Table Of ContentNanomycotoxicology
Treating Mycotoxins in the Nano Way
Edited by
Mahendra Rai
Nanobiotechnology Laboratory
Department of Biotechnology
SGB Amravati University
Amravati, Maharashtra, India
Department of Chemistry
Federal University of Piaui
Teresina, Brazil
Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
Plant Pathology Research Institute
Agricultural Research Center (ARC)
Giza, Egypt
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List of contributors
Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research
Center(ARC),Giza,Egypt;UnitofExcellenceinNano-MolecularPlantPathology
Research, PlantPathologyResearchInstitute, Giza,Egypt
Hassan Almoammar, National Centre for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for
Science andTechnology(KACST),Riyadh,SaudiArabia
Carolina Alves dos Santos, Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology,
UniversityofSorocaba, Sorocaba,Sa˜o Paulo,Brazil
Pierce Bloebaum, Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, One Hospital
Drive, Columbia, MO, United States; Institute of Green Nanotechnology, Univer-
sity ofMissouri,OneHospitalDrive,Columbia,MO,UnitedStates
NahlaA.Bouqellah,Taibah University,Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah,SaudiArabia
Kemal C¸elik, C¸anakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Agricultural Faculty, C¸anakkale,
Turkey
Marco Vin´ıcius Chaud, Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University
ofSorocaba, Sorocaba,Sa˜o Paulo,Brazil
Ana Maria de Oliveira, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Bioprocess
Engineering, FederalUniversityofSa˜oJoa˜o delRei, OuroBranco,Brazil
Enio Nazare´ de Oliveira Junior, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and
Bioprocess Engineering, Federal University of Sa˜o Joa˜o del Rei, Ouro Branco,
Brazil
AhmedM.A.El-Hamaky,DepartmentofMycologyandMycotoxins,AnimalHealth
Research Institute,Agriculture ResearchCenter,Cairo,Egypt
MedhatA.El-Naggar,PlantPathologyResearchInstitute,AgriculturalResearchCenter
(ARC),Giza,Egypt;ResearchCentralLaboratory,SAGO,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
GennadyEvtugyn,KazanFederalUniversity,Kazan,Russia
Juliana Ferreira de Souza, Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology,
UniversityofSorocaba, Sorocaba,Sa˜o Paulo,Brazil
Mohamed Amine Gacem, Laboratory of Ecosystems Protection in Arid and Semi-
Arid Area, University of Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla, Algeria; Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research,Braunschweig, Germany
Hiba Gacem, Epidemiology Service and Preventive Medicine, Hassani Abdelkader
University Hospital Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Djillali Liabes,
Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Algeria
xv
xvi Listofcontributors
Ahmed Ghannouchi, CIHEAM IAMB, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari,
Bari,Italy
Ma´riaGlobanova´,SlovakMedicalUniversityinBratislava,Bratislava,Slovakia
Indarchand Gupta, Department of Biotechnology, Government Institute of Science,
Aurangabad,Maharashtra,India
Atef A. Hassan, Department of Mycology and Mycotoxins, Animal Health Research
Institute,AgricultureResearch Center,Cairo,Egypt
TiborHianik,ComeniusUniversity,Bratislava,Slovakia
Mohamed I.M. Ibrahim, Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National
ResearchCentre,Cairo,Egypt
Avinash P. Ingle, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, Uni-
versityofSaoPaulo,Lorena,SP,Brazil
Josef Jamp´ılek, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences,
Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Division of Biologically Active
Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies
andMaterials,Faculty ofScience,Palacky University,Olomouc, CzechRepublic
PritiJogee,NanobiotechnologyLaboratory,DepartmentofBiotechnology,SantGadge
Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India; Department of Botany,
Prof.RamkrishnaMoreArts,CommerceandScienceCollege,Pune,Maharashtra,
India
