Modernities, Class, and the Contradictions of Globalization: The Anthropology of Global Systems

327 Pages·2008·28.22 MB·English

by  Kajsa Ekholm Friedman

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• •
ernl les, ass,a n
•
e on ra Ions0
The Anthropology of
Global Systems
KajEskah oFlrmi edamnaldno natFhraine dman
•
A
divisoifo n
ROWMAN & LlTTLEFIELD PUBLIISNHCE.R S,
LanhamN ewY or.k Toron.t oPlymouth. UK
•
ALTAMIRAP RESS
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-- , ..
Modernitcileass,s , thaenc do ntradicotfig olnosb aliz:a tthieoa nnthropoloofgg lyo bal
syste/m s KajEskah olmF riedmaannd l onaatnhF riedman.
p. cm.
Includbeisb liograprheifcearle nacnedsi n l1ex.
ISBN-139:7 8-0-7591-11(1c2l-o:7ta hlkp.a per)
ISBN-tO: 0-7591-(1c1l1o2t-ahXl: k p.a per)
1.S ociaclh ange.2 .G lobalization-aSs0pceicatls3 ..C ultuarned g lobalization.
4.P ostmodernism-Saoscpieaclt s5..G roupi dentitIy.F. r iedmalno,n athan.
11T.it le.
GN358.F75240 08
303.4--dc22
2007039877
Printiendt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica
@TM Thep apeurs edi nt hipsu blicatmieeotnst hem inimum requireomfAe mnetrsi can
NationSatla ndafrodrI nfonnatSicoine nces-Pennanoefn cPea pfeorrP rinted
LibraMrayt eriaAlNsS,I /NISZO3 9.48-1992.
,
Contents
Introduction
1
PartO thMeord ernRietsieiss?tC aonnctei,n uities,
I
anTdr ansformations
25
1 FroRme litgoiM oang ic
29
KajEskah oFlrmi edman
2 MytHhi,s taonrPdyo ,l iItdiecnatli ty
89
lonatFhraine dman
3 WiltlhR ee aHla waiPilaenaS stea nAdn?t hropoalnodg ists
Natiivne sGt lhoebS atlr ufgogIrld ee ntity
lonatFhraine dman
4 GlobCaolm pleaxnitdth Syei mploifEc vietdryay Lyi fe
139
KajsEak hoFlrime mdana nldo natFhriaend man
Part OthMeord ernGiltoibeasl?i tzhaet iSotnaV,ti eo,l enacned
11
175
5 StaCtlea stshees ,L oRgeinct Piooewfre a rn,Sd o cial
DisintegGrlaotbPiaaolrn a:m eatnLedor csSa tlr ucotftu hree s
Decloiftn heCe o ngo
179
KajsEak hoFlrime dman
v
•
Contents
VI
6 SocMioavle meanntds S tthreu agggaleiE nvsitl 213
KajsEak hoFlrmi edman
7 ThIem ploosfMi oodne rnAi NteywT: ri balism 239
lonatFhriaend man
ParItI IG lobaliazsa tRieopnr easneRdne taaltiitoyn 263
8 ThHey bridiozfRa otoiatonsnd Atbhheo rroeftn hcBeeu sh 265
lonatFhriaend man
9 IndigeSntoruusga gnltdeh Dsei rsecCehta romft hBeo urgeoisie
295
lonatFhriaend man
Index 315
AboutA utthheo rs 323
•
Introduction
Thisi sa b ooka boutth ee mergenacnedd ynamiocfst hec ontemporwaorryl d,
onet hat steoeu knsd ersttahneld a ttientr e rmosf g lobparlo cesosfes so cial
reproducIttii osnn o.ta bougtl obalizaasts iuocnha ,l thougglho baliziast ion
certaipnalroytf t hest orWye. h av ea rguepdr eivoustlhya gtl obaliziasnt oito n
ane volutiosntaargbyeu tah istoridceallilmyi ptreodc etshsao tc cuprrsi malryi
inp erioodfsh egemodneiccl iwniet htihneg lobaarle naan,d i t iints h isse nse
thawte u set het erhme reG.l obalizaasta id oins couirsas m ea jofro cuosft his
volumaen,d i ti sl inkteodt het ransfoornmo aft itwhoer lodr deirt sfe,ol nei n
whicghl obaliezliintagen sdt hosweh oi dentwiiftyth h ema rteh el ocuosft he
productoifog nl obalizaasta i soenot f r epresentaCtoiloonnsie.am lp iraerse
suregllyo bianlt heeixrt enatn,dt heiyn clupdreo cesosfes so ciaanldc ul�ural
reorgiaznatiionln a rgpea rtosft hew orlbdu,t w e hanvoetc haracterizedsu.�Q
. . . ' ,
phenomeunnad etrh er ubroifcg lobalizpartiimoanr,i ly to dtihI\i1seHtitli nguish
...
historeircmaslt.!
