Morocco: adoption of climate technologies in the agrifood sector

324 Pages·2016·3.36 MB·English

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Please address comments and inquiries to:
Investment Centre Division
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla – 00153 Rome, Italy
ISBN 978-92-5-109445-7
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www.fao.org/investment/en ep
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9 789251 094457 rt No
Report No. 29 - November 2016 I6242E/1/10.16 . 29

Morocco
Adoption of climate technologies
in the agrifood sector
Alessandro Flammini
Natural Resources Officer, Investment Centre Division, FAO
Luis Dias Pereira
Economist, Investment Centre Division, FAO
Nuno Santos
Economist, Investment Centre Division, FAO
Stefania Bracco
Energy-smart Food Specialist, Climate and Environment Division, FAO
Arianna Carita
Economist, Investment Centre Division, FAO
Domonkos Oze
Climate Technologies Specialist, FAO
Genevieve Theodorakis
Economist, Investment Centre Division, FAO
country highlights
prepared under the FAO/EBRD Cooperation
Food and agriculture organization oF the united nations
rome, 2016
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ISBN 978-92-5-109445-7
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Cover photo: © Dreamstime | Sjankauskas
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword v
Acknowledgements viii
Acronyms and abbreviations xi
Executive summary xv
1 Introduction 1
2 Step 1: Identifying the most relevant GHG-emitting
agrifood activities 5
3 Step 2: Prioritising climate technologies and practices
based on costs, markets and technical information 21
4 Step 3: Evaluating sustainability issues 157
5 Step 4: Addressing barriers hindering uptake 189
6 Conclusions and recommendations 257
References 265
Annex I Technical coefficients and other parameters used
in this study 287