Alice Raphael Karikachery, Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, One
HospitalDrive,Columbia,MO,UnitedStates;InstituteofGreenNanotechnology,
UniversityofMissouri,OneHospitalDrive,Columbia,MO,UnitedStates
Kavita K. Katti, Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, One Hospital
Drive, Columbia, MO, United States; Institute of Green Nanotechnology, Univer-
sityofMissouri,OneHospitalDrive,Columbia,MO, UnitedStates
Kattesh V. Katti, Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, One Hospital
Drive, Columbia, MO, United States; Department of Physics, University of
Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Biological Engineering, University of
Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology,
UniversityofMissouri,OneHospitalDrive,Columbia,MO,UnitedStates;Institute
ofGreenNanotechnology,UniversityofMissouri,OneHospitalDrive,Columbia,
MO,UnitedStates
Menka Khoobchandani, Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, One
HospitalDrive,Columbia,MO,UnitedStates;InstituteofGreenNanotechnology,
UniversityofMissouri,OneHospitalDrive,Columbia,MO,UnitedStates
(cid:1)
Katar´ına Kra´lova´, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius
University,Bratislava,Slovakia
Rena´taLehotska´,SlovakMedicalUniversityinBratislava,Bratislava,Slovakia
Mohamed A. Mohamed, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research
Center(ARC),Giza,Egypt
Listofcontributors xvii
EmmanuelNjukwe,InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(IITA),Bujumbura,
Burundi
Noha H.Oraby,Department ofMycologyand Mycotoxins,AnimalHealth Research
Institute, AgricultureResearch Center,Cairo,Egypt
Aminata Ould El Hadj Khelil, Laboratory of Ecosystems Protection in Arid and
Semi-AridArea,UniversityofKasdiMerbah,Ouargla,Algeria
Elena Pieckova´,Slovak MedicalUniversityinBratislava,Bratislava,Slovakia
JoanaC.Pieretti,Center forNatural andHuman Sciences(CCNH), Federal Univer-
sity ofABC(UFABC),SantoAndre´,SP,Brazil
Mahendra Rai, Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant
Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India; Department of
Chemistry,FederalUniversityofPiaui,Teresina,Brazil
Mohamed M. Ramadan, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research
Center (ARC),Giza,Egypt
Thais Francine Ribeiro Alves, Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology,
UniversityofSorocaba, Sorocaba,Sa˜o Paulo,Brazil
Alessandra Caˆndida Rios, Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, Univer-
sity ofSorocaba,Sorocaba,Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil
Wallace R. Rolim, Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal
UniversityofABC(UFABC),SantoAndre´,SP,Brazil
Rasha M. Sayed-Elahl, Department of Mycology and Mycotoxins, Animal Health
Research Institute,Agriculture ResearchCenter,Cairo,Egypt
Amedea B. Seabra, Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal
UniversityofABC(UFABC),SantoAndre´,SP,Brazil
Alia Telli, Laboratory of Ecosystems Protection in Arid and Semi-Arid Area,
UniversityofKasdiMerbah,Ouargla,Algeria;DepartmentofBiology,Facultyof
Naturel LifeandEarth Sciences,UniversityofGharda¨ıa,Gharda¨ıa,Algeria
VelaphiC.Thipe,Department ofChemistry, UniversityofMissouri, Columbia,MO,
United States; Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, One
Hospital Drive,Columbia,MO,UnitedStates
Cecilia Torqueti de Barros, Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology,
UniversityofSorocaba, Sorocaba,Sa˜o Paulo,Brazil
Patchimaporn Udomkun, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA),
Bujumbura,Burundi
Preface
Manyfungiplaynoteworthyroleinspoilageofcrops,fruits,andvegetablesasa
pathogen or by contamination of the harvested products. Within the distinct
phases of pathogenesis, however, these fungi can produce diverse secondary
metaboliteswhichcanhaveseverallethaleffectsinbothanimalsandhumansby
invasion of food chain sometimes directly from plant-based food elements
infected with mycotoxins or by indirect contamination from the growth of
toxigenicfungionfood.