Oura pproatcohg lobaliz(aEtkihoonl amn dF riedm1a9n 80i)sn oto ne
in
of
whicthh e locaa plr oidsu ocftt heg lobaalsi, s f ashionianb lem ucht he
globalizlaittieorna Itnut rheel. a tttehre riesa tendentcoyd enya nde vetno
featrh el ocaalsa ne xpressoifox enn ophonbaitci onaalnidst moa ttemtpot
dissoiltvi en taom eres econd-ocrodnesrt rucotfti hoegn l obiatls elIfno. u2r
owna pproatchheg, l obiasli tself tohfpe r osceets tsheasct o nnecltosc alities
andt ot hee xtetnhta tth ep rocescsoenst ain spleogciiocfifscr eproducwtei on
cans peaokfg lobsayls tesmyss,t etmhsaa tr ae lwahysi storsiycsatle emvse,in n
time
them inimsale nsteh aittt akes fort hemt or eprodtuhceem selWvietsh.i n
sucshy stetmhse riesa na rticulaatta inoypn a rticmuolmaern tb etweelno cal
and gloibnwa hli cthh el ocalr eipsru ocdedn,o tc reatweidt,h lianr ggelro bal
1
2 Introduction
processTehse.a rticuliastc ioonns titbuytt ewdo p rincimpeaclh anisImns .
cultutrearlmt sh eriesa t endenfcoylr o csaolc ioarld etrosa ssimielxatteern ally
spagheptrtipinl cei,
importoebdj etsct,e xtasn,ds chmeesT.h iiss the the process
byw hicahn i mporteelde mebnetc omeisn tegraitnettdoh el ocailns ucha
way thiatotsr igipnlsa nyo r olien iutssa goer e ven iitnis d entIitto yc.c urs
ubiquistloyiu np racticaallclla ys eosf w hath asb eenr efertroe d causl tural
transfAetrt .h e satmiem et,h eriesa materiianlt egraotfit ohnel ocailn to
theg lobaplr,i mariinlc ays eosfi mpereixapla nsoiroo nt hefror mso fs ystemic
incorporoaftl ioocnpa olp ulatwiiotnhsli anr gseyrs teImnsi .m peroiradle trhsi s
relatmioosnot f tecno rrespotnod rse laotfdi eopnesn denbcuytt,h esaer ei,nf act,
as ubsoefta l argaerrr ayg loofb raell atiOounras p.p roatchhe insf oundoenda
notioofns ociraelp roducatnidoi nti, sa lsiom plicaim teltyh oodfi nvestigation.
Fore xample, atrhepe orpeua ltiotnhsa mta yw elble i solaatnedtd h amtu stb e
studiientd e rmosf local reasnodlu orccapelrs o cesosfer se producBtuito n.
