Table Of ContentMicroencapsulation in the Food Industry
A Practical Implementation Guide
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Microencapsulation
in the Food Industry
A Practical Implementation Guide
Second Edition
Edited by
Robert Sobel
FONA International, LLC, Geneva, Illinois, USA
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Dedication
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Contents
Listofcontributors xvii References 27
Abouttheeditor xix Furtherreading 27
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
3. Factors and mechanisms in
microencapsulation 29
1. Introduction to microencapsulation
and controlled delivery in foods 1 NirajVasisht
RobertSobel,RonaldVersicand 3.1 Introduction 29
AnilkumarG.Gaonkar 3.2 Structuraldesignofthemicrocapsule 29
3.3 Microcapsuleormicrospheretype 29
1.1 Introduction 1
3.4 Microcapsulesize,shape,andpayload 30
1.2 Microencapsulationdefined 1
3.5 Physicochemicalfactors 31
1.3 Reasonsformicroencapsulation 1
3.5.1 Molecularweightofthe
1.4 Typesofmicrocapsules 2
activeagent 32
1.5 Historicalaccountofmicroencapsulation 3
3.5.2 Functionalmoietyandsurface
1.6 Materialsusedformicroencapsulation
charge 32
purposes 5
3.5.3 Concentration 32
1.7 Microencapsulationtechniquesused
3.5.4 Solubility 32
withinthefoodindustry 6
3.5.5 Wettability 32
1.8 Trendsinmicroencapsulation 6
3.5.6 Temperature 33
1.9 Challengesinmicroencapsulationoffood
3.5.7 Processfactors 33
ingredients 7
3.6 Mechanismofdiffusion 33
1.10 Thefutureofmicroencapsulationoffood
3.6.1 Zero-orderorpseudo-zero-order
ingredients 8
diffusionmodel 34
References 8
3.6.2 Fickiandiffusionmodel 35
3.6.3 First-orderdiffusionmodel 35
2. Review of microencapsulation 3.6.4 Higuchi’sdiffusionmodel 36
patent landscape for the food and 3.6.5 CaseIIdiffusion 36
3.6.6 Osmosis 36
beverage industries 11
3.7 Conclusion 37
RobertSobel,HaydenMuntandNikhilGupta References 38
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Innovationtrend 11 4. Applications of mass and heat transfer
2.3 Microencapsulationtechnology-type in microencapsulation processes 39
advancement 15
NirajVasisht
2.4 Jurisdictionanalysis 18
2.5 Wordcloudanalysis 19 4.1 Introduction 39
2.6 Mainindustrialandacademicplayers 20 4.2 Mechanismofdiffusion 40
2.7 Largestinventionfamilies 22 4.3 Zero-orderorpseudo-zero-order
2.8 Topmarket-valuedpatents 22 diffusionmodel 40
2.9 Keypatentmatters 24 4.4 Fickiandiffusionmodel 41
2.10 Licensing 26 4.4.1 Masstransferinamicrosphere
2.11 Conclusion 27 morphology 42
vii
viii Contents
4.4.2 Unsteady-statediffusionfroma 7.2 Technologies 73
microsphere 43 7.3 Computationaloptimization 73
4.4.3 Masstransferinamicrocapsule 7.4 Analyzingthedryingprocessofadroplet 74
morphology 43 7.5 Dryingkineticsasinputforcomputational
4.4.4 Analogytoheattransfer 45 fluiddynamics 76
4.5 First-orderdiffusionmodel 46 7.5.1 Spraydryingequipmentand
4.6 Conclusion 46 controls 76
References 46 7.5.2 Temperaturecontrol 76
7.5.3 Flexiblespraydrying,agglomeration,
5. Overview of microencapsulation
andgranulates 76
process technologies 47
7.5.4 Cleaning-in-place 77
7.5.5 Sanitarybagfilters 77
JamesOxley
7.5.6 Processcontrols 79
5.1 Introduction 47 7.5.7 Processmonitoring 79
5.2 Processcomponents 47 7.6 Conclusion 80
5.3 Processes 48 References 80
5.3.1 Atomization 49
5.3.2 Spraycoating 49
8. Fluid bed coating-based
5.3.3 Coextrusion 49
microencapsulation 83
5.3.4 Emulsionbasedprocess 50
5.3.5 Other 50 CharlesFrey
5.4 Comparisons 51
Abbreviations 83
5.4.1 Size 51
8.1 Introduction 84
5.4.2 Morphology 51
8.2 Wurster(bottomspray) 85
5.4.3 Payload 53
8.2.1 Design 85
5.4.4 Materials 54
8.2.2 Wursterprocesscontrolparameters 90
5.4.5 Productionscale 55
8.2.3 Particlesize 104
