Morphosyntactic Phenomena of Korean

288 Pages·0.963 MB·Korean-English

by  Yang Byong-Seon.

CI TACNAETMNOYNSEOHHP PFROOMNAEROK
RA ME MC NANEIRE LGRDOENRFAER :
LA N,OSIN TO ,BCIBSRETREELCEMVFUVENR-HITHPSCRNYOOSMCP
SES UEAVLI CT ,ADSLNEEACRNE TXNEELSPMOC
yb
NOGENSA-YGNOYB
4 9y,9a11M
dettimb unsoitatress iAd
scitsiugn iftLonemtrap ee Dhfytotluc ae Fhott
olaff utkBar ow YefyNotisrevi neUta tfSo
feoerg eed hrt osftnemeriuq eer h fttonemllifl ulfaitr anpi
yhposo l rifohotPcoD
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
nehW I devirra ni ,nits usAaxeT ot yduts rof ym .D.hPi n ,tsuguA ,6891 ti sawa
toh dna dimuh .remmus nehW I dehsinif siht noitatressid ni ,olaffuB weN ,kroYthgie
,n o siI krtenoawaftohrt e,.hss r r sisset eoihirtistmTntdaaanmielw aufyal ssodaonecalp
ynam s’elpoep pleh dna .tnemegaruocne I dluow ekil ot sserpxe ym edutitarg rofrieht
.noitatress isdi hgtnitelpm ontciroppus
tsriF fo ,lla ym tseta esrkgnaht og ot ym ,resi vtdraeboR .D naV ,nilaV .rJ rofsih
lufpleh snoitseggus dna ,ecnadiug ton ylno ylralohcs tub sola .lanosrep yM hcraesersi
desab no sih eloR d neac n,erraemfmeaRr Gdna ym tseretni ni ynam fo eht scipot nieht
r ,edtv lneIuenomwegaru otscuino h ehd. t ekyisrrbWiio hpwyslneite ln posmiiotcatressid
evah detrats ro dehsinif siht .noitatressid I sserpxe ereh lla ym edutitarg rof ehtsuoirav
.e meva ge hple hf osdnik
I osla hsiw ot knaht wehttaM .S reyrD dna divaD .A ,nibuZ ohw detca sa
eettimmoc srebmem rof eht .noitatres sriodsseforP s’reyrD ecnadiug dna snoitseggusrof
reilrae stfard evah yllaicepse devorpmi ym .stnemugra eH derahs sih sthgisni dna
. sleu sfeyrnupvle ialii telet rnephchahaogat ltldh,eiuec erwcl edmiwesntorearnehakwtp
sy kMd, ne ye ad odrmh nolaaatoehsrit twlGlsxa’l aeOinhWe ere bedndia asfetorusoiht
.stnemm od cnsanoitsegg us sir honfoitatressid
tuo hygmuorfhT es if toldm rl eoeea,trhp oiftxyl fea aIeetnfvnsifae-uhbrBaey-evi
amr ud.hlDCa n,okDc lgönWagf l,onWosleh cniiM r,amK eghnt o,msareb myetmlu ceahft
edd n uaao,t nts i rntat..aoydnaBslDm rnrtu. eo gd cBd GDIreilsektus Giroeolawrtppxe
.A.M ,rosivda rof reh sthgisni dna tnemegaruocne gnirud reh yats ni .olaffuB yM
egdelwonk no lanoita lreaRmmarG saw detifeneb morf reh .serutcel I osla tnaw otknaht
.srett aemvitartsinim d naliufpl eghni esbyaw lra okfo olCl edD nnawo ryBtteB
I derahs ym tnedut sefil htiw yrev ecin elpoep ni YNUS ta ,olaffuB dna Idluow
ekil ot knaht ym wollef stneduts dna :seugaelloc enamahaM .L ,eyaluodbA reteP
,otacnarB naD ,ttivaD taP ,xoF oasI ,adnoH eatnU ,miK okimoT ,amadoK nadroJ
,relhcaL acinoM ,aredaM inailytS ,iluokiN gnoyR-gnaS ,hO gnoes-iK ,kraP eirelaV