sucpho pulathiaovnhesi storainedis tm, u sbt ed etermiwnheedt hoerrn ott hey
havea lwaybse eni solatMeods.to ftetnh iiss n ott hec ases,o that modem
small-s"ceaglael itasroicaine"ts iteusd ied in dperceavdiheoasuv ste u rned out
tob ei ntegreaittehdie ntr h per eseonrit n p revilouasr gseyrs teOmnst .h oet her
•
handt hef acotf i ntegradtoieosnn o t imtphlayst u csho cietaireeps r oducts
ofs omel argseyrs teomn,l tyh atth eayr ec onnectaenddr eproduwcietdh in
thel attTehre.a rticulaaltsioooc nc urwsi thai cno ntinuoufpm e netraatnido n
replacemTehnetr.ae r el onhgi storoife ss ociaclu latnudtr raaln sformation,
sucahs t he Conignwo h icthh ei ntegraotfti honea rehaa sl edt oq uitder astic
transformagteinoenrsa tbeyt dh es lavter adaen dt hel atedre velopmoefn t
colontiraald aen de vecno lonriuallbe u,t w hicwhe reo rchestriantteedrn ally
sincleo caslt ructwuerreesn otu tterdliys mantblyee dx ternpaolw esr.T here
area,tt heo theern do ft hicso ntinupulma,c leisk Hea waiwih,e raep owerful
proceosfps e netrattoitoandl elsyt rotyheepd o litoircdaeflr r otmh e outasnidd e
replalcoecdia nls tituwtiitoihnm sp ortiends tituntoitmo enrse,la ytt hpeo litical
summiotf thseo ciebtuyat l tlh wea yd owni nttoh leo ccaolm munitPireasc.t ices
ofs ocializraetmiaoinni endt aicftt r ansfodr,bm ueti nc onditiionwn hsi cthh ey
werneo ta dapttiovt eh nee ws ocioarld eTrh.e rwea sa tl eaasstm uchc atastrophe
andd eatihn t heC ongoc aseb,u ti nstitutrieopnlaalc ementm ucwhal se ss
compleatnedn evesru cceedienpd e netraatlillne gv elsso coifo arlg anization.
Oneo ft hem istakteenn dencwiietsh ciunl tugrlaolb alizaaptpiroona cihse s
thatth ecya no nldye awli tohp enneisnst ermosf c ultudriauflfs ioann dt hat
thiissm osto fteinnt hef ormo fo bjecticfuiletdu riest. r uteh at,d iassc ussed
It
belowo,n em ighetn visatgheia sr ticuliantt ieornmo sf m ixtuorreh ybridity,
butf ort hosweh oa ctuallilvywe i thai pna rticsuolcairwa olr ldt,h iissr arely
thec asTeh.a its t,h edyo n otu sualslhyo wa nyi nterfeostrth eg enealoofgt yh e
cultuerlaelm entthsat th eayp proprainadtt eh eyi,n acnays eh,a vien tegrated
•
Introduction 3
these external ienltteohm eeinortw snd omestsicch emeosfe xistenTchee.
anthproologoyfg lobalizmaatiinotna aid nisff usiontihsatmte ndsb etb oa sed
ont hee xcluspievres pecotfit vheeo bservaenrdr einforac meuss eological
objectifiocfca utlitoun(r aesm eaninfgo trh eo bservreart htehra tnh es ubject
ofa particluilvaerld i fweo rldt)h,u nse gatitnhgao tn ce-mapjroirn ciopfl e
antrhopologriecsaela rtcouh n,d ersttahne"d n ativpeo'isno tfv iew."
Now form anyo ft hem emberosf tghleo balizsacthiooontl h ea ssertion
thatth el ocailss tirlela llyt hoeurcteo mesa sa s eriopurso ble"mT.h erhea s
beeant endentcoby a ttdeonw nt hhea tchienfs e rvdiedf enosfte hpea rticular,
thel ocaaln,dt hep arochaigaali ntshteo nslauogfh' tt hgel obla,t'h el attienr
anthrlopoogy-thaalvki,nb ge comaeg eneraliuznedde,r -motisviagtonef td h e
(1. 2003).
changiunngi verisnwe h icwhe l ivaen dw ork" and Comaroff
1.
Herei st hea ssumptinoenv,eo rn cea nalyztehda,t awreel iviinnga new
worlidnw hicthh gel obhaalss omehorwe platcheledo caIlna. l olfi tmsi splaced
concrete(jnuesswtsh ere thiegs l obatlh?e)r iesa c ertafiann taIsdye siorfte h e
new,
ofh avinagp rophertoilcie n a nnouncoiunrga rrivatlh inse wfangled
in
globaliwzoerdl dL.i kea priesthtohoods,we h oh aveb eent heraen ds een
thet rutohft heg lobcalla itmo r eprestehnatlt a ttteotr h er esotf u s.I nstead
ofa rgumewnet h avea s tatemoefna tu thorbiatsye odn a positiinoa n n ew
worlfdr omw hicthh et ructahn b eb roadctaost th pel ebeitahne"st ,e rrestrials"
(terriens)
ast heayr ree fertroeb dyF rencahr istoccroastmiocp olitans (Wagner
1998:204; 1996).
