Nanocatalysts in Environmental Applications

122 Pages·2018·1.385 MB·English

by  Samira Bagheri,Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli (auth.)

Green Energy and Technology
Samira Bagheri
Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli
Nanocatalysts
in Environmental
Applications
Green Energy and Technology
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059
Samira Bagheri Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli
(cid:129)
Nanocatalysts
in Environmental
Applications
123
Samira Bagheri Nurhidayatullaili MuhdJulkapli
Nanotechnology andCatalysis Nanotechnology andCatalysis
ResearchCentre ResearchCentre
University of Malaya University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia Malaysia
ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)
Green Energy andTechnology
ISBN978-3-319-69556-3 ISBN978-3-319-69557-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69557-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017962975
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Preface
The field of nanocatalysis has undergone an explosive growth during the past
decade, both in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyses. Nanoparticles have a
largesurface-to-volumeratiocomparedtobulkmaterials,andtheyareattractiveto
useascatalysts.Catalystsdailyaccelerateandboostthousandsofdifferentchemical
reactions and thereby form the basis for the multibillion-dollar chemical industry
worldwide and indispensable environmental protective technologies. Research in
nanotechnology and nanoscience is expected to have a great impact on the devel-
opment of new catalysts. Current demand for clean and renewable energy and
environmental concerns urges researchers to approach for greener advanced oxi-
dation processes such as photocatalysis. Visible-light-driven photocatalytic water
splitting for the generation of clean hydrogen fuel and pollutant degradation for
cleaner environment are promising topics. Design and development of advanced
materials as photocatalyst is very crucial, and the success of the process lies with
materials. In this book, we have highlighted principles and mechanism of several
photocatalytic systems and design of advanced materials for their applications in
photocatalysis.Veryfewbooksareavailableoncatalysisinproductionschemesor
itsprimaryapplications,suchasenvironmentalapplications.Thisbookfillsthatgap
withdetaileddiscussionsofenhancedphotocatalyticactivitybyusingmodification
activated carbon in Chap. 1, surface modification of titania/gold nanoparticles for
photocatalytic applications in Chap. 2, black titania for photodecomposition of
organiccompoundsinChap.3,applicationsoftitaniaasaheterogeneouscatalystfor
degradation of landfill leachates in Chap. 4, easy separation of magnetic photocat-
alyst from aqueous pollutants in Chap. 5, solar-driven, highly stable photocatalyst
system for mitigation oforganic pollutants viamixedphase titania inChap.6,and
layered catalyst compositions for photo-treating of industrial effluents in Chap. 7.
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Samira Bagheri
Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli
v
Contents
1 Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity by Using Modification
Activated Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction: Basic Principles of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Activated Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Characterization of Carbon Nanomaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Transformation of Biomass to Carbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.3 Catalytic Transformation of Biomass to Carbon. . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Photocatalytic Systems with Activated Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 Effect of Surface Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Activated Carbon/Transition Metal Oxide
Photocatalysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Activated Carbon Photocatalytic Systems: Future Trend . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.1 Granular and Spherical Activated Carbon
Photocatalytic Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.2 ACF Photocatalysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.3 Graphene/Titania Photocatalysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.4 Titania/CNT Photocatalysis System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.5 Titania: Activated Carbon Semiconductor Doped
Photocatalysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.6 Titania: Activated Carbon Nonmetal Doped
Photocatalysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 Surface Modification of Titania/Gold Nanoparticles for
Photocatalytic Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 Introduction: Material Design in Photocatalysis System . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.1 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis System: Challenging
Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
vii
viii Contents
2.2 Alteration on Structured of Photocatalysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.1 Composites System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.2 Surface Attachment System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.3 Doping System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 Nanosized Gold Particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles: Material Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles: Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4 Gold-Modified Semiconductor Photocatalysis: Material
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5 Gold-Modified Semiconductor Photo Catalysis: Photocatalytic
Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5.1 Titania–Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5.2 ZnO–Gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5.3 BiVO –Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4