,refahS ikaustiM ,ojomihS mangnoY ,mU okiroN ,ebanataW rehtaeH ,rebeWyasdniL
,yelah Wnu-aeS ,gnahJ gnoehC ,nuoY dna nooS eA .nuhC I yllaice pksneaht naDttivaD
.noitatres ss yiiftdhoitlibad aeyehlrtbaredis ndoecvor phmc ii,hgwnit isdueolupu rsrcioshf
oslA I dluow ekil ot knaht eht srebmem fo naeroK detinU tsidohteM hcruhC foolaffuB
h nht . wtindysyo iw iolaMrsar Gihgpfoymifmahfsdn erdienr yafsauropuni trn iorecohft
.ev odl nearis e,dhti arfieht
I hsiw ot knahtym remrof srosseforp ta kubnohC lanoitaN ytisrevinU ni,aeroK
ohw thguat em ym c iyslarb ayltoihlcisba ni shcsiitlsginu E g:dneniranluatwahr-entuiEl
,eeL noG-ooS ,miK kiat-gnuhC ,huS gnuoy-oP ,eeL nuhc-oH ,noeJ nuhc-kaH,miK
ser u rtdmi ceo e.etrnhnlifiti fjh I,e -SnindgooennehbaoyCYH- g ,nnnaaowmeG-JgnuoyB
dna tnemeg atruuoohcgnueorht ym etaudargrednu dna s’retsaM .margorp I mayllaicepse
lufetarg ot ym .A.M ,rosivda noG-ooS ,miK esohw serutcel dna retcarahc dedivorpa
sn d coderii ngotte aafsame r i vmy guo uidynotorgtudocton otu rnfi.mstytelDsms.nhiP
eht .S.U oslA I ma detbedni ot nahw-kI eeL iesnoeY( )ytisrevinU dna nuyH-eaJnaH
nujgnooS( )ytisrevinU rof rieht citsiugnil ,gnihcaet dna ot koes-gnoJ miK ujnohC(
lanoitaN srehcaeT )egelloC dna luyr-gnooJ iohC ujnoeJ( )ytisrevinU rof rieht
noitaredisn onco ylraan ton.oiosRtipatinahrdsenrtuanolIFohc sI dluow osla ekil otknaht
rehto ytlucaf rebmem ta kubnohC lanoitaN ,ytisrevinU esohw ylralohcs retcarahcsah
decneulfni ot em nehw I dekrow sa a tnemtrapeD tnatsissA dna emit-trap:erutcurtsni
oh-nuoY ,miK koes-nuJ ,iohC eaJ-gnuoY ,miK gnuyr-gnahC ,miK awh-gnuoyB,gnoeJ
.mi Klik-oo Sdn a,ee LnimgnohC
I hsiw ot knaht eht ytlucaf srebmem dna seugaelloc fo ytisrevinU fo saxeTta
nitsuA erehw I devil dna denrael tuoba scitsiugnil morf :9891-6891 eeL ,rekaBtreboR
,smraH ynoT ,yrubdooW treboR ,llaW etteiluJ snivelB niveL( nehw I deyats ni,)saxeT
nimrA ,retseM dna sin e.DdrahcuoB I denrael yrev hcum morf meht gnirud ym ydutsta
.ni tes guydAMel wnoonk B Gde csnae w uy.lb dfsrniainhecDu oB ,oslA y msknashetog
ot ym sdneirf dsneaugaell otca :ni teseuMA-ooB miK ,nu hoCoG- e,agTngunhuCS-kaH
,naH kooS-nuyH ,gnaK lihS-gnoJ ,miK luhC-eeH ,eeL nuK-gnoJ ,eeL nuS-iuG,nooM
,lnrouoY Y-,nggonnwoak JY-,nngounk ya- uHYg,ynnkoh- yAg,eBnnauoJyo-BMgnueS
ijohS ,amuzA nuk-noeJ ,nhA dna nowk-koeS .gnoeJ I yllaicepse dluow ekil otsserpxe
sknaht ot .rM dna .srM nowk-koeS gnoeJ rof rieht pleh nehw I devirra ni .nitsuA ,oslAI
dluow ekil ot knaht eht srebmem fo n aniar eehrtcoyrKbusheCrP fo ,nitsu Ahtiw mohwI
.efi lnaitsirh Cnrob-e ry mdecneirepxe
