Table Of ContentJingwen Mao
Frank P. Bierlein
Mineral Deposit Research:
Meeting the Global Challenge
th
The 8 Biennial SGA Meeting is held in Beijing, August 18–21, 2005
Sponsored by
China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
National Natural Science Foundation of China
China Society of Geology
Society for Resource Geology
Society of Economic Geologists
International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS
Institute of Geochemistry, CAS
State Key Lab for Mineral Deposit Research (Nanjing University)
Jingwen Mao
Frank P. Bierlein
(Eds.)
Mineral Deposit
Research:
Meeting the
Global Challenge
Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial SGA Meeting
Beijing, China, 18–21 August 2005
Volume 1
With 472 Figures (Volume 1)
Editors
Professor Dr. Jingwen Mao
Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
Institute of Mineral Resources
26 Baiwanzhuang Road
Beijing 100037
China
Dr. Frank P. Bierlein
University of Western Australia
School of Earth and Geographical Sciences
Tectonics Special Research Centre
35 Stirling Highway
Crawley WA 6009
Australia
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005929130
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Preface
In June 1965, a small group of European economic geologists gathered in Heidelberg,
Germany, at the invitation of Professor G. C. Amstutz and decided to establish the
Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA) and to start a journal to be
called Mineralium Deposita. The first issue of the journal came out in May 1966, and
has now matured to a leading journal in economic geology The first Biennial SGA
Meeting was held successfully in Nancy, France, in 1991, with subsequent meetings
in Grenada (Spain; 1993), Prague (Czech Republic; 1995), Turku (Finland; 1997), London
(United Kingdom; 1999), Krakov (Poland; 2001) and Athens (Greece; 2003). In 2002,
the SGA Council decided that its 8th Biennial Meeting in 2005 should be held in
Beijing, China, making this the first Biennial Meeting to be convened outside Eu-
rope. Significantly, 2005 also marks the 40th anniversary of the SGA. The decision to
host this year’s premier meeting in Beijing reflects the Society’s successful transition
from its traditional European focus to a truly global organization, with 24% of SGA
members situated in North America, 13% in Australia and Oceania, and 5% in Asia.
Over the last 27 years China has made dramatic progress towards political and
economic reform, and opening the nation to the outside world. China’s rapid eco-
nomic development demands increasing amounts of minerals, fuels and materials,
and this is currently a major driver for the global economic markets. Specifically,
new policies that encourage prospecting and exploration for mineral resources in
western China, are attracting both domestic and international mining corporations.
This 8th SGA Biennial Meeting in Beijing provides outstanding opportunities for rep-
resentatives from academia, government organizations and the industry from around
the world to come together and exchange ideas, foster collaboration, and establish
long-term linkages between China and the global geosciences community.
Three major tectonic metallogenic belts extend, converge and are superimposed
in China, namely the Paleozoic Ancient Asia (or Altaides), the Mesozoic to Recent
circum-Pacific belt, and the Mesozoic/Cenozoic Tethys. Because of this protracted
tectonic evolution, the geological phenomena are complex and diverse. Some Pre-
cambrian mineral deposits occur in China, but the most significant deposits in the
country, with the highest concentration of metallic elements occur within the Meso-
zoic extensional regime of East China, within the Cenozoic post-collision regime in
Tibet and adjourning areas, and within the Paleozoic subduction – collision – post-
collision regime in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia.
The long mining history in China is reflected by the cover of this volume which
shows a picture of mining potash salt in ca. 1,200 year old incorporated in a book of
“Tian-Gong-Kai-Wu” published in Ming Dynasty (368 years old), and the old Chi-
nese character of “ore”, and the old Chinese character of “ore”. Mining has histori-
cally played a significant role in the development of both China and many of its
neighboring countries. With this in mind, we have arranged 14 sessions focusing on
a diversity of relevant topics that include 1) tectonics, lithospheric, and mantle con-
trols on global metallogenic provinces and giant ore deposits; 2) basin evolution:
base and precious metal mineralization in sediments; 3) uranium deposits: metallogeny
and exploration; 4) magmas and base-metal ore deposits; 5) epigenetic gold systems;
VI Preface
6) submarine ore systems and ancient analogues: global comparisons of VMS (spon-
sored by IGCP-502); 7) understanding ore systems through precise geochemistry,
isotope tracing and microgeochemistry; 8) general economic geology; 9) Mesozoic
to recent geodynamic and metallogeny of eastern Asia; 10) metallogeny of the Tethys-
Himalayan orogen; 11) geodynamics and metallogeny of the Altaid orogen (spon-
sored by both IAGOD and IGCP-473); 12) metallogeny of the Au-Ag-Se-Te mineral-
ized systems (sponsored by both IAGOD and IGCP-486); 13) conceptual targeting of
mineral deposits; and 14) exploration, discovery, and mine developments in China
(sponsored by SEG). Four short courses and workshops will be held prior to the
meeting, i.e. 1) “geochemical mapping – regional national and global”; 2) “metallogeny:
current theory and exploration models”; 3) “gold deposits: new development and
exploration” (sponsored by SEG), and 4) “metallogeny of intrusion-related gold de-
posits in China and adjacent countries”. Another short course on magmatic sulfide
deposits (“geology, geochemistry and exploration” will be offered following the meet-
ing. Moreover, a total of 15 pre- and post-meeting field excursions have been orga-
nized. These field trips will provide the participants with unique opportunities to
visit metallogenic provinces and important deposits in China, Mongolia, Japan, New
Zealand, and Iran.
