Table Of ContentMetals
Reference Book
Editor
COLIN J. SMITHELLS Mc,D.SC,F.I.M.
Assistant Editor
ERIC A. BRANDES B.SC., A.R.C.S., F.I.M.
Fulmer Research Institute, Ltd.
FIFTH EDITION
BUTTERWORTHS London & Boston
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
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publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature.
First published 1949
Second edition 1955
Third edition 1962
Fourth edition 1967
Fifth edition 1976
<S) Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. 1976
ISBN No. 0408 706279
Printed and bound by R. J. Acford Ltd.,
Industrial Estate, Chichester.
Preface to the fifth edition
The object of this reference book is to provide a convenient summary of data relating
to metallurgy. So far as possible, the data are presented in the form of tables or
diagrams with the minimum of descriptive matter, although short monographs have
been included where information could not otherwise be adequately presented.
This edition has been the subject of very thorough revision throughout and the
values have been very carefully considered in the light of new determinations pub-
lished since the last edition in 1967. A number of important changes have been
introduced. The complete adoption of S.I. units (Systeme International d'Units) by
most industrial countries is likely to take several years, during which time there will
be a demand for data in both S.I. and traditional units. In this edition, therefore,
values are given in both units and, in addition, complete conversion tables from one
system to the other are provided.
The values given are those which contributors have selected as the most reliable,
after a critical review of the published data. It is believed that the contributors' choice
is likely to be more reliable than that which the reader might make from a series of
conflicting values, unless he is a specialist in the field in question. A bibliography at
the end of each chapter provides the reader with access to the more important
original sources.
Several chapters have been completely rewritten with a view to presenting data in a
more useful way. The chapter on Geochemistry has been replaced by a new one on
Mineral Sources. A new survey and appraisal of the Properties of Liquid Metals has
been made, and new sections on Ferro-elastic (Memory) Alloys and Electron Metal-
lography are also included. With the development of new equipment for spectro-
graph^ analysis, there is less need for the Tables of Line Spectra of the Elements
given in previous editions, and they have therefore been omitted.
Once again I wish to express my gratitude to the contributors for their help and
co-operation, and to others who have given generous help in the preparation of this
edition. In particular, my thanks are due to Mr. Eric A. Brandes, B.Sc, A.R.C.S.,
F.I.M. who, not only as a contributor,.but also as Assistant Editor, has been largely
responsible for making possible the production of this edition. Finally, I should like
to express my thanks to the publishers for their patience and co-operation.
Chalfont St. Peter, C.J.S.
Bucks
Acknowledgements
The Editor and the Publishers desire to thank all those who have kindly authorized the reproduc-
tion of diagrams and tables and in particular the following:
American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio
American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, New York
American Society for Metals, Cleveland, Ohio
American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
British Standards Institute, London
Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge
Chapman & Hall Ltd., London
Edward Arnold & Co. Ltd., London
Institute of Physics, London
Institution of Gas Engineers, London
Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.
Johnson, Matthey & Co. Ltd., London
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
Journal of Scientific Instruments, London
Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd., London
McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New York
Melbourne University Press, Victoria, Australia
Metals Society, London
Oxford University Press, Oxford
Physical Review, New York
Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York
Royal Society, London
Society of Chemical Industry, London
Taylor & Francis Ltd., London
Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig
The assistance given by the following organizations is also gratefully acknowledged:
British Non-ferrous Metals Technology Centre
British Cast Iron Research Association
British Cast Steel Research Association
British Iron & Steel Research Association
Fulmer Research Institute
Hirst Research Centre
Lead & Zinc Development Association
Radiochemical Centre
Tin Research Institute
University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Warren Springs Laboratory
vi
Editor
Colin J. Smithells, M.C., D.Sc, F.I.M.
Assistant editor
Eric A. Brandes, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.M.
