Multimodal imaging in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

128 Pages·2014·4.06 MB·English

by  Steffen Bollmann

ETH Library
Multimodal imaging in attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)
Doctoral Thesis
Author(s):
Bollmann, Steffen
Publication date:
2014
Permanent link:
https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010186603
Rights / license:
In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted
This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection.
For more information, please consult the Terms of use.
DISS. ETH NO. 22071

Multimodal imaging in attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A thesis submitted to attain the degree of
DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH
(Dr. sc. ETH Zurich)

presented by
Steffen Bollmann
M. Sc. in Biomedical Engineering, Technical University Ilmenau, Germany

born on 31.10.1985
citizen of Germany

accepted on the recommendation of

Prof. Dr. Klaas P. Pruessmann, examiner
Prof. Dr. Reto Huber, co-examiner
PD. Dr. Ruth O’Gorman, co-examiner

2014

Dedicated to my family.

Declaration of originality
I hereby declare that this dissertation represents the result of my own original
work, and it has not been submitted to any other institution for another degree or
qualification. I also declare that it contains no material written by another person
without proper citation in the text.

Steffen Bollmann Date

Contents
1 Introduction 5
1.1 Motivation 5
1.2 Outline of this work 6
2 Fundamentals 7
2.1 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 7
2.1.1 Prevalence 7
2.1.2 Development into adulthood 7
2.1.3 Affected regions in ADHD 7
2.1.4 Affected networks in ADHD 10
2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 12
2.2.1 The magnetic resonance signal 12
2.2.2 Image encoding 13
2.2.3 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 14
2.3 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 16
2.3.1 Introduction 16
2.3.2 How Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy works 16
2.3.3 What can be detected 17
2.3.4 Quantification of MR Spectra 17
2.3.5 Single-Voxel Spectroscopy 17
2.3.6 Spectral Editing 17
2.4 EEG/fMRI 19
2.4.1 Physiological basics for simultaneous EEG/fMRI 19
2.4.2 Combining EEG and fMRI 20
2.4.3 Acquisition and its artefacts 20
3 Materials and Methods 24
3.1 Study Design 24
3.2 Task Design 25
4 Age-dependent and core changes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) during spatial working memory 28
4.1 Abstract 30
4.2 Introduction 31
4.3 Methods 33
4.4 Results 39
4.5 Discussion 43
4.6 Supplement 47
4.6.1 Description of normalization procedure 47
4.6.2 Description of the movement analysis 47
4.6.3 Supplemental Tables 48
4.6.4 Supplemental Figures 51
5 Developmental changes in gamma-Aminobutyric acid levels in adults and children
with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 60
5.1 Abstract 62
5.2 Introduction 63
5.3 Methods and Materials 65
5.4 Results 69
5.4.1 GABA/H O – Basal Ganglia 69
2
5.4.2 Glu/H O – Basal Ganglia 71
2
5.4.3 Gln/H O – Basal Ganglia 72
2
5.4.4 GABA/H O – DLPFC 73
2
5.4.5 Glu/H O – DLPFC 75
2
5.4.6 Gln/H O – DLPFC 75
2
5.5 Discussion 75
6 Resting state alterations in EEG/fMRI coupling in adults with attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 80
6.1 Introduction 82
6.2 Methods and Materials 84
6.3 Results 88
6.3.1 Delta 88
6.3.2 Theta 88
6.3.3 Alpha 1 88
6.3.4 Alpha 2 88
6.3.5 Beta 1 89
6.3.6 Beta 2 89
6.4 Discussion 93
7 Conclusions and Outlook 95