The response to our invitation to meet in Beijing has been exceptional, with over
450 extended abstracts submitted by authors from 39 countries. Following review
and editing of all submissions by ourselves and a panel of dedicated reviewers (cf.
complete list of reviewers), 400 revised submissions were accepted and are included
in this volume. These papers present a diverse and comprehensive snapshot of glo-
st
bal mineral resources research and exploration at the beginning of the 21 century.
On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we wish to express our sincere gratitude
for the joint sponsorship of the following organizations: China University of Geo-
sciences (Beijing); Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological
Sciences; National Natural Science Foundation of China; China Society of Geology;
Society of Economic Geologists (SEG); International Association on the Genesis of
Ore Deposits (IAGOD); Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of
Sciences; Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; and State Key Lab
for Mineral Deposit Research, Nanjing University. More than sixty students from
around the world and ten professionals from developing countries have received
financial grants to assist their participation in the meeting. This was made possible
by generous financial donations from 17 mining and exploration companies (Anglo
American; Anglogold Ashanti China; BHP Billiton Word Exploration; De Beers; Gold-
fields Australia; Ivanhoe Mines; Newmont Mining; Oxiana Resources; Placer Dome
Exploration; Rio Tinto London; Sino-Oz; Sino Gold; Silvercorp Metals Inc; SRK Con-
sulting; Teck Cominco; Garrison International) and the Specialist Group in Economic
Geology of the Geological Society of Australia.
We are extremely grateful to all co-convenors involved in organizing the scientific
sessions and for their editing of numerous papers with patience, tolerance and dedi-
cation. We also wish to thank the Organizing Committee for their enthusiasm and
hard work that made this meeting possible and ensured its international recogni-
th
tion. We are confident this conference will be a milestone in the 40 anniversary year
th
of our SGA and extend a warm welcome to all participants of the 8 Biennial SGA
Meeting.
Beijing, August 2005
Jingwen Mao, Frank Bierlein
Contents
Session 1
Tectonics, lithospheric, and deep mantle controls on
global metallogenic provinces and giant ore deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1-1 Global tectonic settings and deep mantle control on Hg and Au-Hg deposits . . . . . . 3
A.S. Borisenko · A.A. Obolenskiy · E.A. Naumov
Chapter 1-2 Upper mantle composition: Tools for smarter diamond exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
William L. Griffin · Suzanne Y. O’Reilly
Chapter 1-3 Tectonic and lithospheric controls on the heterogeneous
temporal distribution of mineral deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
D.I. Groves · R.M. Vielreicher · R.J. Goldfarb · J.M.A. Hronsky · K.C. Condie
Chapter 1-4 Tectonic controls on the endowment of Archean cratons in VHMS deposits:
Evidence from Pb and Nd isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
David L. Huston · David C. Champion · Kevin F. Cassidy
Chapter 1-5 Neoproterozoic and Early Palaeozoic metallogenies in the Dinarides,
South Tisia, Pelagonides and Serbo-Macedonian Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Ivan Jurkovic
Chapter 1-6 Mantle control for a giant Neoproterozoic epithermal silver deposit:
Imiter (Morocco) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Gilles Levresse · Alain Cheilletz · Dominique Gasquet · Moulay Rachid Azizi-Samir
Chapter 1-7 Formation of giant Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in dynamic magma conduits . . . . . . . . . . . 27
C. Li · E.M. Ripley
Chapter 1-8 Synchronous vertical and horizontal tectonism during the late stage
of Archean cratonization: An important process in gold mineralization? . . . . . . . . . . 29
Shoufa Lin · Andrew Parmenter · Jen Parks
Chapter 1-9 Characteristics of isotope geochemistry of deep mantle constraints
on metallization in alkali-enriched porphyry systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Liu Xianfan · Lu Qiuxia · Long Xunrong · Tao Zhuan · Song Xiangfeng
Chapter 1-10 The formation of a mantle-branch structure in western Shandong
