Methods for the study of marine benthos

442 Pages·2005·5.21 MB·English

by  Anastasios Elefteriou

METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF
MARINE BENTHOS
Third Edition
Edited by
†
Anastasios Eleftheriou* and Alasdair McIntyre
*Department of Biology, University of Crete, Greece and
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Crete, Greece
†School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK

METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF
MARINE BENTHOS
Third Edition

METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF
MARINE BENTHOS
Third Edition
Edited by
†
Anastasios Eleftheriou* and Alasdair McIntyre
*Department of Biology, University of Crete, Greece and
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Crete, Greece
†School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
(cid:2)C 2005byBlackwellScienceLtd SecondeditioneditedbyN.A.HolmeandA.D.
aBlackwellPublishingCompany McIntyre.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
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Contents
Contributors xiii
Dedication xv
PrefacetotheThirdEdition xvi
PrefacetotheSecondEdition xviii
PrefacetotheFirstEdition xx
Chapter1 DesignandAnalysisinBenthicSurveys 1
A.J.UnderwoodandM.G.Chapman
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Variabilityinbenthicpopulations 2
1.3 Appropriatereplication 5
Appropriatespatialreplication 5
Appropriatetemporalreplication 8
1.4 Sizeofsamplingunit 10
1.5 Independenceinsampling 14
1.6 Multivariatemeasuresofassemblages 15
1.7 Transformationsandscalesofmeasurement 18
1.8 Data-checkingandqualitycontrol 21
1.9 Detectingenvironmentalimpactsasstatistical
interactions 23
1.10 Precautionaryprinciplesanderrorsininterpretations 27
1.11 Precisionandsizeofsamples 29
1.12 Gradientsandhierarchiesinsampling 31
1.13 Combiningresultsfromdifferentplacesortimes 35
1.14 Conclusions 37
Chapter2 SedimentAnalysisandSeabedCharacterisation 43
A.J.BaleandA.J.Kenny
2.1 Introduction 43
Samplingandstorage 44
2.2 Particle(grain)sizeanalysis 46
Gradescales 47
Drysievingcleansands 48
v
vi Contents
Rapidpartialanalysisofsilt(ormud)content 48
Methodforsiltcontent–drysediment 49
Methodforsiltcontentofwetsediment 50
Methodforgravimetry 50
Methodforwatercontent 51
Analysisofthesilt–clayfraction 51
Aggregationstatus 52
Electro-resistanceparticlecounters 53
Laserdiffractionparticlesizing 54
Sub-samplingofsediments 55
Microscopicexaminationandcharacterisation 56
Imageanalysis 56
Particlestains 57
Presentationandanalysisofgrainsizedata 57
Ternarydiagrams 57
Histograms 59
Cumulativefrequencycurvesanddistribution
statistics 59
Statisticalparameterisationofparticlesizedata 61
GISmappingandcorrelationofparameters 63
2.3 Sedimentcharacterisation 63
Bulkanddrydensity,watercontent,porosity
andpermeability 63
Organicmattercontent 66
Hightemperatureoxidation(elementalanalysers) 66
Lossonignition(LOI) 67
Wetoxidation 68
Chlorophyll 68
EPScarbohydrate 69
Temperature 70
EhandpHmeasurements 70
Insitusedimentcharacterisationmethods 70
2.4 Remoteacousticsensing 71
Background 71
Lowgrazingangleswathesystems(sidescansonar) 72
Singlebeamecho-sounders(AGDS) 77
Multi-beamecho-sounders(MBES) 79
2.5 Conclusions 81
Commercialsuppliers–Disclaimer 81
Chapter3 ImagingTechniques 87
C.J.SmithandH.Rumohr
3.1 Introduction 87
Contents vii
3.2 Acousticimaging 89
Acousticgrounddiscriminatingsystems(AGDS) 89
Sidescansonar 89
Swathebathymetry 90
3.3 Video 90
Underwatervideocamerasystems 90
Lenses 92
Housings 92
Datatransmission 93
Format 94
Storagemedia 94
Powersupply 95
Videomonitors 96
3.4 Photography 96
Digitalcameras 97
Illumination 97
Calibrationandmeasurement 98
3.5 Carrierplatforms 99
Diving 99
Dropframes 100
Specializedtowedplatforms 100
Remotelyoperatedvehicles 102
Autonomousunderwatervehicles 104
Mannedsubmersibles 105
Navigationandpositioningofthecarrierplatform 105
3.6 Specialapplications 106
Sedimentprofileimagery 106
Lasertechnologies 107
Applicationofmedicaltechnologies 107
3.7 Laboratoryimaging 108
3.8 Imageanalysis 109
Chapter4 DivingSystems 112
C.Munro
4.1 Divingsystems 112
SCUBA 112
Remotelysuppliedsystems 112
Hookahsystems 113
Breathinggasandsupplysystems 114
Airandnitrox 114
Helioxandtrimix 114
Open-circuitSCUBA 115
viii Contents
Rebreathers 116
Oxygenrebreathers 116
Semi-closedrebreathers 117
Closed-circuitrebreathers 117
Useofrebreathers 117
4.2 Saturationdivingandunderwaterhabitats 118
4.3 Datacollectionandrecording 120
Writtenrecording 120
Audiorecording 120
Imagerecording 122
Stillphotography 122
Submersiblefilmcameras 123
Housed35mmSLRcamerasystems 124
Photo-monitoringtechniques 125
Stereo-photography 128
Videosystems 130
4.4 Underwatersurveyandsamplingtechniques 133
Underwatersitemarkingandrelocation 133
Generalconsiderations 133
Airdrillsandunderwaterfasteners 134
Acousticpingersandreceivers 135
Samplecollection 136
Corers 136
Suctionsamplers 136
Suckers(Yabbypumpsandslurpguns) 140
Scrapers 140
Resincasting 140
Detailedsurveymethods 141
Mantatows 141
Transectsurveys 142
Quadrats 146
Plotlessandrapidsurveytechniques 147
Rapidassessmentprotocoltechniques 147
MNCRmethodology 148
Fishsurveytechniques 149
Belttransect 150
Randomswimsurveyprotocols 151
Stationarytechnique 151
Chapter5 MacrofaunaTechniques 160
A.EleftheriouandD.C.Moore
5.1 Littoralobservationandcollection 160
Positionfixingandlevellingontheshore 163