Table Of ContentAdvances in Physical Geochemistry
Volume 4
Editor-in-Chief
Surendra K. Saxena
Editorial Board
L. Barron P. M. Bell N. D. Chatterjee R. Kretz
D. H. Lindsley Y. Matsui A. Navrotsky R. C. Newton
L. L. Perchuk R. Powell R. Robie A. B. Thompson
B. J. Wood
Advances in Physical Geochemistry
Series Editor: Surendra K. Saxena
Volume 1 R. C. NewtoniA. Navrotsky/B. 1. Wood (editors)
Thermodynamics of Minerals and Melts
1981. xii, 304 pp. 66 illus.
ISBN 0-387-90530-8
Volume 2 S. K. Saxena (editor)
Advances in Physical Geochemistry, Volume 2
1982. x, 353 pp. 113 illus.
ISBN 0-387-90644-4
Volume 3 S. K. Saxena (editor)
Kinetics and Equilibrium in Mineral Reactions
1983. x, 273 pp. 99 illus.
ISBN 0-387-90865-X
Metamorphic Reactions
Kinetics, Textures, and Deformation
Edited by
Alan Bruce Thompson and David C. Rubie
With Contributions by
B. Bayly K. H. Brodie M. A. Carpenter
R. J. Knipe E. L. McLellan S. A. F. Murrell
A. Putnis J. Ridley D. C. Rubie
E. H. Rutter B. K. Smith A. B. Thompson
R. J. Tracy R. P. Wintsch
With 81 Illustrations
Springer-Verlag
New York Berlin Heidelberg Tokyo
Alan Bruce Thompson David C. Rubie
Departement fUr Erdwissenschaften Department of Geology
ETH-Zentrum The University of Manchester
CH-8092 Ziirich Manchester, M13 9PL
Switzerland Great Britain
Series Editor
Surendra K. Saxena
Department of Geology
Brooklyn College
City University of New York
Brooklyn, New York 11210
U.S.A.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Metamorphic reactions.
(Advances in physical geochemistry; v. 4)
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Metamorphism (Geology) I. Thompson,
Alan Bruce, 1947- II. Rubie, David C.
III. Series.
QE475.A2M4745 1985 552'.4 84-20307
© 1985 by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any
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The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this
publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a
sign that such names, as understood by the Trademarks and Merchandise Marks
Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Typeset by Bi-Comp, Incorporated, York, Pennsylvania.
9 8 7 6 543 2
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9548-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-5066-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5066-1
Preface
The fourth volume in this series consists of eleven chapters. The first five
deal with more theoretical aspects of the kinetics and mechanisms of meta-
morphic reactions, and the next six consider the interdependence of defor-
mation and metamorphism. All papers deal with natural processes that inter-
act on various time scales and with different degrees of mass and heat
transfer. Consequently, many fundamental axioms of metamorphic petrol-
ogy and structural geology are questioned both for their accuracy and their
usefulness. In raising such questions, most contributors have pointed to
ways in which the answers could be forthcoming from appropriate experi-
mental studies or observations on natural materials.
In their discussion of how order/disorder can influence mineral assem-
blages, Carpenter and Putnis emphasize that metastable crystal growth is
common in metamorphic systems and state' 'there may be some reluctance
(among many earth scientists) to accept that significant departures from
equilibrium could occur." On the basis of presented evidence, they question
whether reactions ever occur close to an equilibrium boundary. The neces-
sity for pressure or temperature overstepping is also required by nucleation-
rate theory. In any case, the degree of order is severely influenced by these
kinetic effects in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic environments.
From an evaluation of available mineral kinetic data, Rubie and Thomp-
son present some guidelines for quantitative approaches to experimental
kinetic studies. Proposals are made as to how the common variables that can
affect mineral kinetics may be controlled in experiments so that such data
may be more realistically applied to natural situations.
In examining the effect of reaction enthalpy on the progress of a metamor-
phic reaction, Ridley has considered the relationships among kinetics, heat
flow, and microstructures of metamorphic rocks. He provides insight into
how the inverse problem of observation of grain size and porphyroblast
vi Preface
development could be used to deduce the rate-controlling step during meta-
morphic reaction.
In the fourth chapter, Smith illustrates how information on dislocation
types and their densities, obtained mainly by transmission electron micros-
copy, can be used to learn much about the mechanisms of mineral reactions.
The progressive effects of deformation are especially well shown by the
successive motion of dislocations in the chosen orthosilicate examples for
garnet to chlorite and olivine to spinel transformations.
Tracy and McLellan present kinetic interpretations of textural and com-
positional phenomena in contact metamorphosed emeries. They discuss cri-
teria by which diffusion-controlled and interface-controlled processes may
be distinguished. Because the silica diffusion rate must have been very slow
during their contact metamorphism, diffusion of Si02 through crystals or
along dry grain boundaries is inferred to have occurred.
Brodie and Rutter review the minerology and microstructures of meta-
morphosed basaltic rocks and examine theoretically some of the interrela-
tionships between metamorphism and deformation. They emphasize the
value of shear zones to such studies because deformed and undeformed
rocks are easily compared and conclude that in shear zones the deformabil-
ity may be reaction enhanced.
From their examination of polyphase mylonites, Knipe and Wintsch pro-
pose an evolutionary model involving the cyclic redistribution of deforma-
tion between different mineralogical domains. The flow pattern changes
from a more continuous and distributed ductile deformation to a more loca-
lized deformation at lower temperatures characterized by the development
of mica from the syntectonic breakdown of feldspar.