I sserpxe ym edutitarg ot eh ttnemtrapeD f oscitsiugni Lfo eht et ayttSisrevinUfo
weN kroY ta ,olaffuB weN kroY etatS dna yratoR lanoitanretnI pihsralohcSnoitadnuoF
rof rieht laicnanif troppus gnirud ym yats ni eht detinU .setatS ehT troppus morfeseht
.elbiss ospeidu t ysemd asmnoitutitsni
I sserpxe ym peed edutitarg ot ym .ylimaf I knaht ym ylimaf ni aeroK rofrieht
ecneitap dna :evol ym rehtaf dna ,rehtom ,wal-ni-rehtaf ,wal-ni-rehtom srehtorbdna
,sretsis rof gnidn adtnsiheb ylmanoi t.ascluadoeg eW dessim hcae rehto yrev hcumrevo
.n owo nmor fmeh thti wefi ly merah sll i .wIsrae ythgi etsa leht
,yllaniF ym ts eepdeuetdita rsgeog ot ym efiw dna owt , slnuohsc-)gdniovyaKD(
yre vse’luhc-gno yyKllaiceps er(eya rsp’n ods neaf i ywtmuoht i.W)sema Jg(noy-ku ydHna
thgin ,emit-d egbniyarp ot eht doG rof sih s’dad )yduts dna ,ecneitap I dluoc revenevah
.noitov esd’ef i ywrm odfr oyw ndan i ofdtr ayhr e sv ti.Inoitatress isdi hdtehsinif sihT
noitatressid si detacided ot ym ,rehtom ohw reven tnew ot ,loohcs dna ym efiw rofreh
.dnab srrrueoehhfy adtrnrpaoppus
doG sevol ,em a ,rennis dna ym .ylimaf tuohtiW s’doG ,evol I dluoc tonevah
.roiv a ys,msus eeJv o.Il.S .eU h ntyia t ysgmnir undedr uybva edh nsaser tes hdtevivrus
4 9y,9a11M
gn anYoes-gnoyB
Y,NolaffuB
ST NEE LTFBNOAOTC
STNEMEGDELWONKCA ................................ ................................ ......................... ii
ELBAS TTFNOETNOC ................................ ................................ ............................ v
NOITAZINA MNOA RE MRFEOOT KSE YLESAHYT ................................ ........... iiiv
SNOITA ITVS EIFRLOBBA ................................ ................................ ...................... xi
TCARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ x
Chapter 1. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ 1
1.0. Purpose and Scope ................................ ................................ ............................... 1
ramma reGcneref ed Rneal ofdRonuorgkc alBaciteroe h.T1.1 ................................ ..... 6
yro echiTtcat ntynSe r trfnuoeCmpole v.e1D.1.1 ................................ .............. 6
ecneref ed Rneal ofdRonuorgkc alBacirots id Hntanempolev ee Dh.T2.1.1 .....
r a m m a r G ................................ ................................ ............................... 9
G RfsRoeiranimile rd Pndanuorgkc alBaciteroe h.T3.1.1 ................................ . 12
lare n:enGae r.o2K.1 ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 16
-xatn yeS hdt n,anoitatneserp elRacix e,Lnoitacifissa lbCr elVautcep s .Ar2etpahC .......
