Microstrip Antennas: Future Trends and New Applications - downloads

163 Pages·2013·41.8 MB·English

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
Microstrip Antennas: Future
Trends and New Applications
Guest Editors: Hala A. Elsadek, Esmat A. Abdallah,
Dalia M. Elsheakh,and Heba Badr El-Din El-Shaarawy
Microstrip Antennas: Future Trends
and New Applications
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
Microstrip Antennas: Future Trends
and New Applications
Guest Editors: Hala A. Elsadek, Esmat A. Abdallah,
Dalia M. Elsheakh, and Heba Badr El-Din El-Shaarawy
Copyright©2013HindawiPublishingCorporation.Allrightsreserved.
Thisisaspecialissuepublishedin“InternationalJournalofAntennasandPropagation.”Allarticlesareopenaccessarticlesdistributed
undertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,pro-
videdtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Editorial Board
M.Ali,USA Se-YunKim,RepublicofKorea SadasivaM.Rao,USA
CharlesBunting,USA AhmedA.Kishk,Canada SembiamR.Rengarajan,USA
FelipeCa´tedra,Spain TribikramKundu,USA AhmadSafaai-Jazi,USA
Dau-ChyrhChang,Taiwan ByungjeLee,RepublicofKorea SafieddinSafavi-Naeini,Canada
DebChatterjee,USA Ju-HongLee,Taiwan MagdalenaSalazar-Palma,Spain
Z.N.Chen,Singapore L.Li,Singapore StefanoSelleri,Italy
MichaelYanWahChia,Singapore YilongLu,Singapore KrishnasamyT.Selvan,India
ChristosChristodoulou,USA AtsushiMase,Japan ZhongxiangQ.Shen,Singapore
Shyh-JongChung,Taiwan AndreaMassa,Italy JohnJ.Shynk,USA
LorenzoCrocco,Italy GiuseppeMazzarella,Italy MandeepS.JitSingh,Malaysia
TayebA.Denidni,Canada DerekMcNamara,Canada Seong-YoupSuh,USA
AntonijeR.Djordjevic,Serbia C.F.Mecklenbra¨uker,Austria ParveenWahid,USA
KaruP.Esselle,Australia MicheleMidrio,Italy YuanxunEthanWang,USA
FranciscoFalcone,Spain MarkMirotznik,USA DanielS.Weile,USA
MiguelFerrando,Spain AnandaS.Mohan,Australia QuanXue,HongKong
VincenzoGaldi,Italy P.Mohanan,India TatSoonYeo,Singapore
WeiHong,China PavelNikitin,USA YoungJoongYoon,Korea
HonTatHui,Singapore A.D.Panagopoulos,Greece WenhuaYu,USA
TamerS.Ibrahim,USA MatteoPastorino,Italy JongWonYu,RepublicofKorea
NemaiKarmakar,Australia MassimilianoPieraccini,Italy AnpingZhao,China
Contents
MicrostripAntennas:FutureTrendsandNewApplications,HalaA.Elsadek,EsmatA.Abdallah,
DaliaM.Elsheakh,andHebaBadrEl-DinEl-Shaarawy
Volume2013,ArticleID890764,1page
ComparativeStudyofAntennaDesignsforRFEnergyHarvesting,SikaShrestha,Sun-KukNoh,
andDong-YouChoi
Volume2013,ArticleID385260,10pages
ReconfiguredandNotchedTaperedSlotUWBAntennaforCognitiveRadioApplications,
TamerAboufoul,AkramAlomainy,andCliveParini
Volume2012,ArticleID160219,8pages
AnEfficientAnalysisMethodforCylindricalConformalMicrostripAntennaFedbyMicrostripline,
ChengyouYinandMengzhongHu
Volume2012,ArticleID629748,8pages
AdaptiveFormingoftheBeamPatternofMicrostripAntennawiththeUseofanArtificialNeural
Network,JanuszDudczykandAdamKawalec
Volume2012,ArticleID935073,13pages
RapidBeamForminginSmartAntennasUsingSmart-FractalConceptsEmployingCombinational
ApproachAlgorithms,MounissamyLevy,SumantaBose,D.SriramKumar,andAnhVanDinh
Volume2012,ArticleID467492,10pages
DesignofRFIDReaderAntennaforExclusivelyReadingSingleOneinTagAssemblingProduction,
Chi-FangHuangandYi-FengHuang
Volume2012,ArticleID162684,5pages
CompactMIMOMicrostripAntennasforUSBDongleOperatingin2.52.7GHzFrequencyBand,
