Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes

363 Pages·1995·8.274 MB·English

by  John A. Wiens (auth.), Lennart Hansson, Lenore Fahrig, Gray Merriam (eds.)

Mosaic Landscapes and
Ecological Processes
Mosaic Landscapes
and Ecological
Processes
Edited by
Lennart Hansson
Professor of Population Ecology
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Uppsala, Sweden
Lenore Fahrig
Associate Professor of Biology
Carleton University
Ottawa, Canada
and
Gray Merriam
Professor of Biology
Carleton University
Ottawa, Canada
~!,
I I
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
First edition 1995
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Oordrecht
Originally published byChapman & Hali in 1995
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1995
ISBN 978-94-010-4309-0 ISBN 978-94-011-0717-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0717-4
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Contents
List of contributors ix
Series foreword Gray Merriam xi
Foreword Reed F. Nass xiii
Prefu~ ~
1 Landscape mosaics and ecological theory 1
John A. Wiens
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The role of theory in ecology 2
1.3 How have ecologists viewed space? 4
1.4 How have ecologists dealt with spatial mosaics? 10
1.5 Developing theory in landscape ecology 14
Part One Origin of Landscape Pattern 27
2 Spatial and temporal landscape patterns in arid and semi-arid
African savannas 31
A. Joy Belsky
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Review of landscape ecology in Africa 33
2.3 Landscapes and landscape ecology in African savannas 34
2.4 Fire, herbivores and woodland patches 42
2.5 Boreholes and the impact of modern livestock on
sub-Saharan Africa 47
2.6 Conclusion 49
2.7 Summary 49
vi Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes
3 Effects of animals on landscape pattern 57
Carol A. Johnston
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Patch formation by flooding 59
3.3 Patch formation by digging 65
3.4 Summary 71
Part Two Response of Individuals and Populations to Landscape
Pattern 81
4 Movement patterns related to spatial structures 85
Rolf A. Ims
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Components of movements and spatial patterns: defining
the concepts 86
4.3 Theory and models of movement patterns 89
4.4 Empirical studies of movement patterns 96
4.5 Summary 101
5 Habitat selection in mosaic landscapes 110
Douglas W. Morris
5.1 Introduction 110
5.2 Density-dependent habitat selection 111
5.3 Putting isodars to work in landscape ecology 114
5.4 Alternatives 122
5.5 Caveats and future directions 127
5.6 Summary 131
6 Resource tracking in space and time 136
Michal" Kozakiewicz
6.1 The habitat concept - a conceptual link between organisms
and their environment 136
6.2 Habitat heterogeneity and persistence of populations 137
6.3 Ranging through more than one habitat type 139
6.4 Key habitats 143
6.5 Strategies for survival in heterogeneous landscapes 144
6.6 Summary 145
Part Three Landscape Pattern, Population Dynamics and
Population Genetics 149
7 Landscape structure and genetic variation in plants: empirical
evidence 153
Andrew Young
Contents vii
7.1 Introduction 153
7.2 How can landscape structure affect genetic variation? 155
7.3 Empirical evidence for the effects of landscape structure on
genetic variation 159
704 Discussion 170
7.5 Summary 172
8 Effects of population dynamics on genetics in mosaic
landscapes 178
David E. McCauley
8.1 Introduction 178
8.2 Metapopulation dynamics: an overview 182
8.3 Genetic consequences of population turnover 183
804 Summary 193
Part Four Effects of Landscape Pattern on Species Interactions 199
9 Effects of landscape pattern on competitive interactions 203
Ilkka Hanski
9.1 Introduction 203
9.1 Landscapes with identical habitat patches 205
9.3 Landscapes with quantitatively different habitat patches 214
904 Landscapes with qualitatively different habitat patches 217
9.5 Discussion 219
9.6 Summary 220
10 Effects of landscape composition on predation rates at habitat
edges 225
Henrik Andren
10.1 Introduction 225
10.2 When is predation related to habitat edge and
patch size? 227
10.3 The use of dummy nests in predation experiments 238
lOA Habitat selection of predators 239
10.5 Effect on prey of edge-related increase in predation
pressure 246
10.6 When should predation not be related to edge? 248
10.7 Summary 248