Contributors to this edition
A. M. Ashworth,
V. Ashworth, Ph.D., A.R.I.C., M.I.Corr.T.
F. M. A. Procter,
R. P. M. Procter
T. D. Boxall
G. B. Brook, B.Met.(Shef.), F.I.M.
M. R. Brozel, B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D.
G. R. Campbell
J. Campbell, M.A., M.Met., A.I.M., Ph.D.
B. Cartwright, A.Met., A.I.M., A.Weld.I.
A. R. L. Chivers, M.A.
D. N. Collins, B.Sc, A.R.S.M., M.I.M.M., C.Eng.
M. Deighton, B.Sc, Ph.D., A.I.M.
M. A. E. Dewey, F.I.M.
D. M. Dovey, M. A., F.R.I.C., F.I.M.
P. Elliott, M.Sc, Ph.D.
M. F. Finlan, B.Sc, M.Inst.P.
P. A. Fisher, B.Sc, F.I.M.
I. N. Fitzpatrick, M.Sc, Ph.D., A.I.M.
M. L. H. Flindt, M.B., B.S., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., D.I.H.
P. J. Foster, B.Sc.Tech., Ph.D., C.Eng., M.I.Ch.E., A.M.lnst.F.
T. I. Fowle, B.Sc.(Eng.), F.I.Mech.E.
B. Gill, M.Sc.Tech., Ph.D.
T. G. Gooch, B.Sc, M.Sc(Eng.), D.I.C., A.I.M., M.Weld.I.
B. A. Hatt, B.Sc, M.Sc(Eng.), M.Inst.P.
D. Herrell, B.Sc.
W. C. Heselwood, B.Sc, A.Met., Mist.M.C, F.I.M., F.Inst.P.
J. Hinde, F.I.M., F.Weld.I., A.R.Ae.S.
W. J. Jackson, Ph.D., M.Sc.(Eng.), F.R.I.C., F.I.M.
R. O. Jenkins, A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Ph.D., F.Inst.P.
A. J. King, D.C.T., A.I.M.
P. Kovesi, D.Met., A.I.M., M.I.Inf.Sc
A. D. LeClaire, B.A.(Cantab.), F.Inst.P.
D. N. Moir, B.Sc, A.R.S.M., M.I.M.M., C.Eng.
L. D. Muller, B.Sc, M.I.M.M., C.Eng.
J. K. R. Page, B.A.
K. L. Preddy, M.Sc, A.M.I.B.F.
R. L. Preece, B.Sc
T. J. Quinn, B.Sc, D.Phil., M.Inst.P.
E. E. Riches, M.Sc, C.Eng., M.I.E.E., M.Inst.P.
V. G. Rivlin, B.A., D.Phil.
J. P. Scholes, B.Sc, M.Sc, C.Eng., M.I.Mech.E.
D. Tabor, Ph.D.(Cantab.), Sc.D.(Cantab.), F.R.S.
D. E. J. Talbot, M.Sc, A.I.M.
S. G. Temple, M.B.E., M.Sc, A.C.T., F.I.M.
C. J. Thwaites, M.Sc.(Eng.), A.R.S.M., M.I.Brit.F., F.I.M.F., F.I.M.
M. B. Waldron, Ph.D., F.I.M.
T. G. Walker, B.Sc, Ph.D.
A. J. Wall, B.Sc, Ph.D.
R. Warren, B.Sc, Ph.D.
H. C. Wesson, B.Sc, M.A., F.R.I.C.
M. J. Wheeler, B.Tech., M.Inst.P.
G. W. Wilson, B.Sc, Ph.D., F.Inst.P., A.I.M., M.I.E.E., M.I.E.R.E.
M. J. Woolley, M.Sc, Ph.D.
xiv
First aid
LABORATORY ACCIDENTS
These notes aim to provide guidance for dealing with laboratory accidents, in particular those
where action on the spot could affect the outcome. Prevention, by strict adherence to a code of
safe practices, is preferable.