The most significant toxicogenic fungi include Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Fusarium, and Alternaria. A major part of the worldwide people depends on
cereals as an essential food, and therefore, there is a huge risk of mycotoxin
contamination. Furthermore, mycotoxin contamination often has a significant
economic and social impact, particularly when its incidence in agricultural
commodities is beyond the regulation limits set by national and transnational
establishments.Themodernadvancesinnanotechnologyhaverevealedawide
rangeofapplicationsindetection,diagnosis,andcontrolofpathogensbecauseof
thenewpropertiesofnanomaterials.Severalarticlesandpatentsthatdealwith
applications of nanotechnology tools offood testing and safety for mycotoxin
contaminationsarebeingpublishedannually.
Withitswell-knowninternationalteamofcontributors,Nanomycotoxicology:
Treating Mycotoxins in the Nano Way discusses the role of nanotechnology in
the detection, toxicity, and management of different types of mycotoxins. This
bookisorganizedinto20chaptersinthreeparts:itopenswithanintroductionto
thetopicofnanomycotoxicology;SectionIexaminestheroleofnanotechnology
inthedetectionandanalysisofmycotoxins;andSectionIIdescribestheappli-
cationofnanotechnologyforquicker,morecost-effective,andprecisediagnostic
proceduresaswellasthesynthesis,toxicity,andmanagementofmycotoxigenic
fungi. The book covers new topics such as application of nanotechnology in
disease management, disease forecasting, disease resistance, mycotoxin detec-
tion,andnanodiagnosticandmoleculartechniques.
This book is an interdisciplinary reference for scientists and researchers
working in the field of mycotoxicology, nanotechnology, mycology, plant sci-
ence, andfood safety and is a useful tool for industrial scientists investigating
technologiestoupdatetheirnanotoxicologyandnanosafetyknowledge.
Itisanexcellentintroductiontothiscomplextopicorausefulsupplementto
courses in the field of nanomycotoxicology. The purpose of this book is to
xix
xx Preface
providebasicknowledgeandinformationtopostgraduatestudentsandscientists
interested in the upstream research on food safety aspects such as the role of
nanotechnology in mycotoxicology, application of nanomaterials for detection
ofmycotoxinsand,finally,covertheroleofnanotechnologyinthemanagement
ofmycotoxinsandmycotoxigenicfungi.
Wearenotabletoendwithoutacknowledgingtheauthors,whohavemade
significant contribution to this book. Elsevier publisher, who also offered an
incredibly great level of professionalism, reliability, and tolerance during the
entireprocedure,islikewisesignificantlycommended.WethankKattieWash-
ingtonandPatGonzalez,publishingprocessmanagers,forofferingtheprospect
forpublishingthisbook.Last,andbynomeansleast,weexpressourgratitudeto
the expert reviewers for their particular informative commentary on this book
chapters.
