Nanoengineering of Structural, Functional and Smart Materials

690 Pages·2005·32.86 MB·English

by  Mark J. Schulz

Nanoengineering of Structural,
Functional, and Smart Materials
Edited by
Mark J. Schulz, Ajit D. Kelkar,
and Mannur J. Sundaresan
Boca Raton London New York
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
Copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis
Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-1653-7 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-1653-1 (Hardcover)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com
(http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration
for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate
system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only
for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
Taylor & Francis Group and the CRC Press Web site at
is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. http://www.crcpress.com
Copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis
Preface
Need for the Book. In most areas of science and engineering, there is research
underway related to nanotechnology. However, the research is in different
disciplines and the basic and applied research is often not in step. The intent of this
book is therefore to connect science and technology under the umbrella of
nanoengineering in order to design and build practical and innovative materials and
devices from the nanoscale upward. Nanoengineering is fast becoming a cross-cutting
field where chemists, physicists, medical doctors, engineers, business managers, and
environmentalists work together to improve society through nanotechnology. Nanoscale
materials such as nanotubes, nanowires, and nanobelts have extraordinary properties
and unique geometric features, but utilizing these properties at the nanoscale and
bringing these properties to the macroscale are very challenging problems. The
authors of the 24 chapters of the book explain these problems and have attempted to
develop well integrated coverages of the major areas where materials
nanotechnology has shown advances and where the potential to develop unique
structural, functional, and smart materials exists.
Structural materials are defined as load bearing and are designed mainly based
on mechanical properties. Examples where nanoscale materials can improve
mechanical properties include polymer and metallic materials reinforced with nano-
particles and thin films to increase the surface hardnesses of the materials. Functional
materials are designed to have special properties, and are not primarily used for their
mechanical characteristics. Functional materials can have tailored or functionally
graded physical attributes such as electrical and thermal conductivity, magnetic
properties, gas storage, and thermoelectric properties, and sometimes graded
mechanical properties such as hardness. Nanoscale functional materials can be used
in high-tech applications including magnetic devices, electronics conducting ther-
moplastics, anisotropic polymer nanocomposites, surface coatings, biomaterials,
sensor materials, catalysts, polymers, gels, ceramics, thin films, and membranes.
Smart or intelligent materials have sensing or actuation properties such as piezo-
electric or electrochemical transduction activities. Carbon nanotubes are smart mate-
rials because their electrochemical and elastic properties are coupled, and they have
higher theoretical actuation energy densities than existing smart materials.
Scope of the Book. Our goal is to provide readers with background in the various
areas of research that are needed to develop unique atomically precise multifunctional
materials that may be the strongest, lightest, and most versatile materials ever made.
The background needed to accomplish this encompasses synthetic chemistry, bio-
technology, self-organization, supramolecular self-assembly, nanophased particles,
films and fibers, chemical vapor deposition, oxide evaporation, and various
approaches to develop extraordinary strength, toughness, and net shape processing
of multifunctional materials and structures. In addition, molecular sensors, active
nanocomposites, thin film skins, power generation,, high thermal and electrical
Copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis
conductivities, and biomimetics are all discussed with the aim of optimizing material
systems to monitor their performance and maintain their integrity. These processes
may exploit the large elastic and transduction properties of carbon nanotube materials
for developing extraordinary multifunctional capabilities. Moreover, because the
nanotube structure is not limited to carbon, the benefits of nanoscale inorganic
fullerene-like materials and nanotubes for developing multifunctional and polar
materials are also examined. Many elements and compounds are known to form
stable two-dimensional sheets, and hence create many exciting possibilities for
developing new types of nanoscale materials. Most materials that can be formed by
physical or chemical vapor deposition have the potential to form nanotubes, nano-
belts, nanowires, or some form of nanostructure, and many of these new materials
are discussed in this book. One goal of nanoscale research is to produce synthetic
analogic bionic materials that evolve their own nanostructures, sense and react to
their environments, self-monitor their conditions, and have super-elastic and self-
healing properties to provide enduring performance.
