Molecular Origins of Brain and Body Geometry: Plato's Concept of Reality is Reversed

188 Pages·2014·9.016 MB·English

by  Antonio Lima-de-Faria

Antonio Lima-de-Faria
Molecular Origins
of Brain and Body
Geometry
Plato's Concept of Reality is Reversed
Molecular Origins of Brain and Body Geometry
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Antonio Lima-de-Faria
Molecular Origins of Brain and
Body Geometry
Plato’s Concept of Reality is Reversed
Prof.Dr.AntonioLima-de-Faria
LundUniversityDepartmentofCellandOrganismBiology
BiologyBuilding
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ISBN978-3-319-06055-2 ISBN978-3-319-06056-9(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-06056-9
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Acknowledgments
Med. Kand. Johan Essen-Mo¨ller is to be thanked for an unfailing contribution in converting
themanuscriptintocomputerworkwhichhecarriedoutwiththeutmostaccuracy.
SpecialthanksareduetothestaffoftheBiologyLibrary,LundUniversity,fortheretrieval
of scientific works: Librarian Ph.D. Kristina Arnebrant, Librarian Ph.D. Bodil Enoksson,
LibrarianB.Sc.JohnnyJo¨nssonandMs.SabinaSwahn.
ThanksarealsoduetotheEditorsofSpringerwhoacceptedthetwomanuscriptswithout
reservationonthesolebasisofanoutlineandasamplechapter:SeniorPublishingEditorDr.
Meran Owen (“Molecular Geometry of Body Pattern in Birds”, Springer 2012), Editorial
Director Dr. Hanna Hensler-Fritton, Editor Dr. Verena Penning and Dr. Lars Koerner (the
presentwork).
Iwould like tothankmy colleagues for valuablesupport: Professor Dr.Harry Scherthan,
Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Munich, Germany; Doctor Josep del Hoyo,
Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain and Professor Dr. Walter Sachsse, Institut fu¨r
Molekulargenetik,UniversityofMainz,Germany.
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v
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Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 UnintentionallytheResearchontheMolecularGeometryofVertebrates
LedtoPlato. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 APlethoraofGenesAllowstoMapBodyPatternandBrainFunctionsin
Vertebrates.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1
1.3 TheImpressiveColoredMarkingsofBirdsCombinedwithGenetic
EvidenceWeretheStartingPointthatLedtoMolecularGeometry. . . . . 1
1.4 TheMolecularGeometryWasSearchedAcrosstheOther
Vertebrates.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 2
1.5 WhatIsaVertebrate?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.6 NoTraitinVertebratesIsRandom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.7 TheUnifyingPowerofGeometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
PartI TheSkeleton:ThePrimaryStructurethatSetsVertebratesApart–Isan
EvasiveStructure
2 Well-DefinedGeometricPatternsAppearedinAnimalEvolution
IndependentlyoftheSkeleton. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 7
2.1 RegularColorPatternsAroseinInsectsExhibitingtheSameFeaturesthat
LaterAppearedinVertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 SpidersAreAlsoCoveredbyExquisiteGeometricPatternsthatFollowthe
SameTypeofDistribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 AstonishingGenePermanenceThroughoutVertebratesandtheOriginofthe
Skeleton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1 MostoftheHumanGenomeCanBeRecognizedinPrimitiveLancelet
Animals:ExtremeGeneConservationThroughoutChordateEvolutionthat
DatesBackHalfaBillionYears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 TheDawnofMammals:CombinationofReptilianandMammalian
CharactersinPlatypusWhoseDNAHasBeenSequenced. . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 GenePermanenceandImpressiveDNASimilarityAllowedthe
DivergenceBetweenNakedMoleRatsandHumans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4 OurIgnoranceoftheOriginofHumans:TheRelationshiptoChimpanzees
andGorillasRemainsElusiveAsDisclosedbyDNASequencing. . . . . . 13
3.5 WeAreFarfromUnderstandingMammalianPhylogeneticTrees:
MorphologicalandMolecularStudiesConvergeinanAttempttoElucidate
Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.6 ContrarytoExpectationtheNumberofGenesIsNotaGoodIndicatorof
EvolutionSinceItTurnsOuttoBeHigherinPlantsandInvertebratesthan
inHumans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.7 TheNumberofChromosomesIsNeitheraReliableSourceSinceItVaries
DrasticallyinCloselyRelatedSpecies. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
vii
viii Contents
3.8 TheOriginoftheSkeleton:TheEmergenceoftheVertebratesAsWellAs
TheirEvolutionAreFilledwithQuestionMarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.9 TheSkeletonIsUndertheControlofHoxGenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.10 However,HoxGenesDoNotParticipateDirectlyintheFormationofthe
SkullWhichIsaMajorComponentoftheSkeleton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.11 TheVertebratesChangedfromFinstoLimbs:ASkeletonTransformation
NotyetUnderstoodinGeneticTerms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 SomeoftheMostImportantExternalOrgansinMammalsHave
NoSkeleton.. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 21
4.1 ExternalOrgansinMammals,SuchAsthePenis,MayHaveBonesorLack
Them,yetPerformVitalFunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 TheImposingHumpsofCamelsandtheLargeFinsofWhalesHaveNo
Skeleton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 21
SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5 BodyGeometryFollowstheSkeletonOnlyPartially. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.1 ARhinoceros’BodyConfigurationIsaKeytotheUnderstandingofthe
