Micromechanisms of Friction and Wear: Introduction to Relativistic Tribology

224 Pages·2013·4.401 MB·English

by  Dmitrij Lyubimov, Kirill Dolgopolov, Leonid Pinchuk (auth.)

Springer Series in Materials Science
Volume 176
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Dmitrij Lyubimov Kirill Dolgopolov
•
Leonid Pinchuk
Micromechanisms
of Friction and Wear
Introduction to Relativistic Tribology
123
Dmitrij Lyubimov LeonidPinchuk
Kirill Dolgopolov National Academyof Sciencesof Belarus
Department of AntifrictionalMaterials Metal-Polymer Research Institute
South-Russian State University Gomel
Shahty Belarus
Russia
ISSN 0933-033X
ISBN 978-3-642-35147-1 ISBN 978-3-642-35148-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35148-8
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Preface
«…allsciencesbecomemathematicalbynatureaslongastheyimprove»
N.Whitehead,EnglishMathematicianandPhilosopher
«…during the last 5 years, the relations between individual sciences and
betweenscienceandtechnologyhavechanged.Thegrowingawareness
and effectiveness of scientific methods has enabled fruitful application of
onesciencetoanotherscience…Meanwhile,theengineeringscienceshave
become so complicated that the empirical methods alone have become
helpless.Inshort,thesciencehasbecomebothfeasibleandmandatoryto
useintheengineering.Thedifferencebetweenaspirationsstillremainsand
frequently happens to be decisive, while methods and challenges are
growingmoreandmoresimilar»
G.Smith,AmericanMathematician
«Thefrictionphenomenaattractboththephysicistandtheengineeralike;
their studies relate to the hardest sphere of the physical boundary-value
problems»
W.Hardy,BritishTribologist
The progress of engineering and technology stimulated the ideas offriction from
the simplest mechanistic views of Leonardo da Vinci and Charles-Augustin de
Coulomb to the modern tribophysical viewpoint considering the friction as the
superpositionofadhesiveandcohesiveforces.Itpresumesthatfrictionbelongsto
thecategoryof‘‘nanotheories’’,thoughnowwearemoreaccustomedtousingthe
terms ‘‘microlevel’’, ‘‘micromechanisms’’, etc.
Unfortunately,thedevelopmentofmodelsdescribingtheprocessoffrictionand
wear using the ideas of the matter electron molecular structure confronts if not
principal then considerable challenges. The fact can be related to them that the
matter structure changes during friction at the microlevel which is hard to trace
and, therefore, hard to study. The structure of the substance exposed to friction is
in the dynamically mobile variable state having the properties hard to assess or
predict.
v
vi Preface
Theempiricaldescriptiveapproachprevailsinthemosttheoreticaltribological
works without using comprehensively the modern physical apparatus. A. S.
Akhmatov authored the outstanding book ‘‘Molecular Physics of Boundary
Friction’’;itisexceptionalbookconfirmingtherule.Theauthormanifeststhatthe
achievements of the modern physics of solids permit to approach close to at least
the correct physical description of the microprocesses governing the tribounit
macrocharacteristcs, like the wear rate and the friction coefficient. A. I. Sviride-
nok,theBelarusiantribologist,believesthat‘‘alltriboeffectsdisplaythemselvesat
the macroscale, while the phenomena causing and accompanying them evolve at
the microlevel’’.
Theauthorsendeavortodescribeinthepresentpapertheoreticallycorrectlythe
transformationsthefrictionforcesinduceinthesubstancestructureusingtheideas
and the apparatus of crystal physics, the solid body quantum and the chemical
bonding theories. When writing, the authors were surprised to discover that the
book was structured so that it resembled the above-mentioned book of A. S.
Akhmatov.Thepresentbookcontinues,insomeaspects,themonograph‘‘Modern
Tribology’’ published earlier. We describe it in much more detail the micropro-
cesses in which Professor D. N. Garkunov shared when reviewing the preceding
works. The detailed elaboration and more profound revision of the material nar-
rowed the framework of the problems elucidated omitting a variety of the
appealing problems from the study while they are worthwhile to be described
separately.
The book highlights, in the first place, the transformations evolving in the
crystalline lattice in friction, how these transformations influence the appearance
of overactive state capable to become reactive states and some little-known phe-
nomena affecting the friction characteristics. The findings in recent decades
expandedsubstantiallythetribologicalknowledgewhichrelatesinthisoranother
way to the application of relativistic ideas based on the theory of relativity
approaches to the friction physics study. The discovery by B. V. Deryagin and
colleaguesofthemechanicemissionelectronsandX-rayphotonsfromthefriction
surface served the experimental basis; A. L. Zharin, Belarusian tribologist, dis-
coveredthedependenceoftheelectronworkfromthesurfaceofmetallicpartson
theextentoffrictiondeformationofsurfacelayers;thediscoverybythephysicists
of the school of B. V. Deryagin of the ability of free surfaces of solids to emit
heavy particles infriction,etc. The authors of the present bookhave attemptedto
adapt the ideas of the relativistic mechanics to the description of tribophysical
phenomena.
The paper provides physical grounds to validate new models and mechanisms
oftriboprocesses.Theyservedasthephysicalgroundsforthetribologicalconcept
which the authors adhere. The concept implies development of the model of
mechanisms of appearance of the third body as the most essential factor of evo-
lution which governs the main tribosystem behavior features. The reader of this
book will need certain knowledge of the solid body physics, electrodynamics,
continuumphysics,andquantummechanics.Itisintendedforthepreparedreader
for whom the contents may be appealing.
Preface vii
The contents of the present monograph are at the borderline between different
trends of natural and engineering sciences, like electrodynamics, the theory of
relativity, the quantum mechanics, the solid body and the surface physics, the
physical and chemical kinetics, and others. Each of the above-listed sections
containsalongestablishedsystemofcommondesignations,constants,andvalues.
These designations coincide sometimes. For instance, one and the same symbol