seea lsPoi n�oann dPin�on-Charlot
MO DERNITSI?E
Modernitiysa ni ncreasipnogpluyla anrdc onfsuedteorfmr efereonnceet ,h at
hasn otb eeann o bjeocfta nthropoalsos guyc uhn tqiuli tree centThley r. e.. ;.lspcl1
fotrh is iist seiwlnof r tdhi scussSioocni.o loogfcy o,u rshea,sh adl otts;[ 6sA�
.
ont hei ssuaen,d m anyo ft hem ajodre batesa ne ianr lipeerr iowde rve.eiy
muchf oucseodn t he isosftu heet ransiittisoenaln fdi tpso ssimbelaen iilgs.
Fromgemejtitnogs ecsheallschajt,
stattuocs o ntratcrta,d ittiomo ond ernity'­
of
evolutainodnd evelopmweenrte a lpla rotf a generuanld etrasndingt he
transformoafEt iuorno pesaonc ietainedos ft hew orlads a w holTe.h em odem
int hipse rspecwtaisve en vsiageads a serioefss tates-of-thien-dwiovrildd­:
ualismma,r kelti,b eratnydd, e mocragtoivce rnmenbtr;i eftlhyem, o deolf a
socieatc yi,v siolc iemtayd eu po ff reien dividwuhaolssae c tiviwteireoesr ga­
nizewdi thtihnef ramewoorfka s tate rbuyal nee dl ectgeodv ernmewnhto,s e
goalwse rei ndivisdeulafl- fulfainHdmw ehnotsa el teriimtpyl iaes de culeaxr­
istenwchee rree ligioasnidat lycl u ltuirdaeln twiatsyr elegattoea d p rivate
predilecbteiroenof ftp ubliincf lueTnhcies.n otiowna sn ott hep roduocft
4 Introduction
empiriicnavle stigbauttoi foa n q uitgee neraaclto fs elf-refleocnteit ohnat,
soughttod elimtihtes pecifiocfai nte ym ergecnotn ditiSoow ne.a res quarely
int her ealomf i dentityo fct aatlekg,o rtiheamsti ghitm mediately be desig­
nateads i deologoirce avle nm ythicMaold.e rniltiyk,oe n eo fi tmse tonyms,
theF rencRhe volutiisoa n m,y thiccaolm poneonftc ontemporEaurryo pae ,
chartoefar s ocioarld erra ther thaaindt o iutnsd erstanTdhiinsg .i s only
an
partiatlrluyoe f,c oursaen,di th asb ecomae majporro bleimnm ucho ft he
literaotnut rhees ubjeOcnt t.h eo thehra ndw e havtea keintu pono urselves
int heW estt oc laiamn alytdiicsatla ntcooe u rselvtoeb se,a blteo c omet o
as elf-undersvtiaarn adtiinogcn railt iaqnudee mpiricgarloluyn dreeds earch.
Thimsa ya lsboe a p articuslealrfl-yc ongratmuyltahbt,uo twr eys halalc cept
itvsa lufeo rth et imbee inags,n othiynegth asc omea lontgor eplaicte.
Ther ecepnlte thoofrw ar itionngt sh es ubjeocfmt o dernitcyl,e ardleyp icted
(2002)
inK nauft posesse rioquuse stiontsow haasti ti sw e ares upposteod
bet alkianbgo uHti.s c ritioqfuH ea rveyn'esg leocf"t e conomaincdp olitical
historoifne osn W-estepreno pliensc,l udtihnegei nrg agemewnittsah n dr esis­
2002),
tancaegsa inst capitalism" i(swK hnearuaefn tt hropoclaonbg eys aitdo
havceo nfronttheids prismoacriiollyo gdiicsaclu ssIitmo ing.h t cboeu ntered
ing oodr elatitveirsmttsh at modernaip tryo diuosc ftE uropecaanp itasloicsit­
etya,c ultusrpaelc ificai" ttyr,a dittihoaintsi" n applictaotb hlueen derstanding
ofn on-Westseornc ietTiheisis.m plifeusr thqeure stitohnasht a vnee vebre en
posed a cleafra shiAorne.t hed ifferWeenstt erpno litsiiemsi lwairt rhe ­
in
specttot he"icru lturIefss "o?i, s t hiasp roducta coofm mono rc onvergent
histoar cya,p itahliissttof royre xamplper,o ducisnigm ilsaorc iaanld c ultural
transformaItfiw ohnasti? sc allmeodd ernitiyst hep roduocftt hester ansfor­
mationtsh,ea nr ea lslo cifaolr matisounbsj etcott h es amek inodf t rajecto1ily?
