Molecular Machines Involved in Protein Transport across Cellular Membranes

652 Pages·2007·6.39 MB·English

by  Ross E. Dalbey

Contents
Preface........................................................................xiii
Part I: Crossing Bacterial Membranes
1. CotranslationalProteinTargetinginEscherichiacoli
RONALDS.ULLERS,PIERREGENEVAUX,ANDJOENLUIRINK
I. Introduction.....................................................................3
II. TheRibosome...................................................................4
III. ChaperonesandTargetingFactorsattheRibosomalTunnelExit.......................8
IV. SRP-MediatedTargeting.........................................................14
V. SelectionofProteinforSRP-MediatedTargeting....................................19
VI. ConcludingRemarks............................................................23
Acknowledgments...............................................................24
References.....................................................................24
2. SecProtein-ConductingChannelandSecA
ELIO.VANDERSLUIS,NICONOUWEN,ANDARNOLDJ.M.DRIESSEN
I. Abstract.......................................................................35
II. Introduction....................................................................35
III. Outline........................................................................37
IV. VariationandEvolutionoftheSecMachinery......................................37
V. SecAStructure,Function,andDynamics...........................................41
VI. SecYEGStructure,Function,andDynamics........................................51
VII. ConcludingRemarks............................................................59
References.....................................................................59
3. TargetingofProteinsbytheTwin-ArginineTranslocationSystemin
BacteriaandChloroplasts
SHARONMENDELANDCOLINROBINSON
I. Introduction....................................................................69
II. BasicFeaturesofTatSystems,TheirDiscovery,andTheirDistribution.................70
III. tatGenesandMutantPhenotypes.................................................71
IV. TheTatSubunits:StructuresandConservedRegions ................................78
V. StructuresofTatComplexes......................................................80
VI. TatSignalPeptides..............................................................82
VII. TheTatMechanism.............................................................84
References.....................................................................87
v
vi CONTENTS
4. YidC:AProteinwithMultipleFunctionsinBacterial
MembraneBiogenesis
NILCELEBIANDROSSE.DALBEY
I. Introduction....................................................................93
II. TheYidCPathway..............................................................96
III. Sec–YidCPathway..............................................................97
IV. YidCSubstrates.................................................................99
V. YidCFamilyofProteins ........................................................100
VI. ConcludingRemarksandOutlook................................................105
References....................................................................105
5. DisulfideBondFormationEnzymes
JAMESC.A.BARDWELL
I. DisulfidesStabilizeSecretedProteins.............................................111
II. TheNeedforaCatalyst.........................................................112
III. DsbA:ThePrimaryOxidant.....................................................112
IV. StructureofDsbA..............................................................116
V. HowIsDsbAReoxidized?......................................................117
VI. ReoxidationofDsbB...........................................................119
VII. DisulfideBondIsomerization....................................................121
VIII. DsbDaDisulfideTransporter?...................................................123
References....................................................................125
6. TheIdentificationoftheYaeTComplexandItsRoleintheAssemblyof
BacterialOuterMembraneb-BarrelProteins
JULIANAMALINVERNIANDTHOMASJ.SILHAVY
I. Abstract......................................................................129
II. Gram-NegativeBacterialEnvelope...............................................130
III. ProteinTransportAcrosstheBacterialEnvelope...................................130
IV. IdentificationofOMBiogenesisFactors:TheSearchforNeedlesinaHaystack.........135
V. ChemicalConditionality:TheYfgLConnectiontoOMAssembly.....................136
VI. IdentificationandCharacterizationoftheYaeTComplex............................138
VII. InteractionsAmongYaeTComplexMembers......................................141
VIII. POTRADomains..............................................................142
IX. PropertiesoftheYaeT-Likeb-BarrelDomains.....................................144
X. ConclusionsandFutureStudy ...................................................145
References....................................................................146
CONTENTS vii
7. TheFunctionoftheABCTransporterLolCDEinProteinTransporttothe
OuterMembraneofE.coli
SHIN-ICHIRONARITAANDHAJIMETOKUDA
I. Abstract......................................................................151
II. Introduction...................................................................152
III. SortingofLipoproteinsbytheLolSystem.........................................157
Acknowledgments..............................................................170
References....................................................................170
Part II: Crossing Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes
8. TheSignalRecognitionParticleandItsReceptorinER
ProteinTargeting
IAINL.MAINPRIZE,FELICIAVULCU,ANDDAVIDW.ANDREWS
I. Abstract......................................................................177
II. Introduction...................................................................178
III. CotranslationalTranslocation:AHistoricalPerspective .............................180
IV. TargetingofProteinstotheERIsRegulatedbyUnusualGTPases ...................186
V. Structure–FunctionAnalysis.....................................................191
VI. Conclusions...................................................................200
Acknowledgments..............................................................200