‘‘S’’ designates the fundamental values, such as ‘‘action’’ in the mechanics,
‘‘entropy’’inthethermodynamics,‘‘spin’’inthequantumtheory,‘‘Umov-Pointing
vector’’ in the electrodynamics, and others.This symbolic designationis so much
common that any effort to change it can cause confusion in the perception of
formulas like the use of similar symbols can be misleading. Therefore, the for-
mulas are deciphered the way they are written in the text; in addition, the book
containsattheendthelistofmaindesignationsincludedintotheformulasineach
chapter.
With sincere respect to our readers who open this book for the first time,
Shahty, Russia Dmitrij Lyubimov
Kirill Dolgopolov
Gomel, Belarus Leonid Pinchuk
Contents
1 Interaction Between Atoms in the Substance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Van der Waals Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Quantum Mechanical Description of Atom Interactions . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Strong Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 Ion Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Covalent Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.3 Metallic Bonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.4 Hydrogen and Resonance Bonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Collective Interaction Between Atoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 Crystallization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.6 Crystalline Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.7 Electronic Structure of Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.8 Interaction Between Molecular Chains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2 Crystalline Materials: Surfaces of Solid Bodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1 Defects of Crystalline Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2 Polycrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3 Solid Body Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.4 Phase Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3 Dynamic Microprocesses in Solid Bodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.1 Elastic Waves in Crystals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2 Quantum Crystalline Lattice Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3 Diffusion in Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.4 Motions of Dislocations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.5 Dependence of the Crystalline Lattice Parameters
on Dynamic Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
ix
x Contents
4 Friction Microdynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.1 Friction Effect on Solid Body Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2 Diffusive Triboprocesses in Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.3 Motion of Dislocations in Friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.4 Relativistic Effects in Friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5 Plasma Triboprocesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.1 Mechanoactivation of Surfaces of Tribocouples. . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2 Triboplasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.3 Wave Processes in Triboplasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.4 Effect of External Electromagnetic Fields on Triboplasma. . . . . 150
5.5 The Experimental Methods of Triboplasma Study. . . . . . . . . . . 155
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
6 Wave Tribochemistry of Post-Plasma States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.1 Interaction Between Triboplasma with Tribosurface. . . . . . . . . . 166
6.2 Post-Plasmatic States and Wave Processes Due
Tribochemical Synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.3 Apparatus of Wave Mechanics for Description
of Tribocouple Micromechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7 Antifriction Micromechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.1 Lubricating Layer Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.2 Chemical Interaction in Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.3 Complex Compound of Tribomaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.4 Tribocoordination or Surfing Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.5 Additives Based on Complex Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Afterword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Chapter 1
Interaction Between Atoms in the Substance
“Eachsciencediscoversthethingswhicharefarbeyondthe
immediateobservation”,
Ch.Kittel,Americanphilosopher
“Infact,thephysicsofsolidsreducestotheestablishmentof
relationsbetweenthebehaviorofindividualatomsand
moleculestheymanifestwhentheatomsandmoleculescombine
intohugeassociationslikeregularlyorderedcrystals”
Ch.Kittel,Americanphilosopher
“Fromtheviewpointofthephysicalprinciples,themost
interestingphenomenaoccurinthenewspotswheretherules
arenotsuitableorwheretheyareineffective”,
RichardPhillipsFeynman,Americanphysicist
Abstract The basic models of atoms and molecular electromagnetic interaction
in solids are presented. Generally accepted systematization of chemical bonds as
well as fundamentals of nucleation centre model is exhibited. The basic notions
aboutstructureofidealcrystalsandpolymersareadduced.Computationmodelsof
molecularchainsinteractionareexamined.
It can be asserted with certainty that the transition from the purely mechanistic
ideasaboutthephysicalprocessesoffrictioninteractionsbetweensolidstotheatom
andmolecularinteractionshasbeencompletedsofar.Theforcesactingtheoretically
betweenthecontactingsolidsincludealltypesofinteractions;theyincludethecohe-
sionbetweensolids:metallic,covalent,ionbondswhichareshort-termforces,the
VanderWaalsbondsrelatingtotheworkofactingforces.
Letusrecallthemainnotionscomeacrossinthetheoryoftheabove-mentioned
interactions which we will address when describing the processes accompanying
friction.Itwillhelpunderstandbetterthesubsequentchapters.
D.Lyubimovetal.,MicromechanismsofFrictionandWear, 1
SpringerSeriesinMaterialsScience176,DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-35148-8_1,
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