First aid box
Unless there are statutory requirements, the following contents are suggested (quantities represent
minimum for 10 people):
Sterilised lint dressings (in packets): Large—3
Medium—3
Small (finger)—6
Unbleached triangular bandages (36 in x 51 in)—2
Crepe bandages (3 in)—2
Sterile cotton wool (y-oz packets)—6
Sterile eye pads—2
Adhesive wound dressings (assorted)—12
Cetrimide lotion \% (cleansing/antiseptic)—8 oz
Items other than dressings may be required according to circumstances. Some examples will be
found in the text to follow.
'Shock' and unconsciousness
A state of faintness, sometimes leading to unconsciousness, may occur even after trivial injuries.
Premonitory signs are pallor and delayed response to questions. If these are noted, or the patient
feels unwell, act at once.
1. Remove from source of danger.
2. Lie patient down.
3. Loosen clothing at neck.
4. Raise legs, if condition does not improve.
After serious injuries, especially if appreciable loss of blood has occurred or continues, the con-
dition may worsen. The patient will be restless, pale, and sweating; with sighing respiration. He may
vomit.
5. Look for, and arrest, external haemorrhage if necessary.
6. Arrange prompt transfer to hospital.
7. Cover to prevent chilling, but do not apply external heat.
// unconscious the above principles apply, but in addition:
8. Place (and transport) in the semi-prone position.
Position half-way between lying on side and lying face downwards, maintained by keeping
the upper knee drawn up. This will reduce the risk of asphyxia from inhalation of vomit.
1
2 First aid
Give nothing by mouth to a patient who:
(a) is unconscious,
(b) is too shocked to sit up,
(c) has suspected internal injuries, or undiagnosed abdominal pain,
(d) is likely to require surgical treatment shortly.
Chemical eye splashes
The victim can seldom help himself, due to involuntary spasm causing the eyelids to be held tightly
closed. Act immediately and firmly.
1. Lie patient down.
2. Hold eyelids apart with forefinger and thumb of one hand.
3. Irrigate eye with fresh tap water or distilled water.
Direct a stream of water at the eyeball and inner and outer surfaces of the lids for at least
15 minutes, continuing for an hour in the case of caustic and hydrofluoric acid splashes.
4. Obtain medical attention.
The need for prompt hospital or medical treatment does not affect the absolute priority to be
given to immediate and adequate initial irrigation, which may have to be continued until patient
is under medical care.
Preventive measures cannot be stressed too strongly, and should include the use of protective
eyewear in situations of risk.
Chemical skin burns and splashes
Burns may be caused by local irritants such as strong acids, caustic alkalis, phenol, bromine, and
organic solvents; but other chemicals can cause harm by absorption through the skin (e.g. aniline,
carbon disulphide, dimethyl sulphate, hydrocyanic acid, nitrobenzene, and organic compounds of
arsenic, lead and mercury).
TREATMENT
1. Remove affected clothing and irrigate copiously with water.
Continue irrigation for at least 20 minutes, holding part under running tap if feasible. At
sites where there is a risk of large body areas being involved it is best to install a shower, or a
bath kept filled with water into which a badly splashed person can at once immerse himself.
Sulphuric acid. First wash with anhydrous ethyl alcohol, provided delay is not caused.
Phenol. Rub skin with swabs soaked in glycerol, polyethylene glycol (P.E.G.), or a 70/30
P.E.G./methylated spirit mixture, for at least 10 minutes. If these chemicals are not immedi-
ately available, rub site with water-soaked swab.
Phosphorus burns should at once be wetted and the phosphorus particles then removed
under water with forceps or by gentle scraping. Neutralise remainder by washing with copper
sulphate 2% for 5 minutes, followed by sodium bicarbonate 2% to remove the precipitated
copper.
Hydrofluoric acid burns should be thoroughly washed with abundant water. Calcium glu-
conate gel* should then be massaged into and around the affected area with clean fingers.
