Table Of ContentAjit Varma · Ram Prasad
Narendra Tuteja Editors
Mycorrhiza -
Nutrient Uptake,
Biocontrol,
Ecorestoration
Fourth Edition
Mycorrhiza - Nutrient Uptake, Biocontrol,
Ecorestoration
Ajit Varma (cid:129) Ram Prasad (cid:129) Narendra Tuteja
Editors
Mycorrhiza - Nutrient
Uptake, Biocontrol,
Ecorestoration
Fourth Edition
Editors
AjitVarma RamPrasad
AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology
AmityUniversityUttarPradesh AmityUniversityUttarPradesh
Noida,UttarPradesh Noida,UttarPradesh
India India
NarendraTuteja
AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology
AmityUniversityUttarPradesh
Noida,UttarPradesh
India
ISBN978-3-319-68866-4 ISBN978-3-319-68867-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68867-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017960850
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Foreword
Mycorrhizal symbioses, found in almost all ecosystems, are fundamental to
improveplantfitnessandsoilqualitythroughkeyecologicalprocesses.Mycorrhi-
zalfungihavebeenshowntofulfilabroadspectrumofbeneficialfunctionsfortheir
host plants as well as for their environments like improved nutrient and water
uptake, enhanced tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses and improved soil
structure to counteract soil erosion. In the last decade, it has been observed that
intensive agricultural practices like the useof large amounts of mineral fertilizers
and pesticides can have severe effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other
fungalsymbiontsinsoilsand,consequently,cannegativelyimpactplantnutrition
andgrowth.Infact, thelossoffungaldiversitydisruptsmajorecosystemservices
such asecosystem variabilityandproductivityandmight decrease plant biodiver-
sityand,therefore,leadtolanddegradation.
Thebook“Mycorrhiza:NutrientUptake,Biocontrol,Ecorestoration”comesout
in a period of time of exceptionally rapid growth in research on the role that
mycorrhizal symbiosis has in plants to overcome biotic and abiotic stress and
gives an excellent overview of the current knowledge in this field. It covers
v
vi Foreword
different studies on plant nutrition by fungal strategies in nutrient-limiting envi-
ronmentsandforsustainableagriculture.Severalchaptersdescribemechanismsof
mycorrhizal fungi to control different plant pathogens and increase plant health.
Most chapters explain how mycorrhizal fungi inoculation has grown to be a
biotechnologicaltoolthatiswidelyapplicableinecologicalrestorationofdegraded
lands, in alleviating drought and heavy metal tolerances and in phytoremediation
processes. The book is mainly focused on arbuscular mycorrhiza but also other
types of interactions including those formed by orchid mycorrhizal fungi and
endophytes and, to a lesser extent, by ectomycorrhizal fungi. I therefore congrat-
ulatetheeditorswhohavegatheredsomanydifferentaspectsofbasic,biotechno-
logicalandappliedresearchintheuseofmycorrhizalsymbiosisinhumanpractices
topreserveourenvironment,respectingnatureandmakingabetterworld.
ThisthirdvolumeofthefourtheditionofMycorrhizabookculminatesthework
ofcompilingthemostoutstandingadvancesmadeonmycorrhizalsymbiosisinthe
last decade. Many brilliantresearchers have contributed with their chapters in the
differenteditionstogiveaglobalandintegrativevisionofallthisknowledge.There
is no doubt that Prof. Ajit Varmahasbeen the engine of bringing ustogether and
integratingallthismycorrhizalknowledgeduringthelast25years.Iwouldliketo
takethisopportunitytothankhimforhishugeeffortandtotheSpringerPublishing
Houseforrelyingonhimandhisundeniabletenacityandvisionforthefuture.
It is hoped that this book is welcomed among senior scientists, academicians,
youngscientistsandstudents,whoshouldenjoyitforhelpingtounderstand,better
andbetter,thefunctioningofthissmartsymbiosisandtostimulatefurtherinnova-
tionandprogress.
Murcia,Spain Asuncio´nMorte
12October2017
Preface
GermanpathologistA.B.Frank(1885)coinedthetermMycorrhizawhichliterally
meansfungusroots.Thesefungisupporttheproductivityofplantsviatheformation
ofdynamicassociationswithnutrientuptakeviaplantroots.Mycorrhizaisconsid-
ered a fundamental part of the root colonization and stabilization of plants on
terrestrial habitats. The symbiotic associations formed are an important subject to
assessnumerousopportunitiesusingmoderntoolsofmicrobialbiotechnology.The
possibilitiesofgeneticallymanipulatingtheseassociationshaveledtotheoptimi-
zation of plant productivity in ecosystems with minimal risk of environmental
damage.
The fourth edition of the mycorrhiza book gives exemplary insight into the
advancements in mycorrhizal studies. This edition extensively illuminates the
nutrient uptake, biocontrol and eco-restoration of mycorrhizal association. The
ability of mycorrhiza to provide resistance against various abiotic and biotic
stresseshas been exploredinthisedition.Themycorrhizalassociationis thestate
ofthelargemajorityofplantsundermostecologicalconditions,andthesesymbi-
oses are a strategic factor in ecosystem functioning. In established mycorrhizal
associations, bidirectional exchange of nutrients and other benefits that occur
requiretheformationofsymbioticinterfacesresultingfrommorpho-physiological
alterations in both plants and fungal tissues. Ecological disturbance, whether by
natural or human activity, also influences the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi, and
ecologicalresilienceofthesesymbiontsisessentialforsustainingproductivity.In
conclusion, the efficient management of mycorrhizal systems has the potential to
favour the sustainable production of quality foods while ensuring environmental
qualityforfuturegenerations.
