Mohammed Adam Ahmed Sirag Elnour Supervisor Dr. Abaker Ali Idris

117 Pages·2005·0.38 MB·English

The Effect of Strain and Diet Types on Laying performance
of Available Commercial Layers at New Halfa

By
Mohammed Adam Ahmed Sirag Elnour
B.Sc. (Honours) – Poultry
University of Alexandria
1988

A thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of Master of Science in Animal Production

Supervisor
Dr. Abaker Ali Idris

Department of Poultry
Faculty of Animal Production
University of Khartoum

April – 2004
DEDICATION

To my dear family,
Father, mother, brothers
and sisters
To my wife Mariam Elnour
To my sons Abdalla and
Ahmed, daughters Sumia
and Tamadur
To my dear friends and
colleagues

With love and respect
Mohamed Adam
Acknowledgement
Iam greatly indebted to my supervisor Dr. Abaker Ali Idris for
his supervision, helpful criticism and suggestion. It was solely through
his invaluable advice that he was able to present this thesis. Thanks
are due to Dr. Zaheer Eldin and Dr. Ahmed Khalil, Faculty of
Agriculture, Kasala University for their encouragement and assistants.
Thank are extended to Prof. Mustafa Abasher, the vice councilor for
his continuous help.
My appreciation are due to staff members of Biochemistry and
Food technology Lab, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum
for pproximate chemical analysis of the diet. Thanks are extended to
the Dr. Abdelwahab and Dr. Elturabi for their help on the statistical
analysis of data.
My appreciation are due to the staff members of Agricultural
Research Station at New Halfa for providing the research with
measuring tools and instruments.
Thanks due to Tag Elsir Abdelrahman, Kasala University,
Faculty of Agriculture for his ultimate contact and advice, my
appreciation are due to the all members of Animal Department,
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kasala especially to Ungar Ajak
Deng for proper birds management.
Thanks are due to Dr. Amani for her efforts and steps for
registration and continuous encouragements.
Iam greatly indebted to my friend Mamoun Khalfalla for
sincere help and advice.
Above all I render my thanks and praise to Almightly Allah
ABSTRACT

Factorial experiment with 8 treatments and 3 replicates of 5
birds each were conducted on deep litter to study the effects of four
commercial strains (Bovans white, Hisex white, Lohmann white and
brown Nera) and two diet type (low energy–high protein versus high
energy–low protein) on productive performance of commercial layers.
The study was carried out under New Halfa condition via 53
weeks. Among nine parameters studied, five of them revealed sraint-
diet interaction, these were feed intake, feed conversion ratio, gained
bodyweights, egg weights and age at 50% production rate.
It is interesting to note that while the response of Hisex,
lohmann and Bovans were positive towards the high energy – low
protein diet in terms of egg production at 50% production, the
response of Nera to the same diet was negative and therefore it's age at
50% production was delayed. The trend response of the preceding
strains towards the experimental diets was reversed with the egg
weight. While the egg weight of the tested layer Nera strain was
increased with the high energy – low protein diet, the egg size of the
of the Lohmann, Hisex and Bovans strains with the same experimental
diet was reduced. With respect to feed intake, body weight gain and
feed conversion ratio, although all of the tested layer strains
interacted negatively in their feed consumption rate with the high
energy – low protein diet, their dietary interaction effect was changed
to the positive in term of bodyweight gain, feed utilization efficiency.
In other words, the commercial or the high energy-low protein diet
although did not motivate feed intake, it was utilized more efficiently
by all of studied strains in term of bodyweight gain and feed
conversion ratio.
With respect to strain effect, the Nera and the Bovans
commercial layer strains versus the Hisex and Lohmann strains were
recoded significantly sexual maturity at early age (167.3 – 168.8 vs
171.8 – 180 days) with high percentages of hen day production and
highest egg mass.
Nera strain exceeded over it's counterparts in producing
significantly more eggs per hen (263 – 276 vs 296 egg) and consumed
more feed.
Hisex and Lohmann strains on the other hand, proved to be
more capable of obtaining significantly higher egg weight in
comparison with Nera or Bovan strains which significantly produced
the smallest egg weight.
Conversely to Nera which significantly demonstrated the lowest
rate of bodyweight gain, and unlike Bovan and Hisex which showed
similar trend of moderate rate of bodyweight gain, the Lohmann strain
significantly depicted the propensity towards bodyweight gain.
The dietary effects were noted to be significant on feed
conversion ratio, egg weight, feed intake, and bodyweight gain. The
commercial diet which is characterized by high energy and low
protein content although it promoted bodyweight gain and feed
utilization efficiency, it depressed feed intake and egg weights.
Neither mortality nor age at peak production were affected by any of
the studied factors.
The overall obtained results documented that there are strain,
diet and interaction effects. Although Nera with low energy – high
protein diet tend to perform better than the other strains.
None of the studied treatments were found to be capable to
provide optimum results for all of the evaluated thirteen parameters
and therefore further study is strongly recommended for evaluation
the response of the examined strains towards dense or high energy –
high protein diet especially during summer months.
ﻢﻴﺣﺮﻟا ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟا ﷲا ﻢﺴﺑ
ﺔﺣوﺮﻃﻷا ﺔﺻﻼﺧ