References....................................................................201
9. TheTranslocationApparatusoftheEndoplasmicReticulum
MARTINAALKENANDRAMANUJANS.HEGDE
I. Abstract......................................................................207
II. TransloconsReceiveSubstratesviaTwoDistinctPathways..........................208
III. SubstrateRecognitionbytheERTransloconIsaDecisiveStepin
ProteinTranslocation...........................................................209
IV. TheRemarkableDiversityofSequencesRecognizedbytheTranslocon...............213
V. TheMachineryofSignalSequenceRecognition....................................214
VI. ACombinedFrameworkforSignalandTMDRecognition ..........................216
VII. GatingoftheProtein-ConductingChanneloftheTranslocon ........................219
VIII. TheEnergeticsofProteinTranslocation...........................................223
IX. TheBiogenesisofMembraneProteins............................................225
X. LateralExitofTMDsfromtheTranslocon........................................228
XI. RegulationofProteinTranslocation..............................................231
References....................................................................236
viii CONTENTS
10. TheRoleofBiP/Kar2pintheTranslocationofProteinsAcrossthe
ERMembrane
KUNIONAKATSUKASAANDJEFFREYL.BRODSKY
I. Abstract......................................................................245
II. Hsp70........................................................................246
III. ProteinTranslocationintotheER................................................250
IV. FoldingofNascentProteinsintheERandER-AssociatedDegradation(ERAD).......259
V. UnansweredQuestions .........................................................261
Acknowledgments..............................................................262
References....................................................................262
11. Calnexin,Calreticulin,andTheirAssociatedOxidoreductaseERp57
BRADLEYR.PEARSEANDDANIELN.HEBERT
I. Abstract......................................................................275
II. Introduction...................................................................276
III. StructuralCharacteristicsofCalnexinandCalreticulin ..............................277
IV. TheRolesofCalnexinandCalreticulininGlycoproteinMaturationand
QualityControl................................................................282
V. TheCalnexin-BindingCycleinYeast.............................................288
VI. ERp57,aMemberofthePDIFamilyofOxidoreductases............................289
VII. RedoxActivityofERp57 .......................................................292
VIII. TheRoleofERp57inGlycoproteinFolding.......................................294
IX. RegulationofCalciumSignaling .................................................296
X. Summary .....................................................................297
References....................................................................298
Part III: Crossing Mitochondrial Membranes
12. TOMandSAMMachineriesinMitochondrialProteinImportand
OuterMembraneBiogenesis
MICHAELJAMESDAGLEYANDTREVORLITHGOW
I. Abstract......................................................................309
II. Introduction...................................................................310
III. TheTOMComplex ............................................................313
IV. TheSAMComplex.............................................................326
V. ConcludingRemarks...........................................................332
Acknowledgments..............................................................333
References....................................................................333
CONTENTS ix
13. TheRoleoftheMia40-Erv1DisulfideRelaySysteminImportandFolding
ofProteinsoftheIntermembraneSpaceofMitochondria
JOHANNESM.HERRMANN,KARLBIHLMAIER,ANDNIKOLAMESECKE
I. Abstract......................................................................345
II. Introduction...................................................................346
III. ProteinImportRoutesintotheIMS..............................................347
IV. Mia40,anImportReceptorintheIMS............................................349
V. Erv1,aDisulfideOxidaseintheIMS .............................................351
VI. AModelofMia40-Erv1-MediatedImport.........................................357
VII. SubstrateProteinsoftheMia40-Erv1Pathway.....................................360
VIII. Perspectives...................................................................361
Acknowledgments..............................................................362
References....................................................................362
14. TheFunctionofTIM22intheInsertionofInnerMembraneProteins
inMitochondria
YAVUZOKTAY,ROBERTN.RAINEY,ANDCARLAM.KOEHLER
I. Abstract......................................................................367
II. Introduction...................................................................368
III. PropertiesofPrecursorsthatUtilizetheTIM22ImportPathway......................370
IV. TheSmallTimProteins.........................................................373
V. TheTIM22InnerMembraneComplex............................................375
VI. DiseaseConnections............................................................377
References....................................................................379
15. TheRoleoftheTIM23ComplexandItsAssociatedMotorComplex
inMitochondrialProteinImport
JANDUDEK,BERNARDGUIARD,ANDPETERREHLING
I. Abstract......................................................................387
II. Introduction...................................................................388
III. MitochondrialPresequenceProteins..............................................390
IV. ThePresequenceTranslocase:TIM23Complex ....................................392
V. EnergyRequirementforMatrixTranslocation:TheMotorComplex..................395
VI. ModelsofMotorFunction.......................................................398
VII. TransportofProteinsAcrossTwoMembranes.....................................400
VIII. ProteinTransportThroughTwoDifferentFormsofthePresequenceTranslocase.......402
Acknowledgments..............................................................403
References....................................................................403