2.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Black Titania for Photodecomposition of Organic Compounds. . . . . 37
3.1 Introduction: Photocatalyst Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Titania Photocatalysis: Fundamental Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.1 Photocatalysis System: Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3 Hydrogenated Titania Photocatalyst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3.1 Hydrogenation Process: Fundamental Concept. . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3.2 Hydrogenation Process: Procedures and Parameters . . . . . . 39
3.3.3 Hydrogenated Titania: Basic Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4 Doped-Hydrogenated Titania Photocatalysis Systems . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.4.1 N-doped Hydrogenated Titania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4.2 p-Type Doping Semiconductor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5 Photodegradation Properties of Hydrogenated
and Doped Titania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 Applications of Titania as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for
Degradation of Landfill Leachates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.1 Introduction: Principle of Organic Compound Decomposition . . . . 51
4.2 Photocatalysis Treatment: Basic Theory and Applications. . . . . . . 52
4.3 Design of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.3.1 Sizing of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.3.2 Structured Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.3.3 Functionalization Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.4 Photodegradation of Organic Compounds in Landfill . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.4.1 Operation Parameters: pH of Medium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4.2 Operation Parameters: Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Contents ix
4.4.3 Operation Parameters: Light Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.4.4 Operation Parameters: Ozone Dosage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.4.5 Operation Parameters: Catalysis Dosage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.4.6 Operation Parameters: Reaction Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.4.7 Operation Parameters: Effect of Inorganic Ions . . . . . . . . . 60
4.4.8 Operation Parameters: Dissolved O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2
4.5 Photocatalytic Activities in Landfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.5.1 Photodecomposition Mechanism of Landfill Pollutant
Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.5.2 Photodecomposition Kinetics of Landfill Pollutant
Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.6 Heterogeneous Catalysis: Next Application in Landfill . . . . . . . . . 62
4.7 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5 Easy Separation of Magnetic Photocatalyst from Aqueous
Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.1 Overview of Photocatalyst System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.2 Deficiency of Photocatalyst System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.3 Preface and Benefits of Magnetic Photocatalysis System. . . . . . . . 70
5.4 Magnetic Photocatalyst System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.4.1 Magnetic Photocatalyst: Metal Oxide/Metal Composites. . . 71
5.4.2 Magnetic Photocatalyst: Carbon-Based Composites . . . . . . 74
5.4.3 Magnetic Photocatalyst: Ceramic Composites . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.4.4 Magnetic Photocatalyst: Metal Doped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.4.5 Magnetic Photocatalyst: Nonmetal Doped . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.5 Industrial Relevance of Magnetic Photocatalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6 Solar-Driven, Highly Stable Photocatalyst System for Mitigation
of Organic Pollutants via Mixed Phase Titania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.1 Introduction: General Concept of Solar-Driven Photocatalyst . . . . 87
6.2 Mixed Phase Metal Oxide: Solar-Driven Photocatalyst
Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.2.1 Factor of Highly Efficient Photocatalyst Process . . . . . . . . 89
6.3 Development Routes of Mixed Phase Titania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.4 Physicochemical Nature of Mixed Phase Titania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.5 Efficiency and Mechanism of Photocatalytic Activities
of Mixed Phase Titania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.5.1 Combination of Mixed Phase Titania (Brookite–Rutile) . . . 97
6.5.2 Combination of Mixed Phase Titania
(Brookite–Anatase) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.5.3 Combination of Mixed Phase Titania (Rutile–Anatase) . . . 98
x Contents
6.6 Real Implementations of Mixed Phase Titania in Mitigation
of Organic Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.7 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
7 Layered Catalyst Compositions for Photo-Treating of Industrial
Effluents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.1 Introduction: Solid Metal Oxide in Photocatalyst System . . . . . . . 105
7.1.1 Preview of Layered Catalyst Composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.2 Categories of Layered Catalyst Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.2.1 Hydroxide-Based Catalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.2.2 Nanocarbon-Based Catalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.2.3 Clay-Based Catalyst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.3 Industrial Applications of Layered Catalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.4 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113