Nagara and Commandery: Origins of the Southeast Asian Urban Tradition (University of Chicago Geography Research Papers)

492 Pages·1983·65.08 MB·English

by  Wheatley

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NAGARA AND COMMANDERY
Origins of the Southeast Asian
Urban Traditions
by
Paul Wbeatley
The Univ6i?lty of Chicago
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
RESEARCH PAPER NOS. 207-208
(Double Number)
1983
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Copyright 1983 by Paul Wheatley
Published 1983 by the Department of Geography
The University of Chicago. Chicago, Illinois
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Wheatley. Paul.
Nagara and commandery.
(Research paper/University ol Chicago. Department of Geography: nos. 207-208)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Cities and towns. Ancient-Asia. Southeastern. 2. Urbanization-Asia. South·
eastern-History. 3. Prolohistory. I. Title. II. Series: Research paper (University ot
Chicago. Dept. of Geography): no. 207·208.
H31.C514 no. 207-208 910s 83-18014
[HT147.A785J (307. 7'6'0959]
ISBN 0·89065-1 13·2 (pbk.)
Research Papers are available from:
The University of Chicago
Department of Geography
5828 S. University Avenue
Chicago. Illinois 60637
Price: $8.00: $6.00 series subscription
Price of double number 207-208: $16.00
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CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ix
•
PREFACE xi
•
ABBREVIATIONS xv
Chapter
1. THE CITY AND ITS ORIGINS 1
2. OF CHIEFS AND CHIEFDOMS 43
•
3. CITIES OF "THE HUNTER" 119
4. CITIES OF THE PYU 165
•
5. CITIES OF THE RMAN 199
6. CITIES OF THE EARLY MALAYSIAN WORLD 231
7. URBAN GENESIS IN THE INDIANIZED TERRITORIES 263
8 . BEYOND THE GATE OF GHOSTS 365
9. ENVOI 419
APPENDIX: URBAN CENTERS IN THE PTOLEMAIC CORPUS 439
. .
. .
GENERAL INDEX . . . 465
INDEX OF PRINCIPAL TEXTS AND INSCRIPTIONS 471
vii
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LIST OF FIGURES
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
1. Models of State Origins 22
2. Models for the Operation of Control Hierarchies 25
3. Locations of Southeast Asian Sites, Ethnonyms and
. .
LOcalities mentioned in Cha9ter 2 47
•
4. Competi ng Models of Ecotype Development 54
5. Spread of Geographic Races of Oryza sativa in Asia 84
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6. Evolution of the Two Cultivated Species of Rice 86
,,
7. Enceintes at Co-loa 92
8 . LOcations of Archeol ogical Sites and. LOcalities .
. . . . . . . .
.
Ment ioned in Chapter 3 . 122
9. Identifiable Ceremonial and Administrative Centers
Mentioned in Pre- Ailkor Epigraphy . 126
10. Layout of the Anci ent City at Oc-eo 129
11. Hydraulic System on the oc-eo Plain 138
12. Locati ons of Archeol ogical Sites , Ancient Toponyms
and Ethnonyms Mentioned in Chapter 4 166
13 . Remains of the City at Beikthano . . . . . . 168
14. Isometric Projection of a Structure at Beikthano 171
B~ick
15. Traces of the Ancient Enceinte at Hmawza . . 174
16 . Locations of Archeol ogical Sites, Ancient Toponyms and
Ethnonyms Ment ioned i n Chapter 5 . . . . 201
17. Urban Enceintes from the Dvaravati Per iod 205
18. Moated Encl osures on t he Khorat Plat eau 217
19. Locations of Archeological Sites and Anci ent Toponyms
Mentioned in Chapter 6 . . . . . . • . • • 235
20. The Protectorate- General of the Paci fied South, c. A. D. 800 375
21 . Toponymy of Jih- nan Commandery in t he 4th Century A.O. . . 386
22 . Principal Urban Hierarchies in Southeast Asia
in the Second Half of the 14th Century . . . 426
23. Trans-Gangetic India in MS venet. Marc. 5J6 (R) • 456
i x
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