This book provides engineers and scientists the broad foundation needed to
attack barrier problems and produce high-payoff nanotechnology. As you will see,
this book contains quite a variety of research representing different approaches and
viewpoints about nanotechnology. Nanoengineering is a new field, and this book
serves as a focal point and reference that can be used to conceptualize and design
new materials and systems. It was made possible by the generous contributions of
scientists from around the world, and presents state-of-the-art nanoscience and
nanotechnology including comments on future directions for research. The book
will help researchers, students, managers, those working in industry, and investors
understand where we are and where we are headed in the area of nanoscale,
nanophase, and nanostructured materials and systems. Many figures and detailed
descriptions of the synthesis, processing, and characterization of nanoscale materials
are included so that the book serves as a learning tool for nanoengineering, and so
that readers can reproduce the results presented. Problems are included at the end
of each chapter to test understanding of the concepts presented and to provoke further
investigations into the subject. This book is also meant to be used as a textbook for
graduate level nanotechnology courses. It is hoped that the book will inspire students
of all ages and disciplines to study nanotechnology and to think of different ways
to use it to help humanity.
Multifunctional Materials. This book also explores the multifunctionality that is
common in nature. Multifunctional materials have several important properties
simultaneously, such as a structural material that can also sense and actuate. Pres-
ently, no smart material is also a structural material. Multifunctionality is actually
a universal trait of biological materials and systems. Since the beginning of time,
biological materials and systems have been designed by nature from the smallest
components upward, and they have capabilities unmatched by man-made materials.
Therefore, it makes sense to integrate biomimetics and nanoengineering; biomimetics
provides the architecture for materials design, whereas nanoengineering essentially
provides the route to build materials starting on the atomic scale, as in nature.
Biologically inspired nanotechnology or bionanotechnology can be described as
Copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis
the process of mimicking the chemical and evolutionary processes found in nature
to synthesize unique almost defect-free multifunctional material systems starting
from the nanoscale up. Bionanotechnology is becoming a new frontier in the devel-
opment of advanced biomedical, structural, and other materials. Bionanotechnology
is exemplified through biological materials constructed in layered anisotropic and
self-assembled designs that provide strength and toughness at the same time and
biological systems in which sensing and actuation are performed using millions of
identical parallel nerves and muscle fibers. This architecture allows billions of bits
of sensory information to be processed in the neural, auditory, and visual systems
in an efficient hierarchical order and millions of identical micro-actuators to work
in harmony. In the book, initial concepts are discussed to mimic the basic functions
of nerves and muscles using nanoscale materials. These concepts may someday lead
to digitally controlled intelligent and enduring materials and structures.
Applications and Benefits. The socio-economic benefit of nanoengineering will be
ubiquitous and lead to improved safety, security, and standard of living throughout
the world. Future materials and structures will have vastly improved properties and
durability. Smart machines will control their own performance, preserve their integ-
rity, and partially self-repair when damaged, and when they are worn out or obsolete,
they will be programmed to demanufacture and be recycled into new machines.
Building without machining may be another outgrowth of nanoengineering.
Nanoengineering will produce new launch vehicles, lightweight agile aircraft, and
may allow the human exploration of space. Major areas of impact include future
space missions that will use hybrid nanocomposites to provide a wholesale reduction
in weight in space vehicle systems through material substitution, redesign, and
integration; autonomous reconfigurable structures will increase speeds, reduce fuel
consumption, reduce pollution, reduce noise, and provide lasting performance for
aircraft; intelligent materials will provide structural health and performance moni-
toring to prevent degradation and failure of structures in all types of critical appli-
cations; nanocoatings, fillers, sprays, and films will provide protection from abrasion,
EMI, heat, and provide artificial skins for materials. Commercial applications of
nanocomposite materials potentially include all composite material products, brake
disks, turbine engine shrouds, composite bushings, brake parts, metallic composites,
smart materials, biosensing, and power harvesting. New applications will emerge as
our knowledge increases. Nanoengineering is also important in fuel cells where
functionalized nanotubes may store hydrogen safely for use in automobiles. Elec-
tronics, medicine, and computing are other areas where nanotechnology promises
advances. Indeed, our vision of nanoengineering is to obtain nanoscale control over
the synthesis of matter to build designer materials that can be used to solve the most
difficult scientific and medical problems that face humanity.
Outline of the Book. The book is organized into an introduction and three parts
that cover the major areas of focus in nanoscale materials development. The Intro-
duction to Nanoengineering chapter gives an insightful overview of where we are in
understanding nanoscale phenomena, and possible future directions for research.