Murrell has used experimental observations of a sharp change in rock
strength when the sample dehydrates to evaluate the geological significance
of elevated pore pressure especially as regards changing styles of deforma-
tion.
Rutter and Brodie discuss several aspects of the permeability of medium
to high-grade metamorphic rocks, especially in shear zones. They deduce
apparent permeabilities of 10-26 to 10-28 m2 for metamorphic conditions,
which are several orders of magnitude below any feasible measurement limit
in the laboratory. Volatile permeation along shear zones is 10 to 100 times
faster than across them.
Wintsch has examined some possible effects of deformation in displacing
mineral equilibrium boundaries. His calculations show that a significant P-T
displacement of an equilibrium boundary could occur in mylonites, repeat-
edly deformed rocks, and fault zones where very high dislocation densities
are produced (> lOll cm-2).
In the final chapter, Bayly returns to the somewhat controversial issue of
the nature of chemical potential in a material under nonhydrostatic stress.
The paper is presented as a series of postulates that may be capable of
geological investigation.
Preface vii
In addition to specific details of how kinetic factors may be investigated,
many contributors have pointed towards larger scale or more general geolog-
ical problems and their possible solution. The observed association of high
strain deformation with regional metamorphism underlines the necessity to
quantify the energies of deformation and metamorphism as well as their
relative timing and duration. Likewise, it has become clear that we possess
very few criteria that may be used to determine if equilibrium is ever
achieved on the scales assumed by many petrological studies which never
consider kinetic factors and assume that fluids are ubiquitous during medium
to high-grade metamorphism. Several consequences of fluid-absent meta-
morphism are discussed and some suggestions given of the different reaction
mechanisms compared to when fluid is present. We clearly must consider
further the related problem of exactly how metamorphic reactions and defor-
mation influence rock permeability.
Unfortunately, most experimental studies lag behind field observations
and theoretical studies. There is very little information on how the flow laws
of polyphase metamorphic rocks are changed when metamorphic reactions
occur. New types of experiments are indicated in several papers and would
clearly be easier to apply to natural situations if the microstructures of
naturally and experimentally deformed materials were understood in terms
of reaction mechanisms.
We realize that the subject coverage is not as broad as originally planned
and items such as the influence of fluid species on defect chemistry and
diffusion, or the regional scale relations between momentum transfer and
heat or mass transfer, are only briefly treated. The authors have provided
extensive bibliographies that hopefully will enable the reader to pursue the
directions not covered in detail by the papers themselves. Thanks are due to
M. Casey, N. Mancktelow, E. H. Perkins, S. Saxena, S. Schmid, J. Tullis,
B. Yardley, and R. A. Yund, in addition to the contributors themselves, for
their reviews of several chapters. We are grateful to K. Malmstroem for
editorial assistance and to the staff at Springer-Verlag for their cooperation
and patience during the preparation of the volume.
ALAN BRUCE THOMPSON
DAVID C. RUBIE
Contents
1. Cation Order and Disorder during Crystal Growth: Some
Implications for Natural Mineral Assemblages 1
M. A. CARPENTER AND A. PUTNIS
2. Kinetics of Metamorphic Reactions at Elevated Temperatures
and Pressures: An Appraisal of Available Experimental Data 27
D. C. RUBIE AND A. B. THOMPSON
3. The Effect of Reaction Enthalpy on the Progress of a
Metamorphic Reaction 80
J. RIDLEY
4. The Influence of Defect Crystallography on Some Properties of
Orthosilicates 98
B. K. SMITH
5. A Natural Example of the Kinetic Controls of Compositional
and Textural Equilibration 118
R. J. TRACY AND E. L. McLELLAN
6. On the Relationship between Deformation and Metamorphism,
with Special Reference to the Behavior of Basic Rocks 138
K. H. BRODIE AND E. H. RUTTER
7. Heterogeneous Deformation, Foliation Development, and
Metamorphic Processes in a Polyphase Mylonite 180
R. J. KNIPE AND R. P. WINTSCH
x Contents
8. Aspects of Relationships between Deformation and Prograde
Metamorphism that Causes Evolution of Water 211
S. A. F. MURRELL
9. The Permeation of Water into Hydrating Shear Zones 242
E. H. RUTTER AND K. H. BRODIE
to. The Possible Effects of Deformation on Chemical Processes in
Metamorphic Fault Zones 251
R. P. WINTSCH
11. Deformation with Simultaneous Chemical Change: The
Thermodynamic Basis 269
B.BAYLY
Index 279
Contributors
BAYLY, B. Department of Geology, Rensselaer Polytechnic In-
stitute, Troy, New York 12181, USA
BRODIE, K. H. Geology Department, Imperial College, London,
SW7 2BP, Great Britain
CARPENTER, M. A. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cam-
bridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ,
Great Britain
KNIPE, R. J. Department of Earth Sciences, The University of
Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, Great Britain
McLELLAN, E. L. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale Uni-
versity, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
MURRELL, S. A. F. Department of Geology, University College Lon-
don, Gower Street, London, WCIE 6BT, Great
Britain
PUTNIS, A. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cam-
bridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ,
Great Britain
RIDLEY, J. Departement fOr Erdwissenschaften, ETH-Zen-
trum, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