Continue to do this until 15 minutes after the pain has subsided, or medical treatment is
available.
2. Apply sterile dressings and refer for medical attention.
If it is impracticable or would cause delay to apply individual dressings to large or multiple
burnt areas, clothe patient in clean towels or white coat, then rugs or coats to prevent chilling
on the way to hospital.
Non-chemical burns
First immediately run cold water on to the burned area.
Small superficial areas with unbroken skin
1. Gently cleanse with cetrimide \% using sterile cotton wool.
2. Apply sterile dressing.
Arrange medical attention for all but the most trivial burns, as their full extent and depth
is seldom apparent initially.
* Obtainable from Industrial Pharmaceutical Service Ltd., Hampden Road, Sale, Cheshire.
Laboratory accidents 3
Small areas with blistering, rawness, or charring
1. Apply sterile dressing.
2. Arrange medical treatment.
Extensive burns
Send urgently to hospital with minimum disturbance.
Sterile dry dressings may be applied to exposed burns provided delay is not caused.
Do not attempt to remove affected clothing.
All burns (including chemical q.v.)
Do not prick blisters.
Do not apply oil or grease.
Do not apply adhesive plaster.
Do not apply dressings to facial burns.
Haemorrhage
Clean-cut wounds, as by broken glass, are apt to bleed freely.
1. Raise affected limb above heart level.
Patients with lower limb haemorrhage must lie down. Patients with head or arm injuries
may be propped in sitting position but watch for 'shock' effect of sight or loss of blood (see
under 'Shock and unconsciousness').
2. Look for and remove any projecting glass fragments.
3. Apply pad of sterile wound dressing, and bandage firmly.
Choose pad larger than wound. On unwrapping pad from packet avoid touching side to
be applied to wound.
In larger wounds, or if appreciable bleeding continues, apply pad of cotton wool or a
further wound dressing over the first. Firm pressure can then be applied by a crepe bandage.
4. Arrange medical treatment.
Except in trivial wounds it is best to continue to keep the affected limb above heart level
until medical care is available. A siing may be used for the upper limb, but patients with leg
injuries which have bled freely are best transported as stretcher cases with the limb supported
on cushions or rolled up coats.
Trivial wounds (which do not go through the full thickness of the skin and do not gape), or superficial
abrasions
1. Clean with cetrimide \°/, using sterile cotton wool.
0
2. Apply sterile dressing.
Poisons by mouth
CHEMICALS ENTERING THE MOUTH
Rinse out vigorously and repeatedly with water. Also gargle and spit out.
SWALLOWED CHEMICALS
1. Induce vomiting.
Tickle back of throat with finger, or give tablespoonful of common salt dissolved in a
tumbler of water.
2. Rinse mouth with water and give a pint of water to drink.
3. Arrange urgent medical attention.
Detail nature and likely quantity of ingested poison, and treatment given. Save specimen
(source or vomit) for analysis if necessary.
Gassing accidents
TREATMENT and see CYANIDE POISONING
1. Remove patient from contaminated atmosphere.
Rescuers must protect themselves by use of suitable equipment or breath-holding. Specific
masks are available for moderate concentrations of most gases but carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, and nickel carbonyl require self-contained breathing apparatus or mask with airline.
4 First aid
2. Remove contaminated clothing and cleanse skin with water, if necessary.
3. Keep completely at rest while awaiting medical help or transport.
To exercise a gassed patient may jeopardise his chances of recovery. Certain gases or
vapours (e.g. phosgene, nickel carbonyl, nitrous fumes, phosphorus oxychloride, methyl bromide)
can cause delayed effects, the victim at first apparently little affected becoming ill several
hours later.
4. Administer oxygen, if available, to those in need.
Blue lips will be an indication, but patients poisoned by carbon monoxide or cyanide will
have a deceptive pink colour.