and its constraints on gold mineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Shuyin Niu · Aiqun Sun · Huabin Hu · Baode Wang · Chuanshi Xu · Jingwen Mao
Chapter 1-11 The evolution of lithospheric domains:
A new framework to enhance mineral exploration targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Suzanne Y. O’Reilly · Jon Hronsky · William L. Griffin · Graham Begg
Chapter 1-12 Geodynamic considerations of Uralian metallogeny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Victor N. Puchkov
Chapter 1-13 Magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization at a convergent plate boundary:
Preliminary mineralogic and isotopic studies of the Duke Island Complex, Alaska . . . 49
E.M. Ripley · C. Li · J. Thakurta
Chapter 1-14 The tectonics and metallogeny of the Precambrian
of the Aldan-Stanovoy Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
A.P. Smelov · V.F. Timofeev
VIII Contents
Chapter 1-15 New classification of magmatic sulphide deposits in China
and metallogenesis related to small intrusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Tang Zhongli · Yan Haiqing · Jiao Jiangang · Li Xiaohu
Chapter 1-16 Geodynamic controls on giant metallogenic provinces:
Insights from gold provinces in southeast Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
I.M.A. Vos · F.P. Bierlein · P.S. Heithersay · G.S. Lister
Chapter 1-17 Mineral systems, hydridic fluids, the Earth’s core, mass extinction events
and related phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
John L. Walshe · Bruce Hobbs · Alison Ord · Klaus Regenauer-Lieb · Andy Barnicoat
Chapter 1-18 Lead isotopic composition of rutiles from the Chinese continental
scientific drill (CCSD) hole and its genetic significance for the superlarge
rutile deposit in Maobei, Jiangsu Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Wang Denghong · Li Huaqin · Chen Yuchuan · Xu Jue · Yu Jinjie · Chen Zhenyu
Wang Ping’an
Chapter 1-19 Modes of occurrence of H in mantle-derived rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2
M.J. Zhang · P.Q. Hu · P. Zheng · X.B. Wang · L.W. Li
Chapter 1-20 Controls of magmatism and hydrothermal activities on mineralization
in the Emeishan flood basalt Province, SW China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Zhu Bing-Quan · Zhang Zheng-wei · Hu Yao-Guo
Session 2
Basin evolution: base and precious metal mineralization in sediments . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 2-1 Iron transport in redbeds during the genesis of sediment-hosted
stratiform copper deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
A.C. Brown
Chapter 2-2 Application of scanned digital imagery to ore texture interpretation
at the Century zinc deposit, NW Queensland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Lucy H. Chapman · Patrick J. Williams · Rod S. Hill · Kevin L. Blake
Chapter 2-3 Diagenetic origin of the Luzhou copper deposit, Yunnan Province, China . . . . . . . . . . 91
Wengen Chen · Bin Xia
Chapter 2-4 An overpressured fluid system associated with the giant sandstone-hosted
Jinding Zn-Pb deposit, western Yunnan, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Guoxiang Chi · Hairuo Qing · Chunji Xue · Rong Zeng
Chapter 2-5 Stratiform Sb and Au mineralizations in the Hercynian Dúrico-Beirã area
(North Portugal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Helena Couto · Frederico Sodré Borges
Chapter 2-6 Origins of Au-Pt-Pd-bearing Ni-Mo-As-(Zn) deposits hosted
by Chinese black shales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Raymond Coveney · Jan Pasava
Chapter 2-7 A scale-integrated structural analysis of the Mount Isa Zn-Pb-Ag deposit
and implications for genesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Toby P. Davis
Chapter 2-8 Fluid system and ore-forming dynamics of the Yuebei Basin, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Jun Deng · Liqing Yang · Xueming Chen · Qingfei Wang · Yan Liu
Chapter 2-9 Synthesis and structure of single-crystal marcasite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Milan Drábek · Milan Rieder
Chapter 2-10 Lower cambrian metallogenesis of south China: Interplay between
diverse basinal hydrothermal fluids and marine chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Poul Emsbo · Albert H. Hofstra · Craig A. Johnson · Alan Koenig