VladimirSsorin,AlexeyArtemenko,AlexanderMaltsev,AlexeySevastyanov,andRomanMaslennikov
Volume2012,ArticleID793098,12pages
HarmonicSuppressedSlotAntennasUsingRectangular/CircularDefectedGroundStructures,
MohammadSaeidGhaffarian,GholamrezaMoradi,andRezaZaker
Volume2012,ArticleID721565,7pages
HybridDielectricResonatorAntennaComposedofHigh-PermittivityDielectricResonatorforWireless
CommunicationsinWLANandWiMAX,Yih-ChienChen
Volume2012,ArticleID531436,6pages
DesignandAnalysisofaNovelCompactWidebandAntennawithTwoExcitedModes,LiLi,Zhi-LiZhou,
andJing-SongHong
Volume2012,ArticleID351038,5pages
ANovelLowRCSDesignMethodforX-BandVivaldiAntenna,XiaoXiangHe,TengChen,andXinWang
Volume2012,ArticleID218681,6pages
NovelCompactCPW-FedAntennaswithHarmonicSuppressionandBandwidthEnhancement,
Zhi-LiZhou,LiLi,andJing-SongHong
Volume2012,ArticleID589467,8pages
StudyonGlass-Epoxy-BasedLow-CostandCompactTip-TruncatedTriangularPrintedAntenna,
RajeevKumarKanth,PasiLiljeberg,HannuTenhunen,QiangChen,LirongZheng,andHarishKumar
Volume2012,ArticleID184537,8pages
DesignofMultilevelSequentialRotationFeedingNetworksUsedforCircularlyPolarizedMicrostrip
AntennaArrays,AixinChen,ChuoYang,ZhizhangChen,YanjunZhang,andYingyiHe
Volume2012,ArticleID304816,10pages
ASmallUWBAntennawithDualBand-NotchedCharacteristics,J.Xu,D.-Y.Shen,G.-T.Wang,
X.-H.Zhang,X.-P.Zhang,andK.Wu
Volume2012,ArticleID656858,7pages
CompactMultibandPlanarFractalCantorAntennaforWirelessApplications:AnApproach,
GopalakrishnanSrivatsunandSundaresanSubhaRani
Volume2012,ArticleID839520,6pages
DesignofTwoNovelDualBand-NotchedUWBAntennas,BingLiandJing-songHong
Volume2012,ArticleID303264,7pages
AReconfigurableCoplanarWaveguideBowtieAntennaUsinganIntegratedFerroelectricThin-Film
Varactor,K.C.Pan,D.Brown,G.Subramanyam,R.Penno,H.Jiang,C.H.Zhang,M.Patterson,D.Kuhl,
K.Leedy,andC.Cerny
Volume2012,ArticleID249019,6pages
FlexibleMicrostripAntennaforSkinContactApplication,SudhirShrestha,MangilalAgarwal,
ParvinGhane,andKodyVarahramyan
Volume2012,ArticleID745426,5pages
HighGainandHighDirectiveofAntennaArraysUtilizingDielectricLayeronBismuthTitanate
Ceramics,F.H.Wee,F.Malek,FaridGhani,S.Sreekantan,andA.U.Al-Amani
Volume2012,ArticleID375751,8pages
HindawiPublishingCorporation
InternationalJournalofAntennasandPropagation
Volume2013,ArticleID890764,1page
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/890764
Editorial
Microstrip Antennas: Future Trends and New Applications
HalaA.Elsadek,1EsmatA.Abdallah,1DaliaM.Elsheakh,1
andHebaBadrEl-DinEl-Shaarawy2
1MicrostripDepartment,ElectronicsResearchInstitute,NationalResearchCenterBuildings,ElthrirStreet,Dokki,Giza12622,Egypt
2MicroandNanoSystemsforWirelessCommunications(MINC),Laboratoired’Analyseetd’ArchitecturesdesSystems,
CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique(LAAS-CNRS),75794Paris,France
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoHalaA.Elsadek;[email protected]
Received14February2013;Accepted14February2013
Copyright©2013HalaA.Elsadeketal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,
whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Theexplosivegrowthinthedemandforwirelesscommuni- consider a wide variety of structures to meet the often
cationandinformationtransferusinghandsetsandpersonal conflictingneedsfordifferentapplications.