Itishopedthatthisfourtheditionwillinterestreadersinthelatestoutcomesof
mycorrhizaresearchandalsoencourageyoungresearcherstoprovethechallenging
field of these studies. This volume consists of 26 chapters covering the diverse
mycorrhizalassociationsby84eminentacademiciansandsubjectspecialists.
Wearegratefultothemanypeoplewhohelpedtobringthisvolumetolight.We
wish to thank Drs. Hanna Hensler-Fritton, Isabel Ullmann and Man-Thi Tran
vii
viii Preface
SpringerHeidelberg,forgenerousassistanceandpatienceinfinalizingthevolume.
Finally, special thanksgoto our families, immediate and extended,notforgetting
those who have passed away, for their support or their incentives in putting
everything together. Editors in particular are very thankful to Dr. Ashok
K. Chauhan, Founder President of the Ritnand Balved Education Foundation
(an umbrella organization of Amity Institutions), New Delhi, for the kind support
and constant encouragement received. Special thanks are due to my esteemed
facultycolleaguesanddearstudentsMs.SoumyaSingh,JaagritiTyagi,andMonika
andothertechnicalstaff.
AmityUniversity,UttarPradesh,Noida,India AjitVarma
RamPrasad
NarendraTuteja
Contents
1 TheMechanismsofNutrientUptakebyArbuscularMycorrhizae... 1
IbrahimOrtas¸andMazharRafique
2 DynamicsofArbuscularMycorrhizalSymbiosisandItsRole
inNutrientAcquisition:AnOverview. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 21
PurnimaBhandariandNeeraGarg
3 CapturingPlantGeneticPotentialofUplandRiceforExploiting
ArbuscularMycorrhizaResponsivenesstoImproveRiceVariety
forHigherPhosphorus(P)AcquisitionUnderPLimiting
Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NehaNancyToppoandDipankarMaiti
4 ArbuscularMycorrhizalFungiandHeavyMetalTolerance
inPlants:AnInsightintoPhysiologicalandMolecular
Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
NeeraGarg,SandeepSingh,andLakitaKashyap
5 MicrobialSocializationHighlightstheAMFEffect. . . . .. . . . . . . . 99
TeresaDias,CristinaCruz,AjitVarma,JulianaMelo,
Patr´ıciaCorreia,andLu´ısCarvalho
6 ArbuscularMycorrhizalSymbiosisandNutrientResource
Limitation:PredictingtheLinkagesandEffectiveness
ofPartnership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
MohammadHaneefKhan,M.K.Meghvansi,KamalPrasad,
SazadaSiddiqui,andAjitVarma
7 ArbuscularMycorrhizaMediatedControlofPlantPathogens. . . . 131
IshwarSinghandBhoopanderGiri
8 MycorrhizalFungiasControlAgentsAgainstPlantPathogens. . . 161
SwatiTripathi,SiddharthaKumarMishra,andAjitVarma
ix
x Contents
9 ManagementofFungalPathogensbyMycorrhiza. . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
RamPrasad,NomitaGupta,UrvashiSatti,ShanquanWang,
AhmedISAhmed,andAjitVarma
10 ArbuscularMycorrhizalFungiasBiocontrolAgentsforParasitic
NematodesinPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
KhursheedAhmadWani,JavidManzoor,RaziaShuab,
andRafiqLone
11 TheImpactofAMFSymbiosisinAlleviatingDroughtTolerance
inFieldCrops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
JaagritiTyagi,EramSultan,AnnuMishra,MayaKumari,
andRameshNamdeoPudake
12 ArbuscularMycorrhiza:AToolforEnhancingCropProduction. . . 235
SuvigyaSharma,AnilKumarSharma,RamPrasad,andAjitVarma
13 ComparativeAnalysisofMetalUptakePotentialofHyphalFusion
ProgeniesofAMFandTheirParents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
RajalakshmiMuralidharan,PrasunRay,andAlokAdholeya
14 RoleofMycorrhizainPhytoremediationProcesses:AReview. . . . 271
ManabDas,VijaySandeepJakkula,andAlokAdholeya
15 ConventionalMethodsforMassMultiplicationofAMF. . . . . . . . . 287
MuruganKumarandAnilKumarSaxena
16 BiologicalHardeningofMicropropagatedTomatoPlantlets:
ACaseStudywithPiriformosporaindica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
RKGupta,VSVerma,AnilBhushan,andVijayRaina
17 Piriformosporaindica(Serendipitaindica)EnhancesGrowthand
SecondaryMetabolitesinCucurmalonga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
DikshaBhola,RuchikaBajaj,SwatiTripathi,andAjitVarma
18 EffectofAzotobacterchroococcumandPiriformosporaindicaon
OryzasativainPresenceofVermicompost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
SaritaManandhar,ReshmaTuladhar,KamilPrajapati,AnjanaSingh,
andAjitVarma
19 PrinciplesandApplicationofConfocalMicroscopytoUnderstand
SymbioticFungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
SurbhiDabral,DikshaBhola,ManpreetKaurAttri,ManojNath,Ram
Prasad,SaumyaSingh,andAjitVarma
20 ArbuscularMycorrhizalFungi:GreenApproach/Technology
forSustainableAgricultureandEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
PriyankaSrivastava,BhawnaSaxena,andBhoopanderGiri