snoitcurts n o bCr e V- h cy sne Pic af r et ns Ic it n am eS ................................ ........ 23
2.0. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 23
naer o nKnioitatneserp elRacix edL nnaoitacifissa lbCr elVautcep s.A1.2 ..................... 25
G R nRnioitatneserp elRacix edL nnaoitacifissa lbCr e.V1.1.2 .......................... 25
G R nRnioitacifissa lbCr eeV h fttonempolev eeD h.T1.1.1.2 ................ 25
snei lcoiRtna m de,nSearutcu rltaSci g,osLess abl rC.e2V.1.1.2
G RR ................................ ................................ ...................... 30
snoitatnese rlpaecR iedxrneuaLtc ulratcS i.g1o.L2.1.1.2 ........... 30
s ecliotRn a.m2e.S2.1.1.2 ................................ .......................... 32
snoit aclietRa m.e1h.T2.2.1.1.2 ................................ ...... 32
2.1.1.2.2.2. Macroroles ................................ .................. 35
naer o nKsibr e fVnooitacifissa llCautcep s.A2.1.2 ................................ ............ 37
]ciman yd d nn±ao[itamr oeFvissergo r.P1.2.1.2 ................................ ... 37
e k siblre vhd tasirwu c.c2O.2.1.2 yekssikeylkap / yekahcmih /
olukecgnotlawh / ihlaplawh ,’ylsuorogi v‘
yekpelusatuws .c t,e’ylevitc a‘ ................................ ................. 41
.3.2.1.2 sruccO htiw nah nakisnagnot 'ru o nrhao f' ............................. 42
]cilet ±y[tic i.l 4e.T2.1.2 ................................ ................................ ....... 44
2.1.2.4.1. Occurs with nakis-yneanham / yeyan
’ r u o hn an i ‘ ................................ .............................. 44
.2.4.2.1.2 ecnerruccO htiw- at-ssi-e ................................ ........... 46
2.1.2.5. nagnot-nakisnaH ta hstliat n'eru onrhao f'
'ru o he h tn is e m i tl l at a ' ................................ ........................... 48
emvr io6sf.-s2e. r1g.o2rP ignuwcnun sliatn e- sadheø .......................... 49
scitna meevSitas utanCere h sn.aI7H.2.1.2 ................................ ............ 50
noitatneserp elRacix ed Lnsalabr enVaer o.K3.1.2 ................................ ............ 54
lacix ed Ln,anoitacifissa lbCr es Vt,Isnoitcurtsn obCrev-hcy snPaer o.K2.2
noi tat nese rpeR ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 57
snoitcurt sbnroeCV-h c ns y.a eos1efpwP.royT2oT.K2 ................................ ... 57
sbreV-hcy so PwfnTooitatneserp elRacix ed Lnsaessa lbCr e.V2.2.2 ............... 60
2.2.2.1. Stativity: Test 1, Test 2 and Test 8 ................................ ........... 61
e ksiblre vh dtsair wu t c:s.c3e2OT.2.2.2 yekssikeylkap /
yekahcmih / olukecgnotlawh / ihlaplawh ,’ylsuorogi v‘
yekpelusatuws .c t,e’ylevitc a‘ ................................ .................. 63
2.2.2.3. Test 4: Occurs with nagnot-nakisnah d n'aru onrhao f'
ru oeh h ntsiem il t lt a a s'l i a t n ’e ru o n hra o f :‘t 7s eT ................. 64
yti ct is .d5le:4neT6.aT2.2.2 ................................ ............................... 65
scitn aemveiSta stunaeC r t e.s:sh5e9an.THI2.2.2 ................................ 66
sbrev-hcy sfnPooitatneserp elRacix e.L6.2.2.2 ................................ ..... 68
snoitcurtsn obCr ehVcy ss nPeil ugRnikram-es adC nsanoital elRacitamma r.G3.2 ...... 73
sse ui.od1iu.vt3eS.r2P ................................ ................................ ..................... 74
ramma rlGanoital e.R1.1.3.2 ................................ ................................ . 74
yroe hgTnidn id Bntanemnrev o.G2.1.3.2 ................................ .............. 76
ram mlaariGrog e.t3a.C1.3.2 ................................ ................................ . 77
ramma reGcneref ed Rneal o.R2.3.2 ................................ ................................ . 79
G RneRicafret nsIcitnames-xatn y.S1.2.3.2 ................................ .......... 79
sbr ehVcy shPt idwetaicos saAnemone hcPitcatn yeSer h.T2.2.3.2 ........ 85
sbrev-hcy sr Posfel ugRnikram-es a.C3.2.3.2 ................................ ........ 88
yramm u.S4.2 ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 95