Or,m ighwte assuamneo thmeorr es tructurpaolsiistitin ow nh icmho dernity
comeisn v ariettiheels a,t ttehrep roducotfps a rtirch uilsatorairctailc ulations
ofc apitadleivsetl opmiennd ti fferiinnigt cioanld itiTohnisws.o ulpdr oduce
FrencEhn,g liasnhd,A mericmaond ernitaiswe esl,al s I ndonesJiaapna,n ese,
andC hinese modernitiesb.i gqT uheesstei toahnraset areea snioaltsy s umed
in
away discussailntge rnamtoidveern itioeras l ternarteilvaet itooan ssi ngle
modernity. cTrhyoe uytf omro rep recisfiooarnn ,e lucidaotfip negr spectives
rathtehra yne tan othpelru ngien ttoh em urkyw ateorfst hidsi scourse.
We shallt hiefn o llowbirnige fliyn dicwahtaet a ppeatrob et hep roblems
thahta vyee tto b es olviends uch discussioansss u gagse wswhtea lotln em ight
bed oinignc onstrucatv iinagb dlies curasrieven a.
Int hei ntroducttoia o bno oko nm odernitKineasu,fn to tetdh atth ere is
info utn ited,
a virtugarla bba go ft ermlsi sted, undetrh et er"mm odernity."
Individuanlaitsimo,n -sitmapteer,i alainsdcm a,p italiwshme thmeirl lennial
orj ustth ep laivna rietayr ea lplo inotfsr eferefnocnre u meroduiss cussions.
,
Introduction 5
We shalrle turn tthoil sa undlriys sti ncieti sn oto nly reafl ectoifot nh e
indetermionfta hcteye rbmu hta sb eeang larisnygm ptomm oorfe" theoretical"
1990; 1994:214-27).3
sociooglicwaolr kass w el(lG iddens Friedman
Theu seosf t het erimn r eceanntt hropolotgeixcstasel e mt oa rrantghee m­
selves aasl eootnf gv aryicnogn tours.
1.
Modernitiysv eroyf teanm ereg lososnt hce ontemporFaorrey x.a mple,
thee xisteonfcw ei tchcrtaofdtai ysa ne xpressoifot hne m odernitoyf
witchcrTahfelt a.t tiesmr o derbne cauistie s p arotfa p roceosrsg anized
withtihne g lobcaalp itawloirsltodf t odanyo,to fy esterTdhaiyns.o tion
hasn op articcuolnatre nnots ,p ecifiIctii sta y m.e ret emporcaalt egory
ofp resuppodsiesdj unctanidoi nt, is cooftneflna taenddc onfused with
4
mores ubstanutnidveer stanodfit nhgets e rm.
2.
Modernity rceafnet ort hel eadisnegc toorrr egioofnt hew orludn,d er­
stooidnh ierarctheircmaasls, a c enter/persitprhuecrtoyur ar see mpire.
Iti ncludtehsec entoefrt he" systetmh,eW" e sta ndt heo thertsh,ep e­
ripherainedss u b-peripthhearatir edese fineadn dt hedne finteh emselves
inr elattioot nh em odernT.h em odernitdieessc riibnet dh ivse rsiaorne
primarriellya titooan pso stulamtoedde ms,o methitnhgae tx isitnsa n­
othepra rotft hew orltdh,es ubjeocfet i theemru latoiror ne jection. Here
theriesa c onflatoifog ne ographsipcaacalen dd evelopmetnitmael.
3.
Modernitiyss impltyh es eotf m odemp roducotrs ,tp hreo ducotfcs a ip­
talistmh,ep roducotfts h ec enteTrh.el attiespr r esemnett onymicianl ly,
hauctoeu ture
thef ormo ft echnolocgoimemso,d itainedsi ,m agefsr,o m
CNN,
to to( ourv)i sioonf"s m odeml ifeM.a"n yw ritoefm odernitiiens
other poaftr htesw orld arse laat tioor,ne presentoafto,ir do ins course
ont hesmee tonymies.
4.
