Table Of ContentIn the US as well as in Europe, migration and migration policy is one of the top M
ih
issues. This timely volume gathers distinguished authors from academic institu- á
tions throughout Europe addressing the growing importance of migration policy lik, B
making and the refugee crisis that European Union member states and other a
r
countries are currently facing. By focusing on the most important effects that do
v
the migration from Third World countries has brought to the European Union, ič
they provide a critical overview of the politicization, securitization, and social (e
d
discourse of migration. The authors analyze the impacts on public administra- s
.)
tsitoant easn,d t hgeo vriesren oafn cpeo paunldis amls,o a dndis cthues sa ltiheen artisioen o of ft hceit irzaednisc afrl ormigh fto irnm EaUl mpoelmiticbse r M
ig
which is also caused by the growing interest in security and public safety. The r
a
pan-European character of the publication’s scope is vested in its narration; the tio
contributors cover the situation in Western Europe, the critical positions of the n: T
Visegrad countries as well as foreign policy making in Slovenia and the West- h
e
ern Balkans. Moreover, the authors address case studies from states such as C
h
Armenia and Moldova, including their labor migrants in the Western world. a
The collection is completed by contrasting and discussing the immigration lle
n
g
policies of countries that are well-known for their open and liberal immigration e
o
activities such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. f
E
u
r
o
The editors: pe
a
Jaroslav Mihálik holds a PhD in Political Theory and habilitated in Public Policy n
S
and Public Administration. His research interests cover political analyses of t
a
youth studies, extremism, media analyses on social networks, and comparative tes MIGRATION
politics. He published two books dedicated to political legacy of the past and
civic youth engagement in Slovakia. For over 10 years he has been a researcher
and team leader in various international and domestic project schemes such as
the 7th Framework Programme and Horizon 2020 of the European Commis-
THE CHALLENGE
sion, Erasmus+ Jean Monnet Chair in Migration, International Visegrad Fund, and
Slovak scientific grant scheme VEGA.
Jakub Bardovič holds a PhD in Political Sciences. Currently, he works as an As-
OF EUROPEAN STATES
sistant Professor in the Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Social Sci-
ences, University of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Trnava. His main teaching and
research interests cover methodology of political sciences, issues of pluralist
democracy, political and civic participation at various levels of governance, and
electoral systems and their specifics and settings.
Jaroslav MIHÁLIK
Jakub BARDOVIČ
ISBN: 978-3-8382-1344-6 (eds.)
ibidem ibidem
Jaroslav Mihálik, Jakub Bardovič (eds.)
MIGRATION—THE CHALLENGE
OF EUROPEAN STATES
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche
Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at
http://dnb.d-nb.de.
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie;
detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
We gratefully acknowledge receipt of the grant Jean Monnet
Chair in Migration “Migration: The Challenge of European
States” under the Jean Monnet Chair scheme awarded in
2016 to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril
and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia.
ISBN-13: 978-3-8382-(cid:24)344-(cid:17)
© ibidem-Verlag / ibidem-Press, Stuttgart 2019
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronical, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the
publisher. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may
be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung
außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Dies
gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und elektronische Speicherformen sowie
die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen.
FOREWORD ...................................................................................... 5
PART I: MIGRATION: THE EUROPEAN DISCOURSES
1 Politicization, Securitization, and Migration ............................ 7
2 Critical Views on the Current Migration Policy of the
European Union........................................................................ 29
3 Immigration and Free Movement: Migration Discourses in
the UK and the Visegrad Four ................................................. 47
PART II: MIGRATION: SOUTHERN EUROPE
1 Foreign Policy Analysis and Migration: Case Study of
Slovenia and Western Balkans ................................................. 61
2 Armenian Return Migration from EU States .......................... 81
3 Moldovan Labour Migrants in EU Countries: Status and
Prospects (Based on Sociological Research in Germany,
Italy, Portugal, UK)................................................................... 97
PART III: MIGRATION: CZECHIA AND SLOVAKIA
1 The Theory and Practice of Migration with a Focus on
Czechoslovakia in the 20th Century ....................................... 117
2 The Czech Extreme Right of the 21st Century at the Time
of the Migration Crisis............................................................ 133
3 Migration as an Issue in the 2017 General Elections in
the Czech Republic ................................................................. 149
4 Impacts of Migration on Public Administration................... 171
PART IV: MIGRATION: BEYOND EUROPE
1 Immigration Policy in Australia, Canada, New Zealand
and the United States ............................................................. 187
REFERENCES ................................................................................ 203
ABOUT THE AUTHORS ............................................................. 231
8 J. ANDROVICOV A, M. BOLECEKOV A
the perception of migration as threat to culture. Both areas are
interlinked by the fact that the Muslim community is perceived as the
most threatening community, at least in Europe.