ﺭﺭـﻜﻤ لـﻜ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﺜﻼﺜ ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻭ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﻲﻓ
ﻥﺎـﻤﻫﻭﻟ ، ﺱﻜـﺴﻴﺎﻫ ، ﺯﻨﺎﻓﻭﺒ) ﻥﻴﺠﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺀﺍ ﺭﺠﺇ ﻡﺘ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺠﺩ ﺱﻤﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ
ﺭـﺨﺁ ﻊـﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭـﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻤ – ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﻑﻠﻋ) ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ (ﺍﺭﻴﻨﻭ
.ﺓﺩﺭﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺹﺍﻭﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟ (ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻤ
2001
ﻭـﻴﻟﻭﻴ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻭﻴﻟﻭﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻟﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﺎﻔﻠﺤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻡﺘ
13 53 2002
ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﺕﺭـﻬﻅﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺔ ﻔﺼ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴ ﺼﺎﺨ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﺇ ﺓﺩﻤﻟ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ
ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭـﺒﻟﺍ ، ﻙﻠﻬﺘـﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻑـﻠﻌﻟﺍ لﻤـﺸﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﺠﻬ ﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻭﺃ لﺨﺍﺩﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ
ﻥﺯﻭ ، ﻡـﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻟﺍ ، ﻲﺌﺍﺫﻐﻟﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﻟﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ، ﺔﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍﻭ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟﺍ
50
.ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭﻭ ، % ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ لﺩﻌﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﻴﺠﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻤﻋﻭ ﺽﻴﺒﻟﺍ
ﺔـﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺯﻨﺎﻓﻭﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻫﻭﻠﻟﺍ ، ﺱﻜﺴﻴﺎﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻟﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻟﺍ
ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻜﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻤ – ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﻑﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ
50
ﻰـﻟﺇ ﺕﺩﺃ ﻲﻟﺎـﺘﻟﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﺫﻐ ﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﻴﻨ ﻥﻴﺠﻬﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴ ﺇ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ %
50
ﻥﺯﻭ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﹰﻴﺴﻜﻋ لﻭﺤﺘﻴ ﻑﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ . ﺽﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻥﻤ % ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺨﺄﺘ
ﺔـﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﻑﻠﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺍﺭﻴﻨ ﻥﻴ ﺠﻬﻟﺍ ﺽﻴﺒ ﻥﺯﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻓ ، ﻥﺠﻬ ﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺽﻴﺒﻟﺍ
لـﻘﻴ ﺯﻨﺎـﻓﻭﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺱﻜـﺴﻴﺎﻬﻟﺍ ، ﻥﺎﻤﻫﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﻫ ﺽﻴﺒ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﻔﺤﻨﻤ –
.ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ – ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﻑﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﻴﻭ ﻑﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ
ﻲﺌﺍﺫـﻐﻟﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﻟﺍ لﺩﻌﻤﻭ ، ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻟﺍ ، ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻑﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ
ﻲﻟﺎـﻋ ﺀﺍﺫـﻐﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﺘ ﺓﺭﺒﺘﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺠﻬ ﻟﺍ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻴ
ﻥﺯﻭ ﻲﺘﻟﺎـﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺏﻠﻘﻨﻴ ﻲﺒﻠﺴﻟﺍ لﻋ ﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻤ – ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ
ﻲﻟﺎـﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻱﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺒﻭ ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻠﻟ لﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ
ﺔـﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ لﻀﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻑﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜ ﺯﻔﺤﻴ ﻡﻟ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻤ – ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ
.ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻹﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻥﺠﻬﻟﺍ لﻜﻟ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﺘﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﺍﺫﻐﻟﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﻟﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ
ﻥﺎـﻤﻫﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺯ ﻨﺎـﻓﻭﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﺭـﻴﻨ ﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻕﻭﻔﺘ ﻥﻴﺠﻬ ﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ
171.8 168.8 167.3
) لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ( – ) ﻲﺴﻨﺠﻟﺍ ﺞﻀﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﺘﻔﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺱﻜﺴﻴﺎﻬﻟﺍﻭ
HD 180
ﻥـﺠﻬﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺍﺭﻴﻨ ﻥﻴﺠﻫ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻭ (% ) ﻲﻤﻭﻴﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﻹﺍ لﺩﻌﻤﻭ ( –
263 276 296
