Muslims in the West after 9 11: Religion, Politics and Law (Routledge Studies in Liberty and Security)

264 Pages·2009·0.99 MB·English

by  Jocelyne Cesari

Muslims in the West after 9/11
This book is the first systematic attempt to study the situation of European
and American Muslims after 9/11, and to present a comprehensive analysis
of their religious, political, and legal situations.
Since 9/11, and particularly since the Madrid and London bombings of
2004 and 2005 respectively, the Muslim presence in Europe and the United
States has become a major political concern. Many have raised questions
regarding potential links between Western Muslims, radical Islam, and
terrorism. Whatever the justification of such concerns, it is insufficient to
address the subject of Muslims in the West from an exclusively counter-
terrorist perspective. Based on empirical studies of Muslims in the US and
Western Europe, this edited volume posits the situation of Muslim minorities
in a broader reflection on the status of liberalism in Western foreign policies.
It also explores the changes in immigration policies, multiculturalism, and
secularism that have been shaped by the new international context of the
war on terror.
This book will be of great interest to students of critical security studies,
Islamic studies, sociology, and political science in general.
Jocelyne Cesari is an Associate at Harvard’s Center for Middle Eastern
Studies and the Center for European Studies, teaching at the Harvard
Divinity School and in the Government Department. She is a French political
scientist, tenured at the French National Center for Scientific Research in
Paris, and specializes in contemporary Islamic societies.
Routledge Studies in Liberty and Security
Series Editors: Didier Bigo, Elspeth Guild and R.B.J. Walker
Terror, Insecurity and Liberty
Illiberal practices of liberal regimes after 9/11
Edited by Didier Bigo and Anastassia Tsoukala
Exceptionalism and the Politics of Counter-terrorism
Liberty, security and the war on terror
Andrew W. Neal
Muslims in the West after 9/11
Religion, politics, and law
Edited by Jocelyne Cesari
Muslims in the West
after 9/11
Religion, politics, and law
Edited by Jocelyne Cesari
First published 2010
by Routledge
2Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
© 2010 Jocelyne Cesari for selection and editorial matter;
individual contributors, their contributions
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Muslims in the West after 9/11: religion, politics and law/edited by Jocelyne Cesari.
p.cm.
1. Muslims–United States–Religion. 2. Muslims–United States–Political activity.
3. Muslims–Legal status, laws, etc.–United States. 4. Muslims–Europe–Religion.
5. Muslims–Europe–Political activity. 6. Muslims–Legal status, laws, etc.–Europe.
7. Islamic fundamentalism–United States. 8. Islamic fundamentalism–Europe.
9. United States–Race relations. 10. Europe–Race relations. I. Cesari, Jocelyne.
E184.M88M868 2009
305.6997091821–dc22
2009023513
ISBN 0-203-86396-8 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 10: 0–415–77655–4 (hbk)
ISBN 10: 0–415–77654–6 (pbk)
ISBN 10: 0–203–86396–8 (ebk)
ISBN 13: 978–0–415–77655–4 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978–0–415–77654–7 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 978–0–203–86396–1 (ebk)
Contents
Notes on contributors vii
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
JOCELYNE CESARI
PART 1
Overview: Muslims in Europe and the US 7
1 Securitization of Islam in Europe 9
JOCELYNE CESARI
2 Islam in America 28
JANE I. SMITH
PART 2
Anti-terrorism and international constraints 43
3 The war on terror and Muslims in the West 45
MAHMOOD MONSHIPOURI
4 Bush’s political fundamentalism and the war against
militant Islam: the US–European divide 67
DIRK NABERS AND ROBERT G. PATMAN
5 The liberal roots of the American empire 88
MICHAEL C. DESCH
vi Contents
PART 3
Influence of international constraints on politics, law, and
religion in the West 117
6 Welcoming Muslims into the nation: tolerance, politics
and integration in Germany 119
FRANK PETER
7 Shari’a and the future of secular Europe 145
JOCELYNE CESARI
8 American Muslims at the dawn of the 21st century:
hope and pessimism in the drive for civic and
political inclusion 176
LOUISE CAINKAR
9 The concept of the Muslim enemy in the public
discourse 198
YASEMIN SHOOMAN AND RIEM SPIELHAUS
10 Islamic radicalism in Europe 229
FARHAD KHOSROKHAVAR
Index 245
Contributors
Louise Cainkar is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Marquette
University in Milwaukee. Her areas of expertise include the immigrant
experience and Arab and Muslim Americans. She is the author, most
recently, of Homeland Insecurity: The Arab American and Muslim
American Experience after 9/11(Russell Sage Foundation, 2009).