nae rnnooiKitcej orroPtar e dpsnOeamehp rbo rMleaVnoitc er.le3 ftnpIahC ............... 98
3.0. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 98
ygolohpr olManoitcelf nlIabr enVaer o.K1.3 ................................ ................................ 100
sexif flAanoitcelf nlIabr enVaer o.K1.1.3 ................................ .......................... 100
0
:XLF N nIsoisyla n Ba.G2.1.3 ygolohpr olManoitcelf nrI otfnemevo m- ......... 107
:G RnsRiemehpr olManoitcelf nndIonuorgkc alBaciteroe h.T3.1.3
res evreddi opnrtet oaOahafcltroSeeRpO ................................ ........... 110
emehp rloaMnoitcel frnnooIfitcej orroPtar enpaOe r.o2K.3 ................................ ......... 117
:-sexiff uesviss adP neavitasu a.C1.2.3 i, -hi,-li, -ki ................................ ........... 117
x-iff ucSifiron o.H2.2.3 -is)u( e-ly thscee pdS na inp)u( - ................................ .... 118
es n deynTtaila d,oMlanoitce r,itDce p.s3A.2.3 ................................ ................. 124
.4.2.3 owT sepyT fonoitageN ................................ ................................ .......... 127
slaitnedi v.E5.2.3 ................................ ................................ .............................. 130
e cyrroaFnoituc o.l6l.I2.3 ................................ ................................ ................. 134
met sryoStar enpaOe r:oyKram m.u3S.3 ................................ ................................ ...... 135
naer o nKyihcrare isHnoital elRasualcret ndI neagakn ieLsua l .Cr4etpahC ................... 139
4.0. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 139
G RnsRiecnetn exSelpm od Cnealpm ir Soefrutcur teSsua l.C1.4 ................................ 142
)C SeLs(u aellCp m eeifhrSotutcu retsSu ayflroCo e Gh.RT1R.1.4 ................. 143
secnetn eeSlpm ineSisua le Chfetorutcur tdSerey anLaer o.K2.1.4 .................. 146
secnetn exSelpm or Coefgakn ifrLoey ae Lhfytoroe hG TR.R3.1.4 ................. 153
sevitcenn od Cnsaecnetn exSelpm onCaer o.K2.4 ................................ ........................ 157
secnetn exSelpm ofsCoep y.T1.2.4 ................................ ................................ .. 159
sexiff ueScnetn exSelpm o.C2.2.4 ................................ ................................ ..... 162
naer o nKsiecnetn exSelpm orC oefgakn ieLsu a. l3C.4 ................................ ................ 163
er u et.sc1un.au3lJ.C4 ................................ ................................ ...................... 164
noitanidro bluaSsu a.l1C.1.3.4 ................................ .............................. 164
noitanidr oloaCsu a.l2C.1.3.4 ................................ ................................ 170
noitanidrobu sloaCsu a.l3C.1.3.4 ................................ .......................... 176
4.3.2. Core Juncture ................................ ................................ ......................... 182
.1.2.3.4 eroCnoitanidrobuS ................................ ................................ .. 184
4.3.2.2. Core Coordination ................................ ................................ ... 189
.3.2.3.4 eroCnoitanidrobusoC ................................ .............................. 196
.3 .r3ae.er4luctucNnuJ ................................ ................................ .................... 208
noitanidr orbaue Sl.c1u.N3.3.4 ................................ ............................. 209
noita n ri.ad2er.lo3co.uC3N.4 ................................ ............................... 218
noitanidro bruas eo.lC3c.u3N.3.4 ................................ .......................... 224
naer o nKHi RdI neagakn ieLsua l.C4.4 ................................ ................................ ....... 230
H Rd Ineagakn ieLsua lnCaer o.K1.4.4 ................................ ............................. 230
H dRnnIoaitatnemelp mbo rC.e2V.4.4 ................................ ............................. 234
no i dt.na3as.Hu4Ra.IC4 ................................ ................................ ................. 236
yramm u.S5.4 ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 243