ﺔـﻴﻤﻜﻭ ( – لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ) ﺔﺠﺎﺠﺩ لﻜﻟ ﺏﻭﺴﻨ ﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻋﻭ ﺔﻠﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ
.ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻑﻠﻌﻟﺍ
ﺞﺘـﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺠﺤﻭ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﻕﻭﻔﺘ ﺱﻜﺴﻴﺎﻬﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻫﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﺠﻫ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ
لﻗﺃ ﺎﹰﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﺕﻠﺠﺴ ﺯﻨﺎﻓﻭﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﺭﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ . ﺯﻨﺎﻓﻭﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﺭﻴﻨ ﻥﻴﺠﻬ ﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ
.ﺽﻴﺒﻠﻟ ﻥﺯﻭ
ﻻ ﺎـﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻤ ﻥﺯﻭ لﻗﺃ ﺎﹰﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﻨ ﺕﻠﺠﺴ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺎﺒ
ﻥﺎـﻤﻫﻭﻟ ﺕﻠﺠﺴ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻁﺴﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻼﺜﻤﺘﻭ ﺱﻜﺴﻴﺎﻬﻟﺍﻭ ﺯﻨﺎﻓﻭﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ
.ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ
ﺽﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭ ، ﻲﺌﺍﺫﻐﻟﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﻟﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﻔﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺍ ﺫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻟﺍ ﺭﺜﺃ
ﺔـﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔـﻗﺎﻁﺒ ﺯﺎـﺘﻤﻴ ﻱﺫـﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﻠﻌﻟﺍ . ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭﻭ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻑﻠﻌﻟﺍ ،
ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺼﺒ ﻪﻟ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻭ
ﻑـﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜﻭ ﺽﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻪﻟ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ ( ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺫﻐﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ) ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻠﻟ لﺜﻤﻷﺍ
.لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟﺍ
Peak
ﻱﺄـﺒ ( ) ﺝﺎﺘ ﻨﻺﻟ ﺔﻤﻗ ﻲﺼﻗﺃ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺼ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﺘ ﻡﻟ
ﻥﻴـﺠﻬ ﻟﺍ ﻥـﻤ لـﻜ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺼﺤﻤﻟﺍ . ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺇ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ
Interaction
ﺍﺭـﻴﻨ ﻥﻴﺠﻫ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ( ) لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫﻜﻭ ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻟﺍﻭ
ﻯﺭـﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎـﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻥﻋ لﻀﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ – ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ
ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻟ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻟﺍ لﻜﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺒ لﺼﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺎﹰﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ
ﺕﺍﺫ ﻑﻼﻋﺄـﺒ ﻥـﺠﻬ ﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊ ﻤ لﻤﺸﺃﻭ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﻲﺼﻭﻨ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ لﺜﻤﻷﺍ
ﻯﻭـﺘﺤﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺫﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﻋ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﻱﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻤ
.ﻑﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﻬﺸﺃ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﺌﺍﺫﻏ
LIST OF CONTENTS
Page
Dedication............................................................................................................................ i
Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................... ii
Abstract .................................................................................................................................. iii
Arabic Abstract ................................................................................................................. vi
List of Contents ................................................................................................................. ix
List of Tables....................................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 1
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEW...........................................
4
2.1. Laying hen body weight..................................................................................... 4
2.2 Age and body weight at sexual maturity.......................... .......................... 5
2.3. Layer hen egg production..................................................................................... 9
2.4. Livability....................................................................................................................... 12
2.5. Feed intake.................................................................................................................... 12
2.6. Feed efficiency........................................................................................................... 14
2.7. Egg weight.................................................................................................................... 15
2.8. Energy requirement.................................................................................................. 17
2.8.1. Energy requirement for growing period................................................. 17
2.8.2 Energy requirement for laying hens........................................................... 18
2.9. Protein requirements for laying hens................................. .......................... 21