Richard Grauch · Xing-chun Zhang · Rui-zhong Hu · Wen-chao Su · Dao-hui Pi
Chapter 2-11 Early-diagenetic sulphides in sediment-hosted deposits:
A textural and geochemical study from an unmetamorphosed
QPC gold placer, Belle-Brook, New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
D.M. Falconer · D. Craw · K. Faure · L. Lawrance
Contents IX
Chapter 2-12 Geochemistry and provenance of clastic metasedimentary host rocks
of the Rosh Pinah Zn-Pb-Ag(-Cu-Au) deposit, Southern Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Christoph D.K. Gauert
Chapter 2-13 Wernecke breccia, Canada:
A large-scale Proterozoic IOCG system related to basin evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Julie A. Hunt · Timothy Baker · David Gillen · Derek J. Thorkelson
Chapter 2-14 Use of petrophysical characterisation techniques in receptivity definition
for carbonate-hosted MVT deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Kip Jeffrey
Chapter 2-15 Geological and economic conditions of the Gar iron ore deposit development
(Amur region, Russia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
V.V. Kichanova · V.D. Kichanov
Chapter 2-16 Palaeofluid flow in siliciclastic Lower Carboniferous rocks: Evidence from
stable isotopes and fluid inclusions, Rhenohercynian Zone, Czech Republic . . . . . 137
Jan Kucera · Klára Kucerová-Charvátová · Phillipe Muchez · Walter Prochaska
Chapter 2-17 Origin and significance of calcite-marcasite-pyrite mineralisation in siliciclastic Lower
Carboniferous rocks, eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic . . . . . 141
Klára Kucerová-Charvátová · Jan Kucera · Zdenek Dolnícek
Chapter 2-18 The distribution of SEDEX Pb-Zn deposits through Earth history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
D. Leach · E. Marsh · D. Bradley · S. Gardoll · D. Huston
Chapter 2-19 Epigenetic hydrothermal features of the Emeishan basalt copper
mineralization in NE Yunnan, SW China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Houmin Li · Jingwen Mao · Yuchuan Chen · Denghong Wang
Changqing Zhang · Hong Xu
Chapter 2-20 Geologic characteristics and ore-controls of the Fenghuoshan
copper ore deposit, Qinghai province, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Li Wenming · Song Zhongbao · Liou Zhiyong · Li Changan · Li Zhucang · Li Hongpu
Chapter 2-21 Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Changba
and Dengjiashan Pb-Zn deposits in the Qinling orogenic belt, China . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Guoliang Ma · Georges Beaudoin
Chapter 2-22 Pyrite trace element halos to northern Australian sediment-hosted
Zn-Pb-Ag deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Rodney C. Maier · Peter J. McGoldrick
Chapter 2-23 Darhand copper occurrence:
An example of Michigan-type native copper deposits in central Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Nima Nezafati · Morteza Momenzadeh · Ernst Pernicka
Chapter 2-24 Rare metal sequestration and mobility in mineralized black shales
from the Zunyi region, South China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
B. Orberger · C. Wagner · A. Vymazalová · J. Pašava · B. Kˇríbek · J.-P. Gallien
Chapter 2-25 Origin of the Nchanga copper-cobalt deposits of the Zambian Copperbelt . . . . . . 171
Stephen Roberts · Ross McGowan · Adrian Boyce
Chapter 2-26 Alpine type Pb-Zn-deposits (APT) hosted by Triassic carbonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Erich Schroll
Chapter 2-27 Generation of hydrocarbons:
Mechanism of reaction, geologic and experimental evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
N.G. Stenina · A.K. Gutakovskii · L.M. Plyasova
Chapter 2-28 N -Ar-He tracing systematics of ore-forming fluids: A case study from the
2
Songxi large-scale Ag(Sb) deposit, eastern Guangdong Province, China . . . . . . . . . 183
Sun Xiaoming · Xu Li · Xue Ting · Chen Binghui · Sun Kai · David I. Norman
Chapter 2-29 Geochemistry and gold content of the Triassic cabonaceous cherts
of the Sikhote-Alin, Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Yu.G. Volokhin · A.I. Khanchuk · V.V. Ivanov · V.T. Kazachenko · V.V. Sattarova
Chapter 2-30 Genesis of PGE-polymetallic deposits in lower Cambrian black rock series,
southern China: Evidence from fluid inclusion and inert gas isotopic studies . . . . 191
Wang Min · Sun Xiaoming · Ma Mingyang