11 The plant-pollinator landscape 256
Judith L. Bronstein
11.1 Introduction 256
11.2 Components of the plant-pollinator landscape: plants in
flower 258
viii Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes
11.3 Components of the plant-pollinator landscape: pollinators
in motion 264
11.4 Plant-pollinator landscapes 268
11.5 Conclusions 277
11.6 Summary 279
Part Five Implications for Conservation 289
12 Landscape pattern and population conservation 293
Susan Harrison and Lenore Fahrig
12.1 Introduction 293
12.2 Review of theory 293
12.3 Case studies 298
12.4 Future directions 303
12.5 Summary 304
13 Incorporating landscape pattern into conservation programs 309
Graham w. Arnold
13.1 Introduction 309
13.2 Conservation management for individual species 310
13.3 Management for species diversity in agricultural
landscapes 316
13.4 Conservation management within reserves 320
13.5 Management of ecosystems at the regional level 322
13.6 Management planning and modeling 327
13.7 General discussion 331
13.8 Summary 333
Summary - Ecology of Mosaic Landscapes: Consolidation, Extension
and Application 338
Index 342
Contributors
Henrik Andren Lenore Fahrig
Grimso Wildlife Research Station, Department of Biology,
Department of Wildlife Ecology, Carleton University,
Swedish University of Agricultural 1125 Colonel By Drive,
Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario,
5-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Canada KIS 5B6
Sweden
Ilkka Hanski
Graham Arnold Department of Zoology,
CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Division of Ecology,
Ecology, PO Box 17, P. Rautatiekatu 13,
LMB 4 Midland, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014
Western Australia 6056, Finland
Australia
Lennart Hansson
A. Joy Belsky Department of Wildlife Ecology,
Oregon Natural Resources Council, Swedish University of Agricultural
522 Southwest Fifth Avenue, Sciences,
Suite 1050, PO Box 7002,
Portland, Oregon 97204, 5-75007
USA Uppsala,
Sweden
Judith L. Bronstein
Department of Ecology and Susan Harrison
Evolutionary Biology, Division of Environmental Studies,
University of Arizona, University of California,
Tuscon, Arizona 85721, Davis, California 95616,
USA USA
x Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes
Rolf A. Ims Douglas W. Morris
Division of Zoology, Department of Lakehead Centre for Northern
Biology, Studies,
University of Oslo, Lakehead University,
PO Box 1050 Blindern, Thunder Bay, Ontario,
N-0316 Oslo, Canada P7B 5E1
Norway
Reed F. Noss
Carol A. Johnston Department of Fisheries and
Natural Resources Research Wildlife,
Institute, Oregon State University,
University of Minnesota Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Duluth, USA
Minnesota 55812,
USA John A. Wiens
Department of Biology,
Michal Kozakiewicz Colorado State University,
Department of Biology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523,
Warsaw University, USA
ul. Krakowskie Przedmiescie
26/28, Andrew Young
00-927 Warsaw, Centre for Plant Biodiversity
Poland Research,
Australian National Herbarium,
David E. McCauley Division of Plant Industry,
Department of Biology, CSIRO,
Vanderbilt University, GPO Box 1600, Canberra,
Nashville, Tennessee 37235, ACT 2601,
USA Australia
Gray Merriam
Department of Biology,
Carleton University,
1125 Colonel By Drive,
Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada K1S 5B6
Series foreword
This series presents studies that have used the paradigm of landscape
ecology. Other approaches, both to landscape and landscape ecology are
common, but in the last decade landscape ecology has become distinct
from its predecessors and its contemporaries. Landscape ecology
addresses the relationships among spatial patterns, temporal patterns
and ecological processes. The effect of spatial configurations on ecological
processes is fundamental. When human activity is an important variable
affecting those relationships, landscape ecology includes it. Spatial and
temporal scales are as large as needed for comprehension of system
processes and the mosaic included may be very heterogeneous. Intellec
tual utility and applicability of results are valued equally. The Inter
national Association for Landscape Ecology sponsors this series of
studies in order to introduce and disseminate some of the new knowledge
that is being produced by this exciting new environmental science.
Gray Merriam
Ottawa, Canada