sesu aelvCita lneaRe reforoKutcu rntoSitamro f dnenIsau ar.le5CtpahC ..................... 244
5.0. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 244
.1.5e ru tn coyGuirRrtoRta eSmfhroTofnI ................................ ................................ . 246
d nluao cr.ig1tk.ec1ra.oB5ehT ................................ ................................ ......... 246
.2.1.5 naeroK noitamrofnIerutcurtS ................................ ................................ 252
sesu aelvCita lneaRe reforoKutcu retsSu a.l2C.5 ................................ ......................... 260
sisyla nsAuoive r.P1.2.5 ................................ ................................ ................... 260
ses ueavliCt anl aee eRrfruootKc u.er2ht.TS2.5 ................................ ............... 263
5.2.2.1. sek sCR HnmIirof- o sraaP ................................ ...................... 264
5.2.2.2. - n)u( / - l)u( sesual Cevitale Rn iPMO Cs a ............................. 266
sCR HdI nsaCR H nEsieitiralim i.S3.2.2.5 ................................ ............ 268
sesyla n BAhGt iswmelbo r.P3.2.5 ................................ ................................ .... 269
sesua leCvital e fRsoep yeTgakn ieLsua leC h:tsisyla nsA’G R.R4.2.5 .............. 271
CR HnEeewt esbecnereff ie Dh:tsesua leCvital efeRorutcur tnSoitamrof n.I3.5
C R dHnIa ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 275
ses ueavliC te arfluoetRc usr ut.cs1o.F3.5 ................................ ........................ 275
sesu aelvCita lneaR e erfroouKtcu rntoSitamro f.n2I.3.5 ................................ .. 279
yramm u.S4.5 ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 288
noisulc nr.oe6CtpahC ................................ ................................ ................................ . 289
REFERENCES ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 299
NOI TE MAHEEZTL TI ANSNFYAYAOESMROORK
.noitatress isdi h ntsielpma xneaer ogKnibircsna rrt odfetpo dnae esb anhoitazinam oerlaY
slewoV stnanosnoC
nae roK elaY cimenohP nae roK elaY cimenohP
k a / a / œ p / p /
i ay / ay / (cid:31) hp / põ /
j e / ´ / œœ pp / p· /
u ey /´y / ´ t / t /
h o / o / (cid:31) th / tõ /
y oy / oy / ´´ tt / t· /
n uw / u / † s / s /
b uy / uy / † † ss / s· /
m u / I / (cid:31) c / *c /
l i / i/ ç hc / c*õ /
ln iw / iw / (cid:31) (cid:31) cc / c*· /
p ye / e / ® k / k /
[ yey / ey / (cid:31) hk / kõ /
« yew / ew / ® ® kk / k· /
/ yo / (cid:31) / å m / m /
o ya / œ / ß n / n /
[ yay / œy / (cid:31) o / N /
‘ yaw / œw / ƒ l / l/
\ ew / ´w / ` © h / h /
] aw / aw /
; yu / yI /
SNOI TTASII VLFEORBBA
eh tn isemehpro mlacitammar gleba lo tdes unee beva hsnoitaiverbb agniwollo fehT
.noitatress isdi h ntsiessolg
A actor MMI etaidemmi
ELBA elba IMP evitarepmi
LIBA ytiliba FPMI evitcefrepmi
SBA evitulosba FNI evitinifni
)CC(A evitasucca LFNI noitcelfni
JDA evitcejda INSTR latnemurtsni
VDA brevda INTENS evisnetni
DFA niam osduc olfautca COL evitacol
ROA tsiroa DOM ,ladom ytiladom
TRA elcitra NEG evitagen
PSA aspect ZMN rezilanimon
GUA tnemgua N(OM) evitanimon
XUA yrailixua NPST tseaspn-enton
SAC lausac )JB(O tcejbo
UAC c evitasua GILBO evitagilbo
MFC rek rsau mceovfitsartnoc HO cifiron othcejbo
LC reifissalc SAP evissap
rezitnemelpm oPcMOC/LPMC MCP rekr aems accitamgarp
JNOC noitcnujnoc FREP tcefrep
NNOC evitcennoc lp/LP larulp
TNOC suounitnoc LOP etilop
MTC r e ckeirvpaiomttartnoc POSS evissessop
)TA(D evitad PP esar hlpanoitisoperp
DEC evitaralced PRED etaciderp
FED etinifed PRES tensenseetrp
FFID tnereffid MUSERP evitpmuserp
RID lanoitcerid ORP pronoun
EMP citahpme GORP evissergorp
ERG evitagre PORP evitisoporp
EVID laitnedive PRT elcitrap
COF sucof PST tsapesnet
TUF eesrnuettuf PT elcitrap
G(EN) evitineg Q evitagorretni
GUESS sseug LER evitaler
BAH lautibah RETRO evitcepsorter
NOH cifironoh EMAS emas
FI ecr oyfranoitucolli gs/GS ralugnis
SH cifiron othcejbus
PmS tov icpitnames
STA(T) status
STYLE ely thsceeps
BUS evitcnujbus
S(BJ) tcejbus
TNS tense operator
TOP topic
U undergoer
ELBANU elbanu
NV nu olnabrev
COV evitacov