Jocelyne Cesari is an Associate at Harvard’s Center for Middle Eastern
Studies and the Center for European Studies, teaching at the Harvard
Divinity School and in the Government Department. She is a French
political scientist, tenured at the French National Center for Scientific
Research in Paris, and specializes in contemporary Islamic societies. Her
most recent books are When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in
Europe and in the United States (Palgrave paperback 2006), European
Muslims and the Secular State(Ashgate 2005), Encyclopedia of Muslims
in the United States (Greenwood, 2007). She has also received grants to
write the reports “Islam and Fundamental Rights” and “The Religious
Consequences of September 11, 2001, on Muslims in Europe” for the
European Commission (see www.euro-islam.info).
Michael C. Deschis Professor of Political Science and a Fellow of the Joan
B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre
Dame. He is the author, most recently, of Power and Military
Effectiveness: The Fallacy of Democratic Triumphalism(Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2008).
Farhad Khosrokhavaris a Professor at École des Hautes Études en Sciences
Sociales in Paris. He was a Harvard Visiting Scholar in 2009 and a Yale
Visiting Professor in 2008. His latest publications include Inside Jihadism
(Paradigm Publishers, 2009) and Avoir vingt ans au pays des ayatollahs
(Robert-Laffont, 2008).
Mahmood Monshipouriis an Associate Professor of International Relations
at San Francisco State University. He specializes in human rights,
globalization, Middle Eastern politics, and the Muslim world more
viii Contributors
generally. He is the author of Muslims in Global Politics: Identities,
Interests, and Human Rights(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009).
Dirk NabersisaSenior Research Fellow at the German Institute of Global
and Area Studies (GIGA). He has published widely on IR theory,
International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, and US Foreign Policy. He is
the Coordinator of the Regional Powers Network (RPN) of GIGA, the
University of Oxford and Sciences Po Paris.
Robert G. Patmanis a Professor of International Relations at the University
of Otago, New Zealand. He is the Director of the Master of International
Studies Program at Otago, and has authored or edited seven books. His
next book will be Strategic Shortfall: The “Somalia Syndrome” and the
March to 9/11(Praeger, forthcoming).
Frank Peterteaches at the Department of Comparative Cultural and Social
Anthropology at the European University Viadrina, Frankfurt-Oder. His
research focus is on the governance of religion in Europe, transnational
Islamic movements, and modern Middle Eastern history.
Yasemin Shoomanis a Magister in Modern History and German Literature
and a PhD Candidate at the Center for Research on Anti-Semitism at the
Technische Universität in Berlin. Her dissertation project is about hostility
towards Muslims in contemporary Germany.
Jane I. Smithis a Senior Lecturer at Harvard Divinity School. She focuses on
women in Islam, Muslim communities in America, and historical and
theological relations between Christians and Muslims. Her most recent
publications include Islam in America (rev. edn, Columbia University
Press, 2009) and Educating the Muslims of America (Oxford University
Press, 2009, co-edited with Farid Senzai and Yvonne Haddad).
Riem Spielhausis a researcher in the field of Islamic studies at the Humboldt-
Universität in Berlin. Her expertise is in the religious practice and
institutionalization of Muslims in Germany and Europe. Recently, she has
been working as Advisor for the Commissioner for Migration, Refugees
and Integration of the German Federal Government.
Acknowledgments
This book owes so much to so many people.
Special thanks go to all my colleagues at the CHALLENGE research
project, especially Didier Bigo, Elspeth Guild, and Sergio Carrera who
provided the intellectual and logistic resources for the research that made
this book possible.
I would also like to thank my French institution, GSRL, that has
continuously supported the research project on Islam in Europe upon which
this book is built.
On the American side, I am grateful to the Center for Middle Eastern
Studies and its former director Steve Caton, who has supported the
development and growth of the Islam in the West program.
I also would like to thank the research team of the Euro–Islam website:
Elizabeth Esebian, Lisa Baughn, Jennifer Selby, David Mottadel, and Maruta
Herding who devote so much of their time and enthusiasm to make research
and knowledge about Islam available on the Internet.
Finally, I owe many thanks to the wonderful research assistants who
dedicated so much of their time and effort to make this book happen: Terra
Dunham and Bethany Kibler.