Table Of ContentMicrobiology of Green Fuels
Editors
Abu Yousuf
Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Sylhet, Bangladesh
Elia Tomás-Pejó
Biotechnological Processes Unit
IMDEA Energy Institute
Madrid, Spain
p,
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
Cover credit: Cover illustration reproduced by kind courtesy of the editors.
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been
acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works
that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data (applied for)
ISBN: 978-0-367-77391-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-77392-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-17115-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003171157
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Radiant Productions
Dedication
To
The researchers, who want to make the Earth greener and cleaner
for the next generation.
—Abu Yousuf and Elia Tomás-Pejó
Preface
A key priority in today’s society is the implementation of a sustainable bio-based economy. For such
a goal, the production of renewable bioproducts like biofuels to replace fossil-derived compounds
is crucial. In this context, the utilization of microorganisms for the production of biofuels from
renewable resources is advantageous in terms of environmental sustainability and it is expected to
play an important role in bioeconomy in the near future. In this sense, green fuel synthesis from
agro-industrial organic wastes by microorganisms would boost circular economy. The success of the
biotechnological biofuel production process requires, however, a conversion microorganism capable
of both efficiently assimilating the major derived carbon sources and diverting their metabolites
towards the specific fuel.
This book aims to show recent advances in the production of green fuels by means of
microorganisms. Promising processes and microorganisms involved in the biofuel production
have been discussed to give an in-depth overview of the state of the art with broad spectrum of
industrial microbiology without focusing on one single group of microorganisms and biofuels. For
the sustainability of the green fuel technologies, the book has also addressed techno-economic,
strategic, and commercial interest in promoting green fuels. These facts make this book very
valuable for biofuel companies and scientific community.
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the four generations of biofuels, the European Union (EU)
and USA policies related to their development and an overview of the historical and commercial
aspects of bioethanol, biobutanol and biodiesel production as green fuels.
Chapter 2 focuses on the properties of different varieties of algae and critically analyses existing
and potential routes for producing algae derived biofuels including biological, chemical, and
thermochemical methods.
Chapter 3 concentrates on yeast-biorefineries which can use inexpensive agro-industrial waste to
obtain two main products: bio-oils (feed and food), and the enzyme lipase, which is a high-value
product that can modify the bio-oil to get more products.
Chapter 4 and 5 discuss bio-hydrogen production pathways, sources, most promising fermentation
methods including dark fermentation and photo fermentation, and the factors affecting the bio-
hydrogen production. Microbial and ecological aspects of the dark fermentation process are
addressed, with a particular focus on the microbial physiology of the main microorganisms involved
in H production. They also provide an overview of energy and economic analysis along with the
2
challenges and future aspects for bio-hydrogen.
Chapter 6 and 7 explain detail process design required for second generation bioethanol production
based on two large microbial consortia, genetically modified S. cerevisiae yeast and Clostridium
bacteria species and so-called non-conventional microorganisms for producing bioethanol from
lignocellulosic materials.
vi Microbiology of Green Fuels
Chapter 8 and 9 describe the productivity of a few microbial strains such as Clostridium beijerinckii,
Clostridium saccaroperbutylacetonicum, and Clostridium saccharoacetobutylicum to increase the
yield of biobutanol, and the application of genetically modified clostridial strains to improve butanol
concentration and tolerance to inhibitors derived from lignocellulose. Chapter 9 also stresses over
the process intensification as an engineering tool to decrease production costs.
Chapter 10, 11 and 12 analyse the use of oleaginous microorganisms as lipid source for biodiesel
production. Particularly, the microorganism cultivation and harvesting, and the lipid extraction and
conversion to biodiesel are described. The chapters give an in-depth account to achieve biodiesel
from microalgae in an economically and environmentally sustainable manner.
Chapter 13 and 14 address the performance of anaerobic digestion by elucidating the advantages
of organic matters degradation acceleration, biogas enhancement, and functional microbes involved
and microbial community structures, followed by the biogas upgrading. Chapter 13 focuses on
bioelectrochemical system as a potential option for biogas production. Chapter 14 gives an overview
of strategies and operating conditions for different bacteria and archaea involved in anaerobic
digestion of sewage sludge to produce biogas.
Chapter 15 comprehensively assesses the advantages and challenges of biofuels from 1st to
4th generation including plant-based and microbial oils-based feedstock. It also discusses the
technological, economic and financial issues that must be approached by techno-economic analysis
and its constrains.
Researchers and scientists with strong academic background and practical experiences have
shared their thoughts and findings of their investigations in this book. We believe the book will
enrich the foresight of current researchers and industrialists who are dedicatedly working on Green
Fuels.
Sylhet, Bangladesh Abu Yousuf
Madrid, Spain Elia Tomás-Pejó
Acknowledgement
We are eternally grateful to all distinguished authors for their thoughtful contribution to the success
of the book project. Their patience and diligence in revising the first draft of the chapters after
adapting the reviewers’ suggestions and comments are highly appreciated.
We would like to acknowledge the solicitous contributions of all the reviewers who spent their
valuable time in constructive and professional manner to improve the quality of the book.
We are very thankful to staff at CRC PRESS, particularly Raju Primlani, who supported us
tremendously throughout the project and for his great and encouraging mind.
Contents
Dedication iii
Preface v
Acknowledgement vii
1. Biofuels: Introduction, Historical and Commercial Aspects 1
Maria G. Savvidou, Styliani Kalantzi and Diomi Mamma
2. Green Fuels: Algae-based Sources and Production Routes 24
Jonathan S. Harris and Anh N. Phan
3. Agro-Industrial Wastes to Sustainable Bio-Oil Fuels, Enzymes and Biobased 44
Chemicals in Yeast-Biorefineries
R. Cosío‑Cuadros, Gema Núñez‑López, Martha F. Martín del Campo,
Jorge A. Rodríguez, Juan C. Mateos‑Díaz and Georgina Sandoval
4. Microbial and Ecological Aspects in Biohydrogen Production by 65
Dark Fermentation
Braga Nan, L., Noguer, M., Dauptain, K. and Trably, E.
5. Biohydrogen from Biomass: Fermentation Pathway and Economic Aspects 97
Md. Tanvir Ahad, Munshi Md. Shafwat Yazdan, Thinesh Selvaratnam,
Zahed Siddique and Ashiqur Rahman
6. Microbial Roles in Second Generation Bioethanol 115
Abu Yousuf, Md. Shahadat Hossain and Md. Anisur Rahman
7. Production of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Materials by Non-conventional 137
Microorganisms
Juan Carlos López‑Linares, Juan Miguel Romero‑García, María del Mar Contreras,
Inmaculada Romero and Eulogio Castro
8. Strategies to Enhance Biobutanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 156
Baranitharan Ethiraj, Topu Raihan, Sumaya Sarmin, Ahasanul Karim,
Md. Maksudur Rahman Khan, Kirupa Sankar Muthuvelu,
Shanmugaprakash Muthusamy, Abu Yousuf and M. Amirul Islam
9. Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Residues into Biobutanol 177
Mónica Coca, M. Teresa García‑Cubero, Susana Lucas and Valeria Reginatto
10. Microbiology of Biodiesel Production 200
Juan Jáuregui Rincón, David Chaos Hernández, Hilda Elizabeth Reynel Avila
and Didilia Ileana Mendoza Castillo
