Metal Forming Data of Ferrous Alloys - deformation behaviour

993 Pages·2009·25.81 MB·English

by  M. Spittel

Landolt-Börnstein
Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology
New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen

Group VIII: Advanced Materials and Technologies
Volume 2

Materials

Subvolume C
Metal Forming Data

Part 1
Ferrous alloys

Editor:
H. Warlimont

Authors:
M. Spittel and T. Spittel
ISSN 1619-4802 (Advanced Materials and Technologies)

ISBN 978-3-540-44758-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie
Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen
Vol. VIII/2C1: Editor:H. Warlimont
At head of title: Landolt-Börnstein. Added t.p.: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology.
Tables chiefly in English.
Intended to supersede the Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen by H. Landolt and R. Börnstein of which the 6th ed. began publication in 1950
under title: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik.
Vols. published after v. 1 of group I have imprint: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag
Includes bibliographies.
1. Physics--Tables. 2. Chemistry--Tables. 3. Engineering--Tables.
I. Börnstein, R. (Richard), 1852-1913. II. Landolt, H. (Hans), 1831-1910.
III. Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. IV. Title: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology.
QC61.23 502'.12 62-53136

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Authors
M. Spittel
Institut für Metallformung
Fakultät für Werkstoffwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnologie
Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg
Akademiestraße 6
D-09596 Freiberg

T. Spittel
Institut für Metallformung
Fakultät für Werkstoffwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnologie
Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg
Akademiestraße 6
D-09596 Freiberg
Landolt-Börnstein
Springer
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Preface
Design, planning and processing of deformation technologies rest upon profound knowledge of
material behaviour during deformation, on specific types of the technical facilities considered as well
as on the interactions between deformed material and equipment. Special knowledge of the material
parameters is the pre-condition for every new development. This general statement is independent of
whether the work pertains to experimental investigations or to numerical simulation. The latter shows
an increasing application both in research as in practice. It describes the real processes the better, the
more precise the response of the material, the processes at the interface between the material and the
tool, and the material and the technical facilities, respectively, can be characterised. This includes the
deformation behaviour (including flow curves), plasticity, physical material parameters and last but
not least the mechanical properties. Thus, the deformation behaviour is affected by process and
material related parameters and can be reflected by mathematical models only if these parameters are
introduced as precisely as possible.

Specifically, the present volume „Metal Forming Data“ is treating the deformation behaviour of steels
in theory and practice. The basic principles are presented in a compact form. The chapter „modelling“
pays special attention to numerical simulation processes. Many examples demonstrate the technical
applications. In particular, the variety of steel grades discussed and the comparison of international
standards emphasise the relevance of the book as a compendium both for scientists and researchers as
well as for engineers in metallurgical plants.

The description of the deformation behaviour, of physical and mechanical properties (including
specific characteristics) as a data bank comprising about 170 steel grades is an invaluable pool of data
for the user of numerical simulation and deformation processes. It is based on the long lasting
continuous research work carried out at the Institute for Metal Forming of the Technical University
Bergakademie Freiberg, which is highly appreciated and accepted by national and international
experts. Moreover, it is based on extensive literature studies and on a computational treatment known
as the “Freiberg-Model” world-wide.

The book is addressed to students and scientists as well as to engineers in metallurgical plants and in
plant engineering.

Freiberg, September 2007

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Prof. E.h. R. Kawalla
VIII/C1 Metal Forming Data

Part 1: Ferrous Alloys

Contents

Overview of steel grades with page number references............................1

1 Definitions ..................................................................4
1.1 Flow stress ..................................................................4
1.2 Plasticity....................................................................5
1.3 Deformation behaviour ........................................................6
1.4 Methods to determine the deformation behaviour...................................8
1.4.1 Overview and specifications....................................................8
1.4.2 Simulation test method .......................................................11
1.4.3 Technological tests ..........................................................15
1.4.3.1 Deep drawing test............................................................15
1.4.3.2 Cold rolling test.............................................................15
1.5 References .................................................................16

2 Flow stress .................................................................17
2.1 Influence of the chemical composition...........................................17
2.1.1 Hot working ................................................................17
2.1.2 Cold deformation............................................................20
2.1.2.1 General remarks.............................................................20
2.1.2.2 Heat treatment state..........................................................22
2.2 Influence of forming conditions................................................23
2.2.1 Hot forming ................................................................23
2.2.1.1 Influence of deformation temperature ...........................................23
2.2.1.2 Influence of strain ...........................................................25
2.2.1.3 Influence of the strain rate.....................................................27
2.2.2 Cold forming ...............................................................28
2.2.2.1 Forming degree .............................................................28
2.2.2.2 Forming rate................................................................30
2.3 Modelling..................................................................31
2.3.1 Influence of the chemical composition...........................................31
2.3.2 Influence of forming conditions................................................33
2.3.2.1 Hot working ................................................................33
2.3.2.1.1 Modelling by means of the thermodynamic factors ................................34
2.3.2.1.2 Calculation using the activation energy of hot deformation..........................37
2.3.2.2 Cold deformation............................................................39
2.3.2.2.1 Effect of the deformation degree ...............................................39
2.3.2.2.2 Influence of deformation degree, deformation temperature and deformation rate........40
2.4 References .................................................................42

3 Plasticity...................................................................43
3.1 Hot plasticity ...............................................................43
3.1.1 Influence of the material......................................................44
3.1.2 Influence of temperature and strain rate..........................................45
Contents IX

3.1.3 Influence of the stress condition................................................46
3.2.1 Factors influencing cold plasticity ..............................................46
3.2 Cold plasticity ..............................................................46
3.2.2 Cold plasticity parameters.....................................................47
3.3 Modelling of the plasticity by hot working .......................................51
3.3.1 Modelling of the influence of the chemical composition............................51
3.3.2 Influence of deformation conditions.............................................53
3.3.2.1 Modelling of temperature influence.............................................53
3.3.2,2 Modelling of strain rate influence...............................................54
3.3.2.3 Modelling the influence of temperature, strain rate and stress........................54
3.4 Considerations on metal physics................................................55
3.5 Calculation of boundary deformation degrees at rolling.............................57
3.5.1 Calculation of boundary deformation in first passes of a rod rolling mill...............58
3.5.2 Boundary deformation degrees at cold rolling.....................................59
3.6 References .................................................................61

4 Mechanical and physical properties.............................................62
4.1 Mechanical properties after cold deformation.....................................62
4.1.1 Yield point and tensile strength ................................................62
4.1.2 Elongation..................................................................63
4.2 Young's modulus ............................................................64
4.2.1 Definition and fundamental relationships ........................................64
4.2.2 Temperature dependent modelling of the Young's modulus .........................65
4.3 Thermal conductivity.........................................................66
4.3.1 Definition of the thermal conductivity...........................................66
4.3.2 Thermal conductivity calculation...............................................69
4.4 Specific heat capacities.......................................................73
4.4.1 Definition and dependences ...................................................75
4.4.2 Specific heat capacity calculation...............................................73
4.5 Thermal expansion coefficient .................................................75
4.5.1 Definition and factors of influence..............................................75
4.5.2 Influence of temperature on the coefficient of expansion............................77
4.6 Density ....................................................................79
4.6.1 Definition and factors of influence..............................................79
4.6.2 Modelling the dependence on temperature .......................................80
4.7 References .................................................................82

5 Data bank of deformation parameters ...........................................83
5.1 Introduction ................................................................83
5.1.1 Base of the data bank.........................................................83
5.1.2 Hot and cold flow curves......................................................83
5.1.2.1 Remarks to the flow stress constants ............................................84
5.1.2.2 Extrapolation ...............................................................84
5.1.3 Plasticity curves.............................................................85
5.1.4 Mechanical and physical properties.............................................86
5.2 Hot and cold forming data...................................................87
5.2.1 Non alloy, alloy quality and special steels ......................................87
5.2.2 Tool steels, wear resistant and bearing steels ................................. 272
5.2.3 Stainless steels............................................................ 384
5.2.4 Heat resistant and high temperature resisting steels........................... 519
5.2.5 Alloy special steels: Structural steels ........................................ 599
5.2.6 Alloy special steels: High strength weldable structural steels ................... 771
5.3 References............................................................... 795
1
Indexofsteelgrades 1
Index of steel grades
Deformation behaviour of steels
Non-alloy,alloyqualityandspecialsteels
Materialnumber Symbol PageinBook
1.0038 S235JRG2 87
1.0128 S275JRC 91
1.0300 C4D 95
1.0301 C10 99
1.0332 DD11 103
1.0335 DD13 108
1.0338 DC04 112
1.0401 C15 116
1.0402 C22 120
1.0429 L290MB 125
1.0445 H300BD 129
1.0481 P295GH 133
1.0489 H280LA 137
1.0501 C35 141
1.0503 C45 146
1.0518 C56D 151
1.0528 C30 155
1.0535 C55 159
1.0570 S355J2G3 163
1.0586 C50D 167
1.0601 C60 171
1.0603 C67 175
1.0605 C75 179
1.0615 C70D 183
1.0616 C86D 187
1.0620 C78D 192
1.0715 11SMn30 196
1.0718 11SMnPb30 200
Landolt‐Bo¨rnstein DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-44760-3_1
NewSeriesVIII/2C1 (cid:1)Springer2009
1
2 Indexofsteelgrades
Materialnumber Symbol PageinBook
1.0721 10S20 204
1.0810 M350-50A 208
1.0815 M700-50A 212
1.0873 DC06 217
1.0974 S340M 221
1.0977 S355NC 225
1.0978 S380MC 229
1.0980 S420MC 233
1.0982 S460MC 237
1.1154 C42D2 241
1.1159 G46Mn4 246
1.1167 36Mn5 250
1.1242 C72D2 254
1.1274 C100S 258
1.1545 C105U 263
1.1555 C120U 267
Toolsteels,wearresistantsteelsandbearingsteels
Materialnumber Symbol PageinBook
1.2063 145CrV6 272
1.2080 X210Cr12 276
1.2108 90CrSi5 280
1.2208 31CrV2 284
1.2235 80CrV2 288
1.2344 X40CrMoV5-1 292
1.2360 X50CrMoV8-1-1 296
1.2363 X100CrMoV5-1 300
1.2365 X32CrMoV3-3 304
1.2419 105WCr6 308
1.2436 X210CrW12 312
1.2516 120WV4 316
1.2549 50WCrV8 320
1.2562 142WV13 324
1.2581 X30WCrV9-3 328
DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-44760-3_1 Landolt‐Bo¨rnstein
(cid:1)Springer2009 NewSeriesVIII/2C1