The main aim of the following chapter is to contribute to the
discussion on the "character" of migration. We will argue that simplistic
labelling of migration as a security threat is not correct. To introduce
broader context and prevailing attitudes towards migration processes, we
will firstly explain the meaning of the terms "politicization" and
"securitization" of migration. Following that, to substantiate our
statement with arguments, we attempt to present a more objective and
systematised view of the benefits and risks directly or indirectly linked to
migration processes. The last part of the chapter offers one of the possible
solutions how to address the problem of the politicization and
securitization of migration.
1.1 Politicization of migration
The growing importance of migration as a political issue, and the clash of
different opinions and ideologies concerning immigration, is referred to
as the politicization of migration (see e.g. Castles, 2000; Bade, 2005).
Historically, we can connect it to post-war migration in Western Europe.
After World War II the most rapidly developing European countries (at
that time it was mainly Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany,
Switzerland) recruited foreign workers from less developed European
countries (at that time Spain, Italy, Greece), as well as from non
European countries (mainly culturally related countries, e.g. former
colonies). These foreign workers helped to create and maintain the
economic boom of the 50s and 60s. However, problems arose in the 70s.
The oil crisis and economic recession meant that part of the foreign work
force started to be made redundant. Furthermore, the original
assumption that foreign workers would only stay temporarily proved
incorrect. It was just not so easy to send people back home and to close
the borders. Immigrants had slowly formed communities and lives in
new countries and social networks which connected their new countries
POLITICIZA TION, SECURITIZATION, MIGRATION 9
with their homelands. When the governments of Western Europe's
immigration countries decided to close the borders and to stop active
recruitment of foreign workers, immigrants tried to find new ways to
come. They started to use family reunification rules, or they applied for
asylum. It is exactly this period when the term "bogus refugee" started
being used. This behaviour on the part of immigrants was perceived as
"abusing" the legislation as international asylum law was designed
primarily for politically persecuted persons, and this was one of the
reasons why part of the domestic public and politicians started to focus
their attention on the immigration problem. The second reason for
growing negative attitudes towards immigrants was connected with the
fact that the original assumption that workers would only stay
temporarily meant that social investment into their integration had been
neglected. The urban areas where immigrants were settled started to
change, and enclaves of decline appeared. The clear outcome was that
immigrants were still there but placed at the margins of society with poor
chances for development, even for their children.
Immigration started to be problematized and politicized. Many
right-wing and extremist parties and politicians adopted nationalist
rhetoric and built their agenda on criticising and rejecting immigration.
Despite this, the situation of immigrants did not change in the sense that
they left or ceased coming. Later, when the economic and political
situation in Western Europe stabilized, ethnic minorities gradually
formed and stabilized their communities and also improved their social
and economic situation and their civil and political rights. They also had
their advocates-anti-racist movements were emerging, and new ideas of
pluralism and multiculturalism advocated equality regardless of ethnic,
cultural, religious origins- and their supporters saw diversity as a value
with the potential for social growth and development.
The politicization of migration can thus be observed at different
levels and in different social areas. In public discussion, the most
apparent is immigration as a topic of political parties' campaigns. With
the risk of simplifying we can say that conservative right-wing parties
have been the most cautious and restrictive towards immigration. Liberal