communications (PCS) devices has created the need for This special issue contains different topics about
major advancements of antenna designs as a fundamental microstripantennas.Newdesignsareinvestigatedforseveral
partofanywirelesssystem.Onetypeofantennasthatfulfills wireless communication applications. Papers are classified
mostofthewirelesssystemsrequirementsisthemicrostrip from survey about most literature publications in several
antennas.Theseantennasarewidelyusedonbasestationsas topics as RF energy harvesting to new designs in UWB
wellashandhelddevices.Microstripantennashaveavariety antennas, reconfigurable antennas, smart MIMO systems,
of configurations and are currently the most active field in andsoforth.
antenna research and development. The microstrip anten- Wehopethereadersandresearchesofmicrostripantenna
nas, due to their great advantages, have increasingly wide systems will find in this special issue not only new designs
rangeofapplicationsinwirelesscommunicationsystemsas about different microstrip antenna characteristics but also
handheld mobile devices, satellite communication systems, valuable information about numerical analysis and fabrica-
and biomedical applications. In most PCS, the handheld tions.
antenna is placed on a small plastic/shielding box that is
HalaA.Elsadek
in close proximity to biological tissue of user body hence
EsmatA.Abdallah
its radiation may cause health hazardous effects. Added to
DaliaM.Elsheakh
theoperationalrequirements,theusersandserviceproviders
HebaBadrEl-DinEl-Shaarawy
usually demand wireless units with antennas that are small
andcompact,costeffectiveformanufacturability,lowprofile,
and easy to integrate with other wireless communication
system components. The antenna designer must consider
all these issues besides the electrical characteristics of the
antenna performance which include antenna tuning (oper-
atingfrequency),VSWRandreturnloss(inputimpedance),
bandwidth,gainanddirectivity,radiationpattern,diversity,
and size of the chassis (expressed as a function of wave-
lengths) and specific absorption rate (SAR) of the antenna.
These design considerations have led antenna designers to
HindawiPublishingCorporation
InternationalJournalofAntennasandPropagation
Volume2013,ArticleID385260,10pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/385260
Review Article
Comparative Study of Antenna Designs for
RF Energy Harvesting
SikaShrestha,1Sun-KukNoh,2 andDong-YouChoi1
1DepartmentofInformationandCommunicationEngineering,ChosunUniversity,309Pilmun-daeroDong-gu,
Gwangju501-759,RepublicofKorea
2DepartmentofPhotoelectronicsInformation,ChosunCollegeofScienceandTechnology,RepublicofKorea
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoDong-YouChoi;[email protected]
Received2February2012;Accepted17January2013
AcademicEditor:HalaA.Elsadek
Copyright©2013SikaShresthaetal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,
whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Inthelastfewyears,severalantennadesignsofrectennathatmeetvariousobjectiveshavebeenproposedforuseinRFenergy
harvesting.Amongvariousantennas,microstrippatchantennasarewidelyusedbecauseoftheirlowprofile,lightweight,andplanar
structure.Conventionalpatchantennasarerectangularorcircularinshape,butvariationsintheirbasicdesignaremadefordifferent
purposes.Thispaperbeginswithanexplanationanddiscussionofdifferentdesigns,putforwardwithanaimofminiaturization,
harmonic rejection, and reconfigurability. Finally, microstrip patch structured rectennas are evaluated and compared with an
emphasisonthevariousmethodsadoptedtoobtainacompactrectenna,harmonicrejectionfunctionality,andfrequencyand
polarizationselectivity.