FOrEwOrd
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) has been
working in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the
United Nations (FAO) towards a shared goal of enhancing resource efficiency
and environmental sustainability in global agrifood systems. As a major source
of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, these systems are under increasing
pressure to reduce the environmental footprint of their activities. The promotion
of green technologies within agrifood supply chains is an important strategy to
advance this goal. This report represents one of many initiatives pursued over
the last several years by the EBRD and FAO to reduce GHG emissions in the
global agrifood sector and maximise associated benefits, such as enhanced
resource and environmental sustainability.
The EBRD, in coordination with other regional development banks, is pursuing
its commitment to climate change mitigation and adaptation through its
participation in the Climate Technology Transfer Initiative Programme, funded
by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The programme works to increase
the deployment and dissemination of climate mitigation and adaptation
technologies.
Among other initiatives, the EBRD co-finances the project Finance and
Technology Transfer Centre for Climate Change (FINTECC), which supports
businesses in implementing green technologies, largely through grants for
eligible technologies and technical support. It also aims to enhance technological
uptake by helping policymakers and businesses overcome the risks and barriers
associated with particular technologies and practices.
The promotion of climate technologies and practices also lies at the heart of
FAO’s work, which seeks to make food and agricultural systems more efficient
while enhancing the productivity and sustainability of agriculture, forestry and
fishery industries. Through its extensive experience in addressing these themes,
FAO has developed numerous analytical tools to advance these objectives,
which the FINTECC project builds on and complements.
Within this context, the EBRD and FAO started collaborating on the
methodology document “Monitoring the adoption of key sustainable climate
technologies in the agrifood sector”. This study involved several FAO technical
v
divisions and was also conducted in coordination with the International Energy
Agency (IEA). The study is intended to provide guidance for tracking technology
adoption rates in agrifood supply chains and also to inform policymakers and
investors on opportunities to increase the uptake of climate technologies.
The present document applies the methodology to the case of Morocco and
provides legislators and businesses with a better understanding of the market
penetration of selected green technologies in Morocco’s agrifood sector. It
also highlights the potential for improvements in the use of climate-related
technologies and practices and offers multiple perspectives to policymakers
and investors (financial, economic, environmental, social and legislative,
among others) on the utility of each technology and practice. Morocco has
already launched an ambitious national programme to combat climate change
and enhance environmental sustainability, and the findings of this report
are expected to contribute to current and future climate action initiatives at
the national level, while providing an example that can be replicated in other
countries.
Key results indicate that in Morocco, the majority of emissions (slightly over
80 percent) from agriculture come from enteric fermentation and manure left
on pastures. When taking into account financial, economic, environmental
sustainability and social considerations, the analysis of 12 selected technologies
and practices concludes that an increase in the uptake of conservation
agriculture, efficient field machinery, renewable energy systems, and efficient
cold storages would reap the largest rewards in terms of reducing agrifood GHG
emissions and promoting resource efficiency and other related benefits.
The report also finds that for the technologies and practices considered, access
to and the cost of capital, financial returns, and regulatory/institutional issues
(such as regulations and technology specifications) represent the largest
constraints to adopting climate technologies in Morocco. Finally the report also
highlights interesting sustainability issues that need to be carefully considered
in specific technologies, for example in the case of solar powered irrigation and
consequent use of groundwater resources.
The conclusions of the Morocco report assume increased importance in light
of the upcoming 22nd session of the Conference of the Parties (COP22) for the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in
Marrakech in November 2016. The findings of the document will be discussed
at the COP22 and could promote national and international climate change
mitigation and adaptation efforts in two crucial ways. Specifically, the document
vi
could facilitate cross-country comparisons to increase technological uptake,
while also providing cross-technologies comparisons within the same country.
In this way, the Morocco pilot study, coupled with the methodology document,
can contribute to enhanced regional and international cooperation on climate
change action.
Maria Helena Semedo Josué Tanaka
Deputy Director-General, Managing Director, Operational
Coordinator for Natural Resources Strategy and Planning, Energy
United Nations Food and Agriculture Efficiency and Climate Change
Organization European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
vii
ACkNOwLEdgEmENTS
This publication is a joint product of FAO and the EBRD. The study was
initiated and led by Nuno Santos, Economist, FAO and Alessandro Flammini,
Natural Resources Officer, FAO in collaboration with Gianpiero Nacci, Head of
Sustainable Resources Investments, EBRD and Sumeet Manchanda, Principal
Energy Efficiency and Climate Change, EBRD. The authors at FAO are Stefania
Bracco, Energy-smart Food Specialist, Climate and Environment Division,
FAO; Arianna Carita, Economist, Investment Centre Division; Luis Dias-Pereira,
Economist, Investment Centre Division; Alessandro Flammini, Natural Resources
Officer, Investment Centre Division, Domonkos Oze, Climate Technologies
Specialist; Nuno Santos, Economist, Investment Centre Division; and Genevieve
Theodorakis, Economist, Investment Centre Division. The research team was
supported by Ralph Sims, Sustainable Energy Specialist, Massey University,
and the following Moroccan experts (FAO consultants): El Hassan Bourarach,
Agronomist; Abdellah Araba, Agronomist; and Omar El Yajouri, Agronomist. In
addition, Alessandro Flammini provided technical leadership on emissions and
energy issues and coordinated the inputs from the different contributing experts.
The authors would like to thank the several experts, government
representatives and organizations operating in the agrifood sector in Morocco
for the help and assistance provided to the project team, especially during
the four missions undertaken for data collection between November 2015
and March 2016. In particular, the team would like to thank Redouane Arrach,
Head of Agricultural Statistics, Strategy and Statistics Directorate, Ministère de
l’Agriculture et de la Pêche Maritime (MAPM) for his engagement and support
throughout the process, as well as the following public and private sector
representatives: Hickam Abdouh, Direction de l’Irrigation et de l’Aménagement
de l’Espace Agricole, MAPM; Maya Ahrdan, Head of the Directorate of
Observation and Programming, Ministère de l’Energie, des Mines, de l’Eau
et de l’Environnement (MEM); Mohamed Al Azadi, Director, Cold Storage
Warehouses of Marrakech Company, Sté de Gestion des Entrepôts Frigorifiques
de Marrakech (SOGEFRIM); Hicham Asry, Director General, PETROLEC;
Jaouad Bahaji, Director of Training, Education and Research, MAPM; Riad
Balaghi, Head of the Regional Centre for Agronomic Research of Meknès,
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); Karim Benamrane,
MEM; Fayçal Benchekroun, Haut-Commissariat aux Eaux et Forêts et à la lutte
contre la Désertification; Hassan Benauda, Head of the Regional Centre for
Agronomic Research of Kénitra, INRA; Mohamed Berday, Expert on Energy
and Environment, Alternative Green Energy and Environment Solutions
(ALGEES); Mhamed Belghiti, Direction de l’Irrigation et de l’Aménagement de
l’Espace Agricole, MAPM; Karim Benamran, MEM; Hassan Benaouda, Head
viii