5.4.6 Cost 55
8.3 Topspray 106
5.5 Emergingprocessesandtrends 56
8.4 Tangentialspray 107
5.6 Processselection 56
8.5 Corematerials 109
References 57
8.6 Coatingmaterials 110
8.7 Applications 110
6. Atomization and spray drying
8.7.1 Uniformity 111
processes 59
8.7.2 Protection 111
JosephP.SzczapandIrwinC.Jacobs 8.7.3 Handling 111
8.7.4 Granulation 112
6.1 Introduction 59
8.7.5 Controlledrelease 112
6.2 Atomization 61
8.8 Cost 113
6.3 Dryingconfigurations 66
8.9 Conclusion 113
6.3.1 Masstransferandheattransfer
References 113
considerations 69
6.4 Operationalpractice 70
9. Extrusion-based
6.5 Feedpreparation 70
6.6 Recentadvancesinatomizationand microencapsulation for the food
spray-dryingprocesses 71 industry 117
6.7 Conclusion 71
JenniHarrington,MartinSchaeferandTonyListro
References 71
9.1 Introduction 117
7. New advances in spray-drying 9.2 Mixing 119
processes 73 9.3 Propertiesandcharacterizationof
amorphoussolids 119
KarinNordstro¨mDyvelkov,JakobSloth
9.4 Evolutionofextrusiontechnology 120
OvergaardandSørenJuhlPedersen
9.5 Conclusion 122
7.1 Introduction 73 References 122
Contents ix
10. Spheronization, granulation, 12. Monodispersed microencapsulation
pelletization, and agglomeration technologies 155
processes 123
NathanH.Dormer,CoryJ.Berklandand
MichaelJacob MilindSingh
10.1 Introduction 123 12.1 Introduction 155
10.2 Basicequipment 125 12.2 Monodisperseparticlefabrication
10.3 Batchfluidizedbedsfordrying, technologies 155
agglomeration,andcoating 126 12.2.1 Microfluidics 155
10.4 Continuousfluidizedbedsfordrying, 12.2.2 Electrohydrodynamic
agglomeration,spraygranulation,and spraying 157
coating 127 12.2.3 Jetcutting 159
10.5 Procelltypeofcontinuousspouted 12.2.4 Rotarydiskatomization 159
bedsfordrying,agglomeration, 12.2.5 Vibratoryprocess 161
spraygranulation,andcoating 129 12.2.6 Flowfocusing 162
10.6 Technicaloptionsforpelletization 130 12.2.7 Vibratoryprocesscombined
10.7 Technicaloptionsforhigh-shear withacarrierstream 163
granulation 131 12.3 Conclusion 165
10.8 Technicaloptionsforextrusion 132 References 165
10.9 Applicationcasestudies 132
10.10 Formulationofenzymes 132
13. Microencapsulation by complex
10.11 Formulationofvitamins 134
coacervation processes 169
10.12 Encapsulationofvolatile
ingredients 135
XiangRen,YanjunLiu,WenzhongWuand
10.13 Conclusion 135 WeiZhang
References 136
13.1 Introduction 169
13.2 Historicaltheoriesandrecent
11. Annular nozzle in laminar flow developments 170
encapsulation processes 137 13.3 Selectionofshellwallmaterial 171
13.3.1 Proteins 172
ThorstenBrandau
13.3.2 Polysaccharides 173
11.1 Introduction 137 13.4 Coacervationencapsulation
11.2 Processtechnologies 138 process 175
11.2.1 Laminarflowbreakup 138 13.5 Parametersincoacervation 176
11.2.2 Vibrationaldripcasting 139 13.5.1 Materialproperties 176
11.2.3 Submergednozzle 141 13.5.2 pH 177
11.2.4 Flowfocusing 142 13.5.3 Ionicstrength 177
11.2.5 Centrifugalextrusionand 13.5.4 Temperature 178
spinningdisk 143 13.5.5 Mixingratio 178
11.2.6 Generalprinciple 143 13.5.6 Totalpolymerconcentration 178
11.3 Equipment 144 13.5.7 Shearstrengthandrheology 179
11.3.1 Niscoengineering 144 13.5.8 Chargedensity 179
11.3.2 Buchi 145 13.6 Characterizationofcoacervate
11.3.3 BRACE 148 microcapsules 180
11.3.4 FreundCorporation 149 13.6.1 Structureandmorphology 180
11.3.5 Otherannularjetsystems 149 13.6.2 Rheologicalproperties 182
11.4 Materials 149 13.6.3 Sizeandsizedistributionof
11.4.1 Encapsulationofhydrophobic microcapsules 182
materials 150 13.6.4 Encapsulationefficiency 182
11.4.2 Encapsulationofhydrophilic 13.7 Applications 183
agents 152 13.7.1 Stability 183
11.5 Conclusion 153 13.7.2 Controlledrelease 183
References 154 13.7.3 Bioavailability 184