1.Introduction users to provide power-on-demand for a variety of close-
rangesensingapplications.ThenumberofWi-Firoutersand
As the demand for power increases, the need for alternate wirelessend-pointdevicessuchaslaptopsisalsosignificant
energy sources has become essential. Energy from external [1].
sources such as solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, Atshortrange(e.g.,withinthesameroom),atinyamount
andRFenergyhasbeenharvestedforvariouspurposesinthe of energy (microwatts) can be harvested from a typical
lastfewrecentdecades.Energyharvestingusesinexhaustible Wi-Fi router transmitting at a power level of 50–100mW.
sources with little or no adverse environmental effect and For longer-range operation, antennas with higher gain are
can provide unlimited energy for the lifespan of electronic needed for practical harvesting of RF energy from mobile
devices. The work presented here focuses on RF energy basestationsandbroadcastradiotowers.In2005,Powercast
harvesting,inwhichtheabundantRFenergyfromsurround- demonstrated ambient RF energy harvesting at 1.5 miles
ing sources, such as nearby mobile phones, wireless LANs (∼2.4km)fromasmall,5-kWAMradiostation.Subsequent
(WLANs), FM/AM radio signals, and broadcast television demonstrations have included the harvesting of RF energy
signals,iscapturedbyareceivingantennaandrectifiedinto fromaniPhoneintheGSMbandandfromanearbymobile
ausableDCvoltage. basestation[1].
Ambient RF energy is pervasive, especially that from We can categorize RF energy source into three general
mobile and Wi-Fi networks. ABI Research and IHS iSuppli groups:intentionalsources,anticipatedambientsources,and
estimated that the number of mobile phone subscriptions unknown ambient sources [2]. RF energy harvesting can
recently surpassed five billions, and the ITU estimated that be implemented as direct power for battery-free systems
thereismorethanonebillionsubscriptionsformobilebroad- or battery activation, an auxiliary power source for battery
band.Mobilephonesrepresentalargesourceoftransmitters recharging, or remote power with battery backup. A power
fromwhichtoharvestRFenergyandwillpotentiallyenable sourcecombinedwithenergyharvestingcanprovidewireless
2 InternationalJournalofAntennasandPropagation
devices with low maintenance cost or extended battery life half-waverectifieristhemostcommonrectifyingcircuit.We
by implementing the ability to receive power or charge the can also use a half-wave parallel rectifier, a voltage doubler
stored energy when needed, or to wake up remote sensors structure to theoretically double the output DC voltage, or
in sleep mode. The possibility of recycling the ambient a dual-diode full-wave rectifier to increase the conversion
electromagneticenergyespeciallyindenselypopulatedurban efficiency.
zones is actively being explored [3]. The major component As the primary function of a rectenna is to convert
usedtoconvertthisRFenergyintoutilizableDCpowerisa RF energy to DC power, the main design challenge is to
rectifyingantenna,alsotermedasrectenna. obtainhighconversionefficiency,andtherearebasicallytwo
Amongvariousentitiesofrectenna,antennaisoneofthe approachestoachievethisgoal.Thefirstoptionistocollect
majorelementswhichisresponsibleforcollectingtheincom- the maximum power and deliver it to the rectifying diode,
ingRFsignalsofvariousfrequencies.Thesourceofincom- and the second one is to suppress the harmonics generated
ing RF energy can be WLAN (2.4GHz, 5.8GHz), WiMax, by the diode that reradiate from the antenna as the power
RFID (microwave band: 2.45, 5.8, 24.125GHz) and so forth lost.Inordertoincreasetheconversionefficiencybythefirst
with various frequency ranges. Antennas with resonance at method, several broadband antennas, large antenna arrays,
single or multiple applicable frequencies are designed with and circularly polarized antennas have been designed. The
variousambitions.Thevariationmadeinantennadesignthat broadband antenna receives relatively high RF power from
was designed with an aim of miniaturizing patch antenna, varioussources,andantennaarrayincreasesincidentpower
rejectingunwantedharmonics,andhavingreconfigurability delivered to the diode for rectification. Antenna array is
infrequencyandpolarizationisevaluatedinthispaper. an effective means of increasing the receiving power but a
The paper is organized as follows. Rectennas are intro- tradeoff arises between the antenna size and the radiation
duced briefly in Section2. Several antenna designs of gain.Thecircularlypolarizedantennaofferspowerreception
rectenna are discussed and compared with an emphasis on withlesspolarizationmismatch.Toincreasetheefficiencyby
antennasizereduction,harmonicrejection,andreconfigura- secondmethod,LPFisplacedbetweenantennaandrectifying
bilityintermsoffrequencyandpolarization,inSections3,4, circuitorantennawiththepropertyofharmonicrejectionis
and5,respectively. designed.