5. Attempt artificial respiration if breathing ceases.
Cyanide poisoning
It is safest not to take risks with cyanides (hydrogen cyanide and soluble inorganic cyanide salts)
unless a suitably briefed doctor is close by. He will require, on the spot, antidote ampoules and
facilities for intravenous administration.
FIRST AID MEASURES (HAVING SENT FOR MEDICAL HELP)
1. Keep patient at rest.
2. Cleanse skin and remove affected clothing, if necessary.
3. Administer amyl nitrite by inhalation.
Break ampoule of amyl nitrite (3 minims) in handkerchief, holding to patient's nose and
mouth for 15-30 seconds. Repeat after a few seconds, using fresh ampoules, for 3-5 minutes.
4. If cyanide has been taken by mouth, give antidote:
Mixture ,4 Ferrous sulphate 158 g
Citric acid 3 g
Water, cold to 1000 ml
Mixture B Exsiccated sodium carbonate 60 g
Water to 1000 ml
Mix equal parts of A and B and give a tumblerful. Mixture A should not be kept for more than
a month.
5. If breathing stops, give artificial respiration.
Not mouth-to-mouth method (use resuscitator or manual method). Continue use of
amyl nitrite while giving artificial respiration, and give oxygen if available.
Artificial respiration
INDICATION
Artificial respiration is indicated if the patient has stopped breathing. The presence of breathing
can usually be detected by holding the back of the hand in front of the patient's nose and mouth.
METHODS
Lacking special apparatus, the 'Mouth-to-Mouth' method is the best. If it cannot be used (e.g. cyanide
poisoning or injuries to patient's face), intermittent manual chest compression as by the Holger
Nielsen method will be necessary.
THE 'MOUTH TO MOUTH' METHOD
1. Lie patient on back.
2. Kneel to one side of patient's head, facing it.
3. Clear mouth of any obstruction (handkerchief covered finger to remove mucus).
4. Pinch patient's nostrils closed with finger and thumb.
5. Hold up patient's jaw with other hand, extending his head back.
6. Encircle patient's lips with your lips.
7. Blow into patient's mouth until chest is seen to rise.
8. Withdraw mouth and take breaths. Patient will exhale spontaneously.
9. Repeat items 6 to 8 at rate of about one cycle every 4 seconds.
Continue until spontaneous respiration returns and persists, or until more experienced
advice is obtainable. As an alternative to 4 and 6 it is sometimes more effective to encircle
the patient's nostrils with the lips, keeping his mouth closed.
Weights and measures 5
Introductory tables
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Length
BRITISH UNITS
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
5j yards = 1 rod, pole or perch
4 poles = 1 chain
10 chains = 1 furlong
8 furlongs = 1 mile
63 360 inches - 5280 feet = 1760 yards = 1 mile
1000 mils = 1 inch
100 links = 1 chain
6 feet = 1 fathom
120 fathoms = 1 cable length
6080 feet = 1 nautical mile
METRIC UNITS
10 millimetres = 1 centimetre
10 centimetres = 1 decimetre
10 decimetres = 1 metre
10 metres = 1 dekametre
10 dekametres = 1 hectometre
10 hectometres = 1 kilometre
1000 micrometres = 1 millimetre
BRITISH AND METRIC EQUIVALENTS
1 mil = 25.4 micrometres (microns)
1 inch = 2.54 centimetres
1 foot = 30.48 centimetres
1 yard = 0.9144 metres
1 mile = 1.609 344 kilometres
Area
BRITISH UNITS
144 square inches = 1 square foot
9 square feet = 1 square yard
30| square yards = 1 square rod, pole or perch
40 square rods = 1 rood
4 roods = 1 acre
640 acres = 1 square mile
43 560 square feet = 4840 square yards = 1 acre
10 square chains = 1 acre
METRIC UNITS
100 square millimetres = 1 square centimetre
100 square centimetres = 1 square decimetre
100 square decimetres = 1 square metre
100 square metres = 1 are
100 ares 1 hectare
100 hectares = 1 square kilometre
