota, United States
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n A201 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Doblic ACS Division of Energy and Fuels
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AmericanChemicalSociety,Washington,DC
DistributedinprintbyOxfordUniversityPress
In Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy; Hu, Y., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2013.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
1 Nanotechnologyforsustainableenergy/YunHangHu,UweBurghaus,ShizhangQiao,
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g w0 editors;sponsoredbytheACSDivisionofEnergyandFuels.
bs.acs.or3-1140.f IISncBpluNadg9ees7s8bc-im0b-l.8io-4-g1r(2aA-p2Ch8iS1ca3sl-y9rme(fpaeolrkesainulcimnesesapenaridpeesirn);d1e11x.4.0E)lectricbatteries--Congresses.2.
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ugust 9, 203 | doi: 10. 621.042--dc23 2013027669
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PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA
In Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy; Hu, Y., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2013.
Foreword
The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a
mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of
the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from the ACS
sponsoredsymposiabasedoncurrentscientificresearch. Occasionally,booksare
1 developed from symposia sponsored by other organizations when the topic is of
0
g w0 keeninteresttothechemistryaudience.
ubs.acs.or13-1140.f forapBperfoopreriaatgereaenidncgotmoppruebhleisnhsiavebocookv,etrhaegeparonpdofsoerdintatebrleesottfoctohneteanutdsieisncreev.iSeowmede
p0
p://k-2 papersmaybeexcludedtobetterfocusthebook;othersmaybeaddedtoprovide
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In Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy; Hu, Y., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2013.
Preface
Increased energy prices and the growing attention on global warming
are motivating the creation of economically viable alternatives to fossil fuels.
Nanotechnologieshavebeenrecognizedasoneeffectiveapproachtosolveenergy
problems. Therefore, to promote the improvement of research and to foster
1 professionalcollaborationamongresearchersinenergy-relatednanotechnologies,
0
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pu01 contributors from 12 countries presented their research works from industrial,
p://k-2 university, and national laboratories in nanotechnology areas related to energy
3 | htt021/b and fuel technologies. This ACS Symposium Series book was developed from
11 thissymposium.
August 9, 20013 | doi: 10. uantidlizTraehtsiioesanr,bcoohfofpkearippnergressneeinnwtsnraeansouvtletescryhwnhouilscoehgfuiaelrseafsnoudrreernteoeardgbayeblocefonicnvotelelrresecisottinot,nosrtooefsraegarerecv,hieaewnrsds,
8.78.93 on August 8, 2 s(fCotuchduaespnetstesr,oan5n),dthedenyfgeo-ilnsleoenewsrsiintiigznetdtohpesiocfilsae:rldLcoeifllbsnaat(tnCeorhiteeascpht(enCrohl6oa)gp,iteepsrhsaon1tod–c4ea)nt,aelsryugspyie.srcT(aChpheaacbpitotoeorrkss
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by e ( at the symposium. All contributed manuscripts were sent to referees, and only
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Downloblicatio bookW. e thank all the authors of the chapters for their contributions to this ACS
Pu book as well as to the ACS symposium. We also would like to express our

appreciation to the peer reviewers for their efforts. We gratefully acknowledge
the ACS Division of Energy and Fuels and the ACS Books Department for the
opportunities to organize the symposium and to publish this book, respectively.
Finally, we wish to thank Arlene Furman, Tim Marney, and Bob Hauserman of
the ACS Books Department for their great effort and support through the entire
peer-reviewandproductionprocessofthisbook.
YunHangHu
DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering
MichiganTechnologicalUniversity
Houghton,Michigan49931-1295,USA
ix
In Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy; Hu, Y., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2013.
UweBurghaus
DepartmentofChemistryandBiochemistry
NorthDakotaStateUniversity
Fargo,NorthDakota58108-6050,USA
ShizhangQiao
SchoolofChemicalEngineering
TheUniversityofAdelaide
Adelaide,SA5005,Australia
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In Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy; Hu, Y., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2013.
Chapter 1
Nanoscale Tin Heterostructures for Improved
Energy Storage in Lithium Batteries
GregorioOrtiz,RicardoAlcántara,PedroLavela,andJoséL.Tirado*
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theelectrodesoffuturelithiumbatteries.
1. Introduction
Around ten years ago it was realized that nanomaterials would contribute
significantly to the replacement of graphitic materials from the anode of future
Li-ionbatteries. Ascomparedwithsyntheticgraphite,themilestonesofthenew
materialsdevelopedsofarincludehigheravailableenergydensity,ratecapability,
coulombic efficiency and cycle life. The combined achievement of all of these
milestonesisadifficulttask. Afruitfulapproachistheuseofcompositesinwhich
thesynergisticactionoftwoormorecomponentsatthenanoscalemaymitigate
the particular drawbacks of each one individually. Not all the components need
©2013AmericanChemicalSociety
In Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy; Hu, Y., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2013.
tobeelectroactive,butmayincludeelectronicorionicconductors,ormayforma
matrixtomaintainelectricalconnectivityandmechanicalstability.
On the other hand, the use of alloys or intermetallic compounds allows
for greater storage density of lithium and therefore higher energy storage than
graphiteisachieved(1). Thedifficultyinusingtheelectrodesbasedonelements
whichformreversiblyalloyswithlithium,suchastin,siliconorantimony,liesin
the abrupt volume change experienced during the electrochemical reaction with
lithium. These volume changes in the crystals generate stresses that lead to a
significantfragmentationafterseveralcharge-dischargecycles,finallyleadingto
steep losses of battery capacity. The volume changes can be neutralized using
electrodes“nano-structured”containingmetallicelementsthatdonotformalloys
with lithium (inactive), such as cobalt and iron. These transition elements can
cushion the stresses in the intermetallic compounds and prevent aggregation of
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The amorphous solid contains Sn(II) as active center for lithium insertion and
network-MO-built by the other elements of glass, which expands the network,
allowingrapiddiffusionoflithium. Electrodesformedbythesematerialsshowed
capacitiesgreaterthan600mAhg-1forthereversibleinsertionoflithium. These
values are considerably larger than the theoretical capacity of graphite (372
mAhg-1). The volumetric capacity - 2200 mAhcm-3 - is twice the value in the
carbonaceousmaterialsofhighestyield(ca. 1200mAhcm-3).
Later the electrochemical behavior of various tin oxides that can act as
electrodes for lithium insertion was reviewed (3, 4). These include crystalline
SnO,SnO ,Li SnO ,SnSiO andSn BPO glasses. Theresultingcellsshoweda
2 2 3 3 2 6
dischargecapacityofabout1000mAhg-1,whereasthereversiblecapacityranged
from 200 to 700 mAhg-1. These results showed a first process that produces
lithiumoxideandtinmetalirreversibly,followedbyformationofalloyLi/Snfor
lowervoltages,withalimitofcomposition4.4Li/Sn.
2
In Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy; Hu, Y., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2013.