Among various types of antenna used in rectennas,
microstrip patch antennas are gaining popularity for use in
2.Rectennas wirelessapplicationsowingtotheirlowprofile,lightweight,
low production cost, and being conformable to planer and
A rectenna is a particular type of antenna that rectifies nonplanar surface, simple, and inexpensive to manufacture
incoming electromagnetic waves into DC current. Over using modern printed-circuit technology. The other reason
the last century, the development of rectennas for wireless for wide use of patch antenna is the versatility of patch
powertransmissionandspacesolarpowertransmissionhas antennaintermsofresonantfrequency,polarization,pattern,
achieved great success in implementing specific functions and impedance when particular patch shape and mode
and applications, such as RFID tagging systems, sensor are chosen. Therefore, they are extremely suitable for use
batteriesorcapacitors,WLANs,WiMax,andcognitiveradio as embedded antennas in handheld wireless devices and
systems,andalsoinmedicalapplications. portabledevices.
A typical rectenna consists of four main components: Therapiddevelopmentofmicrostripantennatechnology
antenna,prerectificationfilter,rectifyingcircuit,andDCpass began in the late 1970s. By the early 1980s, basic microstrip
filter. Figure1 shows a block diagram of a typical rectenna. antenna elements and arrays were fairly well established in
AmicrowaveantennacollectsincomingRFpower.Aninput terms of design and modeling. The early work of Mun-
low-pass filter (LPF; prerectification filter) suppresses the son on microstrip antennas for use as a low profile flush
unwantedhigherharmonicsrejectedbytherectifyingcircuit mountedantennasonrocketsandmissilesshowedthatthis
and also provides matching between the antenna and the was a practical concept for use in many antenna system
rectifier.ArectifyingcircuitrectifiestheACcurrentinduced problems.Variousmathematicalmodelsweredevelopedfor
in the antenna by the microwaves, and an output DC pass this antenna, and its applications were extended to many
filter(postrectificationfilter)providesaDCpathtotheload other fields. A major contributing factor for advances of
byseparatingthehigh-frequencycomponentsfromtheDC microstrip antennas is the revolution in electronic circuit
signal. miniaturization brought about by developments in large-
A conventional rectenna consists of a dipole element scale integration. As conventional antennas are often bulky
or a mesh of dipoles that capture microwave energy and a andcostlypartofanelectronicsystem,microstripantennas
Schottkydiodefortherectificationprocess.Severaltypesof basedonphotolithographictechnologyareseenasanengi-
rectennaelementhavebeenproposedinthelastfewrecent neeringbreakthrough.
years. The antenna can be of any type, for example, dipole, In its most basic forms, a microstrip patch antenna
Yagi-Uda,microstrip,monopole,loop,coplanarpatch,spiral, consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric
or even parabolic. The rectenna can also take any type of substrate with a ground plane on the other side. Figure2
rectifyingcircuit,suchasasingleshuntfull-waverectifier,a showsadiagramofasimplerectangularpatchantenna.The
full-wavebridgerectifier,oranothertypeofhybridrectifier. patch is generally made of a conducting material such as
A single diode in a serial configuration that also acts as a copper or gold and can take any possible shape, such as