Chapter 1
An introduction to
nanomycotoxicology
Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam1,4, Mahendra Rai2,3
1PlantPathologyResearchInstitute,AgriculturalResearchCenter(ARC),Giza,Egypt;
2NanobiotechnologyLaboratory,DepartmentofBiotechnology,SantGadgeBabaAmravati
University,Amravati,Maharashtra,India;3DepartmentofChemistry,FederalUniversityofPiaui,
Teresina,Brazil;4UnitofExcellenceinNano-MolecularPlantPathologyResearch,Plant
PathologyResearchInstitute,Giza,Egypt
1. Introduction
According to Food and Agriculture Organization, mycotoxins are responsible
for contamination of approximately 25% of the world’s food crops. Globally,
100milliontonsoftheagriculturalproducts,suchasmaize,peanuts,coconut,
betel nuts, and oilseeds, are at high risk, of which 20 million tons come from
the developing nations [1]. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi,
which can be parasites or saprophytes of crop plants or livestock forage. The
most important toxicogenic fungi are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and
Alternaria. A major part of the universal population in all over the world
depends on cereals as a main food, and therefore, there is a high risk of
mycotoxin.Moreover,mycotoxincontaminationcanhavealargefinancialand
social impact, specifically when the incidence of mycotoxin in food com-
modities is beyond the regulation limits set up by national and transnational
establishments. There are various techniques for mycotoxin analysis. These
include mainly ELISA test, the lateral flow test, the screening cards, and
immunoaffinity columns. Lately, the emergence of nanotechnology in bio-
sensors has enabled scientists for detection of mycotoxins rapidly. The
development of sensors by using nanomaterials affords exquisite benefits
inclusiveof miniaturization of devices. These nanomaterial-based sensors are
rapid,sensitive,economicallyviable,andhenceusefulforthefoodenterprises
for the detection of mycotoxins and maintenance of food quality [2]. The
utilization of nanotechnology in maintenance of plant health particularly for
the control of secondary metabolites, fast detection and management of the
diseases,enhancedcapabilityforuptakeofnutrients,andformulationanduse
of effective nanofertilizers has proved it to be a powerful technology, and
Nanomycotoxicology.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817998-7.00001-X
Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 1
2 Nanomycotoxicology
therefore, it has the capability to revolutionize food and agriculture [3]. The
emergence of nanotechnology and the development of nanoscale materials
have madevital changes in agriculture [4,5]. The progress in nanotechnology
is responsible for the invention of many methods beneficial for the detection
andsensingofmycotoxininlivestock[6e8].Furthermore,theresearchersare
involved in the fabrication of most sensitive systems for the detection and
control of mycotoxigenic fungi and their toxins [9]. The usage of nanotech-
nologyforimprovementofnanobiosensorswillbeanovelstrategyforthefast
detection of mycotoxins. The production of nanobiosensors and their use for
the recognition of the mycotoxins in food and feed would be immensely
helpful [10,11].
Thus, there is a huge demand to develop a feasible approach to manage
toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins. Nanotechnological claims in myco-
toxicology are still in its primary stage. Currently, research has been focused
on the development of new nanomaterials to inhibit pathogenic fungi and
mycotoxins [12]. Nanotechnology can precisely target specific food safety
problems inagriculture, such as itsapplication against toxicogenic fungi, and
provide new techniques for detection and management of mycotoxins, for
example, using bio- and nanosensors for detection of mycotoxins. A new
nanobiotechnologymethoddescribesanovelplantgenetransfertechniquefor
improvement of resistance in crops against plant pathogens to enhance food
security.Inaddition,quantumdotsplayanimportantroleforrapidrecognition
of a specific biological marker with great precision. Nanobiosensor, quantum
dots,nanoimaging,andnanoporeDNAsequencinghaveprovedtheirpotential
to increase specificity, sensitivity, and rapidity in disease detection and man-
agementoffoodqualityandsafety.Now,nanofungicidesandnanocomposites
are being used widely in agriculture and environmental applications.
Mycotoxicology is the branch of mycology that focuses on analyzing and
findingoutthesecondarymetaboliteproducedbyfungi,knownasmycotoxins,
whereas nanomycotoxicology deals with the treatment of the mycotoxins in
nanoway.Throughoutthelastyears,nanoresearcherspublished57,558articles
inagriculture,161,029articlesinfoods,and351,547articlesinenvironmental
nanotechnology.Today,there aremorethan847nanotechnology patentsused
for identification, purification, and management of aflatoxins, and 679
different types of nanoparticles patent used to identify, purify, and manage
different mycotoxins (Fig. 1.1).
2. Mycotoxicogenic fungi
The incidence of fungi and production of mycotoxins in agricultural crops
occur under favorable conditions in the field (preharvest), at harvest, and
duringhandling,transport,andstorage.SomeFusariumspeciesarecommunal
plant pathogenic fungi occurring globally, particularly associated with cereal
crops.Thereare morethan100secondarymetabolitesproducedbyFusarium
species,anumberofwhichcancriticallyaffecthumanandanimalhealth[13].