Ouro wna pproaicsth ou nderstmaondde rniatsya c ultursapla caer,gce i�e
"
. --,'-'-.:
ofs ocieaxlp eriencneo. td eIfitn eiadssa s pecihfiics torpihceanlo mei'lt)U.
associwaitteEhdu rope,i tcbe urtt aipnolsys esass epse cisftircu ctounree ,
thahta se mergetdov aryidnegg reiensr eceEnutr opehains torya lso
but
inp reviotuism easn dp laces.
WHOSEM ODERN ITIES?
Alternatmiovdee rnitaireeis n variaabboluyat c ertarienp resentaantdpi roanc ­
ticoefa d ependenrceyl atais oonc,i caoln strucotfpi eornp herabluitht oyw,i s
moderniutnyd erstionto hdec entetrhse mselvTehsim?su stu ltimatreeltyu rn
ust ot hee arlsioecri ologdiicsaclu sswihoinc,wh a sm oref ocusoendt hec on­
tenotft het ertmh aonn i tcso nnotaftuinvcet wiiotnrh e spetcot thdoesfien eads
6 Inotdruction
periphteor eaixlti ss tTehnicdseo .en so mte atnh atths eo ciolloigtiecraalt ure
ofefrass oluttoio ounr prosbilniecptmea , r taokfme usc ohft hlei -sltinkaet ure
ofo thdeirs cusWsei moingshb.te gbiynd roppinnge ctehseas sasruym ption
thamto derniisatc yo ncaenpdmta intiatsii nm palsay w ortdh arte fetroas
clusotfpe hre nomtehnaat omrma ayyn obte s ystemarteilcaattlooel ndye
anothWee rs.h aslulg giens tt hitsh atbtho eodyko htaongge tahnetdrh aitt
is uinnc ovetrhinena gt uorfte h eciorn figutrhaawtteic oancn o ntribtoua tne
understoafnt dhiaenp gpa rreensto naofnt chete e rWme. c abn egwiint thh e
liistts (eFlrfi ed1m9a9n4 ):
individualism
pubcl/ipartidevi vision
democracy
natisotna-te
enlightpehnimlehonyst/o cprriattiicoanla lity
capitalism
globeaclom nyo/imperialism
modernism/developmentalism/evolutionism
Nowt,h etseer masrn eo otf t hsea mleo gitcyapl"e I.n dividaunadl ism"
"gloebcaoln omfyo,er"x amprleel,at otd ei fferoerndteo rfrs e albiutty ,t his
doenso etx clutdhpeeo sisliibtthyat th emyi ghbtes ystemirceallailtnye d
matertiearlmA sn.y imtiegmhb tec hosaesn s au bjfeocdrti scusosrfi oorn ,
appropraispa atroitfoa pn a rtir"c muoldaeirnd"e ntbiuttthy le,o gtihcal ti nks
thtee rimtssh eanb seTnhtae.l ternamtoidveer nciotniceiescsp o tm patwiibtlhe
thlea unldirosyftt e rbmesc atuhseeay r ien etgraatses di ginnsto ot hfeomrn s
ofl ife,s tortaihteeeBrsge .c aunsole o gniocs ,t rucftuireielssdd t ,i puliatt ed,
becomaeltsloe astyoc oflnatceo ntemporaannmdeo idteyr nity.
THEl OGICO F MO DERNTIY
,
Do ttheer imnst haeb olvieh satva en ythinwg ittoohn aedn oo thWeer h?a ve
argutehdai tnf, a ctth,ea yr aes pectaus n iotafpr ryo ctehsaistn fletchtesm •
alla p ianir cturwl aay( Fried1m9a9n4T )h.ea dvanocfce o mmerccaipailt al­
ismge neraad tiessdo lutoiflo anr gseord alities coevnetru Trshieievsse .r al
advancew aispt rseedlifco antt hefedo m ratioofn E au ropean-cweonrtledr ed
markfeortm t hfief teecnetnht uIretyn .a blneedwf oar omfd ifrfeentibayt ion
wealitnwh h icthh ien diviadcucaulm uloaftc iaopanil t/abswteraalwctaths
paramoTuhnirtse. c onficgluasrstesrd u citnsu urceahw ayt habto uar geoisie
emergaestd h meo spto wrefuglr oups oicni Weittyh. tghrea ddueamli osfe