RelationshipBetweenSkeletonandBodyPartition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2 TheMosaicPatternoftheCivetCanBeDividedinto10Different
Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.3 TheZebraIsaLessoninGeometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.4 BodyColorationinRelationtotheSkeletoninBirds,Reptiles,Amphibians
andFish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
PartII TheGeometryoftheVertebrateBodyTakestheFormofParallelStripes
andConcentricCirclesWhichAretheProductsofMolecularCascades
6 LongitudinalandTransversalStripesinVertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.1 TropicalFish,TurtlesandZebrasHavePatternsAsExquisiteAsThoseof
Birds-of-Paradise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.2 ParallelStripesFollowingtheHead–TailAxisinVertebrates. . . . . . . . . 31
6.3 LinesRunningat90(cid:1) totheMainBodyAxis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.4 IndependenceofBandOrientationWhithintheSameIndividual. . . . . . . 34
SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7 TheGeometricPatternsofZebrasandofTransgenicMiceAreDirectedby
SpecificGenes:TheGeometryofMammalsBecomesAlsoMolecular. . . . . . 37
7.1 EarlierInterpretationsoftheZebra’sConfiguration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.2 GeneticEvidencefortheOccurrenceofThreeSeparateBodyPatternsin
ZebrasAsaResultofCrossesBetweenDonkeysandZebras. . . . . . . . . 37
7.3 ParallelStripesCanBecomeConcentricCirclesandCanRotate90(cid:1). . . . 40
7.4 ChimaericandTransgenicMiceElucidatetheZebraPattern. . . . . . . . . . 40
7.5 GenesResponsibleforColorVariationinMammalsHaveBeenDNA
SequencedandExplaintheAlternatingOccurrenceofWhiteandBlack
Stripes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8 TheEye:AMainCenterofCircularitywithImplicationsforDevelopment
andEvolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8.1 TheEyeAroseBeforetheBrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8.2 InsteadofHavingEyesSeaUrchinsSeewithMostofTheirBody:DNA
SequencingLocatedTwoPhotoreceptorGenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8.3 TheEvolutionoftheEyeHasBeenDirectedbyMolecularCascades. . . 46
Contents ix
8.4 EyesCanMigrateAlongtheBodyandThereAreFisheswith
FourEyes. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . 46
8.5 TheSameMolecule(RetinoicAcid)HasaPrimaryRoleinBothEyeand
BodyDevelopmentDisclosingtheFundamentalRoleoftheEyeinBody
Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8.6 EyeLensesGrowLikeTreeTrunksbyAddingNewLayersofCells. . . . 47
8.7 TheCircularityoftheVertebrateEye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8.8 CircularityExtendingfromtheEyetoOtherPartsoftheHead
inMammals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
8.9 GeneticInterventionHasProducedFlieswithExtraLegsand
ExtraWings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
8.10 UnexpectedlytheEyeTurnedOuttoBeAbletoOccupytheMost
ExtraordinaryPositionsRevealingPlasticityandUnityofBody
Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9 TheCircularityoftheVertebrateBody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.1 CircularityinFossilandLivingMammals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.2 CircularityinBirdsTakesAnotherFormDuetothePresence
ofFeathers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.3 TurtlesandRaysTendtoBeHighlyCircularandGeometric. . . . . . . . . 53
SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
10 ConcentricCirclesAreaGeneralFeatureofVertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
10.1 AnimalswithDrabColorsDominateintheNorthernHemisphere. . . . . . 57
10.2 LargeConcentricCirclesHaveParticularLocationsAlongtheBodyof
FishesandTurtlesandOccurAsWellinOtherVertebrates. . . . . . . . . . 57
SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
11 TwoPolesofCircularity:Head–NeckandRump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
11.1 InReptilesNeckandRumpHaveaParticularCircularityNotConnected
withtheSkeleton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
11.2 Head–NeckandRumpDisplayIdenticalCircularPatternsinMammals. . . 61
11.3 TheTwoPolesofCircularitySeemtoHaveaGeneticBasis. . . . . . . . . . 62
11.4 TheMainGeometricFeaturesoftheVertebrateBodyCanBeCondensed
inGraphicForm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
11.5 TheConstructionoftheGeometricDiagramFollowsSolelytheOrdered
PatternFoundinVertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
11.6 TheThirdEyeLocatedontheTopoftheHeadinReptiles“Represents
Evolution’sEarlierApproachtoPhotoreception”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
11.7 ThisEyeFunctionsAsaSkyPolarizationCompassthatSensesUltraviolet
Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
11.8 SimilaritiesandDifferencesBetweenVertebrateandCrystal
Geometries. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 68
SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
PartIII Geometry:AnObsessionoftheAnimalandHumanMinds
12 SciencefromItsOnsettothePresentHasBeenPervadedbyGeometry. . . . 75
12.1 TheFundamentalSimplicityofGeometryIsDemonstratedbytheOrigin
ofItsCurves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
12.2 ItIsNotbyAccidentthattheSudaneseandEgyptianPyramidsRemained
NearlyIntactforover4,000Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
12.3 TheEvolutionofthePyramids:TheHumanMindinSearchofPerfect
GeometricSolids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76