Part 1 of the book is focused on Synthesis of Nanoscale Materialsand contains beautiful
Copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis
microscopy images of different synthetic materials, a comprehensive exposition of
the properties and synthesis of carbon nanotubes and bismuth nanowires, unique
methods of producing zinc oxide nanobelts, advanced methods for carbon nanotube
synthesis, synthesis of self-assembled nanodots, and a ball milling-annealing method
to synthesize boron nitride nanotubes.
Part 2 concentrates on Manufacturing Using Nanoscale Materials and includes
a technique for functionalizing nanoscale materials for material property improve-
ments, techniques for producing structural and metal–ceramic nanocomposites, the
use of low-cost carbon nanofibers to form fibers and films, a comprehensive overview
of techniques for producing macroscopic fibers from single-walled carbon nano-
tubes, a means of fabricating microdevices through self-assembled monolayers,
using nanotubes to improve the strength of polymers, properties and applications of
nanoscale intelligent materials, thermal properties of nanostructured polymers, and
pultruded nanocomposite materials.
Part 3 of the book focuses on Modeling of Nanoscale and Nanostructured
Materials. Nanomechanics and modeling of nanoscale particles and their vibration
propertiesare discussed, along with methods of continuum and atomistic modeling
of the nanoindentation of thin films. Modeling of thin film heterostructures, polar-
ization in nanotubes, uneven stress distribution in nanocrystalline metals, carbon
nanotube polymer composites, and multi-scale heat transport are also discussed.
In summary, this book provides a broad synopsis of the nanomaterials research
conducted in university and government labs. Because the size of the book is limited,
much of the important research in the field could not be included. Readers are
therefore encouraged to use this book as a starting point from which to explore the
literature on nanotechnology, which is becoming more exciting every day.
The editors thank Cindy Carelli and Yulanda Croasdale of Taylor & Francis, and
Larry Schartman and Frank Gerner of the University of Cincinnati whose support
was instrumental in producing this book.
Copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis
Editors
Mark J. Schulz is an associate professor of mechanical engineering and co-director
of the Cincinnati Smart Structures Bio-Nanotechnology Laboratory. This laboratory
integrates nanotechnology and biomimetics to develop new smart materials and
devices for structural and medical applications. The laboratory includes a nanotube
synthesis lab, a processing lab for nanoscale materials, and a smart structures and
devices lab. Research in the labs focuses on building structural neural systems using
continuous piezoceramic and carbon nanotube neurons and electronic logic circuits
for structural health monitoring, carbon nanotube array biosensors for cancer
diagnostics, active catheters for diagnostics and surgery, reinforcing polymers using
carbon nanotubes and nanofibers, and developing wet and dry carbon nanofiber
hybrid actuators to control large structures. His contribution to the book is dedicated
to the memory of his parents, Jeanne and Joseph.
Ajit D. Kelkar is a professor of mechanical engineering and associate director of
the Center for Advanced Materials and Smart Structures (CAMSS) and the founding
member of Center for Composite Materials Research (CCMR) at North Carolina
Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC. He is also a member
of the National Institute of Aerospace (NIA). His research interests include finite
element modeling, atomistic modeling, performance evaluation and modeling of thin
films, and nanomechanics. Some of the projects he is presently involved with include
continuum and atomistic modeling of thin films, nanoindentation studies of thin
films, low-cost manufacturing of ceramic composites using a nanoparticle alumina
matrix, and the effects of alumina nanoparticles on the mechanical behaviors of
epoxy resins. In addition he is involved in the low-cost manufacturing of composite
materials, damage characterization of thin and thick composite laminates subjected
to low-velocity impact loading, fatigue behavior of textile composites, and finite
element modeling of woven and braided textile composites.
Mannur J. Sundaresan is an associate professor of mechanical engineering and
the director of the Intelligent Structures and Mechanisms Laboratory at North Carolina
Agricultural and Technical State University. This laboratory is dedicated to develop-
ing novel sensors, instrumentation, and signal processing techniques applicable to
smart structures and structural health monitoring. It also integrates the microme-
chanics of damage evolution in heterogeneous materials and structural health mon-
itoring techniques for the life prediction of such materials. He has worked in the
areas of micromechanics of damage evolution, development of novel processing
techniques for carbon–carbon composite materials, and experimental mechanics.
Copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis
Contributors
Christian V.D.R. Anderson Richard O. Claus
Department of Mechanical Engineering Fiber and Electro-Optics Research
University of Minnesota Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota Virginia Polytechnics Institute and State
University
Debasish Banerjee Blacksburg, Virginia
Department of Physics
Boston College Saurabh Datta
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts Smart Structures Bionanotechnology
Laboratory
F. James Boerio University of Cincinnati
Department of Chemical and Materials Cincinnati, Ohio
Engineering
University of Cincinnati Virginia A. Davis
Cincinnati, Ohio Department of Chemical Engineering
Rice University
Donald W. Brenner Houston, Texas
Department of Materials Science and
Engineering Mildred S. Dresselhaus
North Carolina State University Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Raleigh, North Carolina Cambridge, Massachusetts
Han Gi Chae Edward H. Glaessgen
School of Polymer, Textile, and Fiber Analytical and Computational Methods
Engineering Branch
Georgia Institute of Technology NASA Langley Research Center
Atlanta, Georgia Hampton, Virginia
Ying Chen Rahul Gupta
School of Physical Sciences and Department of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering North Carolina Agricultural and
The Australian National University Technical State University
Canberra, Australia Greensboro, North Carolina
Copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis
Peng He Ajit D. Kelkar
Smart Structures Bionanotechnology Department of Mechanical Engineering
Laboratory North Carolina Agricultural and
University of Cincinnati Technical State University
Cincinnati, Ohio Greensboro, North Carolina
Yun-Yeo Heung Goutham Kirkeria
Smart Structures Bionanotechnology Smart Structures Bionanotechnology
Laboratory Laboratory
University of Cincinnati University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio
David Hui Joseph H. Koo
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of New Orleans University of Texas
New Orleans, Louisiana Austin, Texas
Douglas Hurd Dhanjay Kumar
Smart Structures Bionanotechnology Department of Mechanical Engineering
Laboratory North Carolina Agricultural and
University of Cincinnati Technical State University
Cincinnati, Ohio Greensboro, North Carolina
Farzana Hussain Satish Kumar
Department of Mechanical and School of Polymer, Textile, and Fiber
Aerospace Engineering Engineering
Oklahoma State University Georgia Institute of Technology
Tulsa, Oklahoma Atlanta, Georgia
Sachin Jain Young W. Kwon
Smart Structures Bionanotechnology Department of Mechanical Engineering
Laboratory and Energy Processes
University of Cincinnati Southern Illinois University
Cincinnati, Ohio Carbondale, Illinois
Ado Jorio Jingyu Lao
Federal University of Minas Gerais Department of Physics
Belo Horizonte, Brasil Boston College
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
Inpil Kang
Smart Structures Bionanotechnology Kin-Tak Lau
Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Cincinnati The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Cincinnati, Ohio Hong Kong, China
Copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis
Hongbing Lu Jagdish Narayan
Department of Mechanical and Department of Material Science and
Aerospace Engineering Engineering
Oklahoma State University North Carolina State University
Tulsa, Oklahoma Raleigh, North Carolina
John F. Maguire Marco Buongiorno Nardelli
Air Force Research Laboratory Computer Science and Mathematics
Wright–Patterson Air Force Base, Division
Ohio Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Hassan Mahfuz
Department of Ocean Engineering Sudhir Neralla
Florida Atlantic University Department of Mechanical
Boca Raton, Florida Engineering
North Carolina Agricultural and
Technical State University
David B. Mast
Greensboro, North Carolina
Department of Physics
University of Cincinnati
Gregory M. Odegard
Cincinnati, Ohio
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Vincent Meunier
Michigan Technological University
Computer Science and Mathematics
Houghton, Michigan
Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Sri Laxmi Pammi
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Smart Structures Bionanotechnology
Laboratory
Atul Miskin
University of Cincinnati
Smart Structures Bionanotechnology
Cincinnati, Ohio
Laboratory
University of Cincinnati
Matteo Pasquali
Cincinnati, Ohio
Department of Chemical Engineering
Rice University
Serge M. Nakhmanson Houston, Texas
Department of Physics
North Carolina State University Dawn R. Phillips
Raleigh, North Carolina Lockheed Martin Space Operations
NASA Langley Research Center
Suhasini Narasimhadevara Hampton, Virginia
Smart Structures Bionanotechnology
Laboratory Louis A. Pilato
University of Cincinnati KAI, Inc.
Cincinnati, Ohio Austin, Texas
Copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis